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Infrared Absorption By Water Clusters
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Book Synopsis Infrared Absorption by Water Clusters by : Hugh R. Carlon
Download or read book Infrared Absorption by Water Clusters written by Hugh R. Carlon and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes the results of a two-year study of atmospheric infrared 'continuum' absorption attributed to intermolecularly bonded clusters in water vapor. Spectral data are reviewed for water vapor, steam and liquid water. The infrared continuum absorption is discussed in detail and is shown to be explicable on the basis of homogeneous or ion-induced cluster distributions in water vapor, where the cluster population is approximately proportional to the square of the partial water vapor pressure. Thermodynamic consistency between the vapor and liquid phases is discussed for temperatures including the critical (374 C) where the phases become one. Simple oscillator models are shown to give agreement with observed spectral lines, suggesting certain cluster configurations. The ion concentration of moist air versus temperature is discussed, and measurements of ion cluster distributions are considered. Cluster absorption at longer wavelengths including the microwave region is discussed. Conclusions are presented.
Book Synopsis Infrared Absorption by Molecular Clusters in Water Vapor by : Hugh R. Carlon
Download or read book Infrared Absorption by Molecular Clusters in Water Vapor written by Hugh R. Carlon and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of infrared absorption by molecular clusters in water vapor has been investigated by parallel researches into four different aspects of the problem: (1) measurements of the infrared emission of steam and of steam-generated water vapor; (2) measurements of the electrical conductivity of moist air humidified by steam; (3) modeling of simple cluster configurations and comparison of theory with experimental data; and (4) a complete study of the thermodynamics of clustering up to the critical temperature of water. The results indicate that ions are important in the formation of ion hydrates or ion-induced, neutral water clusters, which are found in great numbers in water vapor and moist air. Populations of these clusters are present in peaked distributions, probably with mean sizes of about 10 molecules per cluster. They exist independently of homogeneous clusters like the water dimer, which may also be significant in atmospheric processes. Keywords: Infrared absorption, Electrical conductivity, Steam, Infrared emission, Water vapor, Ions.
Book Synopsis Infrared Absorption Spectra Attributed to Ion-Nucleated Water Clusters by :
Download or read book Infrared Absorption Spectra Attributed to Ion-Nucleated Water Clusters written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently, it was assumed that atmospheric water was found in one of three phases: vapor (monomer), liquid droplets or ice crystals. Now it is known that an ion-nucleated, polymolecular cluster phase of water exists in the vapor phase, as well. These water clusters consist of numbers of water molecules gathered about small ionic nuclei, where the number of molecules per cluster is dependent upon relative humidity and other meteorological parameters. In real atmospheres, mean cluster sizes range from about 11 to about 14 molecules per cluster. Their infrared absorption is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and the 'continuum'-like absorption spectrum which they produce is shifted in wavelength by changes in mean cluster size. Water clusters are always present in the atmosphere and in the cleanest of laboratory experimental equipment. Except under supersaturations of about 420% relative humidity, clusters are not able, because of equilibrium considerations, to attain 'critical' size and to grow to droplets. Water cluster theory and equations give excellent agreement with observed data for infrared 'continuum' absorption.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Polymolecular Water Clusters and Their Infrared Activity by : Hugh R. Carlon
Download or read book Introduction to Polymolecular Water Clusters and Their Infrared Activity written by Hugh R. Carlon and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is intended as a guide for electro-optical applications engineers interested in the effects of polymolecular clusters of water upon infrared transmission of the atmosphere. It is a compendium of work on the subject ranging from the oldest to the newest, some of which is not yet generally accepted by the scientific community. A theoretical model for infrared absorption spectra due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding is developed from a simple cluster model. Expressions leading to approximate values of hydrogen-bond strength are developed, allowing equations and curves to be derived, from data in the literature, for equilibrium cluster concentrations in moist air or water vapor, as functions of saturation ratio and temperature. The very large differences in absorptivity between water in the vapor and liquid phases are explained, as are 'pressure-squared' and inverse temperature dependencies of water cluster absorption in the infrared. Applications are suggested. (Author).
Book Synopsis Infrared Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Water Clusters by : Joshua Barron Paul
Download or read book Infrared Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Water Clusters written by Joshua Barron Paul and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Infrared Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy of Water Clusters by the Crossed Laser Molecular Beam Technique by :
Download or read book Infrared Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy of Water Clusters by the Crossed Laser Molecular Beam Technique written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water clusters formed in a molecular beam are predissociated by tunable, pulsed, infrared radiation in the frequency range 2900~3750 cm−1. The recoiling fragments are detected off axis from the molecular beam using a rotatable mass spectrometer. Arguments are presented which show that the measured frequency dependent signal at a fixed detector angle is proportional to the absorption spectrum of the clusters. It is found that the spectra of clusters containing three or more water molecules are remarkably similar to the liquid phase spectrum. Dynamical information on the predissociation process is obtained from the velocity distribution of the fragments. An upper limit to the excited vibrational state lifetime of ~1 microsecond is observed for the results reported here. The most probable dissociation process concentrates the available excess energy into the internal motions of the fragment molecules. Both the time scale and translational energy distribution are consistent with the qualitative predictions of current theoretical models for cluster predissociation. From adiabatic dissociation trajectories and Monte Carlo simulations it is seen that the strong coupling present in the water polymers probably invalidates the simpler "diatomic" picture formulations of cluster predissociation. Instead, the energy can be extensively shared among the intermolecular motions in the polymer before dissociation. Comparison between current intermolecular potentials describing liquid water and the observed frequencies is made in the normal mode approximation. The inability of any potential to predict the gross spectral features (the number of bands and their observed frequency shift from the gas phase monomer) suggests that substantial improvement in the potential energy functions are possible, but that more accurate methods of solving the vibrational wave equation are necessary before a proper explanation of the spectral fine structure is possible. The observed differences between the dimer and larger polymers (trimer-hexamer) indicate a dramatic change in the hydrogen bonding, which is best explained as arising from the non-additive effects present when a water molecule is both donating and accepting a hydrogen bond. This difference between dimer and trimer also rationalizes the previous disagreement between potential functions based on condensed phase properties (where the water molecule is interacting with multiple neighbors) and those fit to imperfect gas or dimer properties which sample only the isolated pair potential. The data support an interpretation of the hydrogen bonded O-H stretching fundamental region as arising from a homogeneous broadening (not necessarily a result of the predissociation) whose width is characteristic of the hydrogen bond itself and not the sum of distinct bonding geometries. This is different from some previous theories of the water infrared absorption spectrum which assign each band to water molecules bound to different numbers of neighboring molecules.
Book Synopsis Infrared Absorption of Methanol-water Cluster (CH3OH)n(H2O), N by :
Download or read book Infrared Absorption of Methanol-water Cluster (CH3OH)n(H2O), N written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Infrared Water Vapor Continuum Absorption by : Hugh R. Carlon
Download or read book Infrared Water Vapor Continuum Absorption written by Hugh R. Carlon and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Structure and Properties of Clusters: from a few Atoms to Nanoparticles by : George Maroulis
Download or read book Structure and Properties of Clusters: from a few Atoms to Nanoparticles written by George Maroulis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-10-27 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume on Clusters brings together contributions from a large number of specialists. A central element for all contributions is the use of advanced computational methodologies and their application to various aspects of structure, reactivity and properties of clusters. The size of clusters varies from a few atoms to nanoparticles. Special emphasis is given to bringing forth new insights on the structure and properties of these systems with an eye towards potential applications in Materials Science. Overal, the volume presents to the readers an amazing wealth of new results. Particular subjects include water clusters, Silicon, Iron, Nickel and Gold clusters, carbon-titanium microclusters and nanoparticles, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, chiral carbon nanotubes, boron nanoclusters and more.
Book Synopsis Infrared Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Jet-cooled Biomolecules and Water Clusters by : Ryan Patrick McLaughlin
Download or read book Infrared Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Jet-cooled Biomolecules and Water Clusters written by Ryan Patrick McLaughlin and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spectroscopic Investigations of Hydrogen Bond Network Structures in Water Clusters by : Kenta Mizuse
Download or read book Spectroscopic Investigations of Hydrogen Bond Network Structures in Water Clusters written by Kenta Mizuse and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-22 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The properties and nature of water clusters studied with novel spectroscopic approaches are presented in this thesis. Following a general introduction on the chemistry of water and water clusters, detailed descriptions of the experiments and analyses are given. All the experimental results, including first size-selective spectra of large clusters consisting of 200 water molecules, are presented with corresponding analyses. Hitherto unidentified hydrogen bond network structures, dynamics, and reactivity of various water clusters have been characterized at the molecular level. The main targets of this book are physical chemists and chemical physicists who are interested in water chemistry or cluster chemistry.
Book Synopsis The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Water in Its Liquid State by : Kirill I︠A︡kovlevich Kondratʹev
Download or read book The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Water in Its Liquid State written by Kirill I︠A︡kovlevich Kondratʹev and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Infrared Photofragment Spectroscopy of Charged Amino Acid Water Clusters in the Gas Phase by : Anthi Kamariotou
Download or read book Infrared Photofragment Spectroscopy of Charged Amino Acid Water Clusters in the Gas Phase written by Anthi Kamariotou and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Raman Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid and Water Aggregates by : Zhifeng Xue
Download or read book Raman Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid and Water Aggregates written by Zhifeng Xue and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2011 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the present work the carboxylic acid dimers and water clusters are chosen as model systems of strong and moderately strong hydrogen bonds and studied with spontaneous Raman spectroscopy coupled with a supersonic jet expansion. The spectra of several carboxylic acids are measured and assigned in the entire fundamental wavenumber region. An overview of their vibrations is achieved by comparing our experimental results with former experimental results as well as with quantum chemical calculations. For the first time, we know from experiment how anharmonic the hydrogen bond vibrations of formic acid are and it is proved that the hydrogen bond becomes stiffer when moving from formic acid to acetic acid. Now there is a very complete spectroscopic data base for formic acid dimer, which can be used to rigorously test quantum chemical calculations. Besides, we finally know from experiment how strongly the OH oscillators are coupled to each other in the simplest ring clusters of water. All this was only possible by the use of spontaneous Raman scattering in supersonic expansions, which is a really powerful tool to investigate hydrogen bonded systems.
Book Synopsis Far-infrared Vibration-rotation-tunneling Spectroscopy of Cyclic Water Clusters by : Jeffrey Duane Cruzan
Download or read book Far-infrared Vibration-rotation-tunneling Spectroscopy of Cyclic Water Clusters written by Jeffrey Duane Cruzan and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Energy Landscapes of Nanoscale Systems by : David J. Wales
Download or read book Energy Landscapes of Nanoscale Systems written by David J. Wales and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-08 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Landscapes of Nanoscale Systems provides a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in energy landscapes theory and applications. The book's chapters reflect diversity and knowledge transfer that is a key strength of the energy landscape approach. To reflect the breadth of this field, contributions include applications for clusters, biomolecules, crystal structure prediction and glassy materials. Chapters highlighting new methodologies, especially enhanced sampling techniques are included. In particular, the development and application of global optimization for structure prediction, methods for treating broken ergodicity on multifunnel landscapes, and treatment of rare event dynamics that reflect the state-of-the-art are featured. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and energy engineers who want to understand more about how nanotechnology applies to the energy landscape approach. This volume is dedicated to Prof. Roy L. Johnston, who was formerly Co-Editor of the Frontiers of Nanoscience series, and who passed away in 2019. - Outlines applications and advances in theory and simulation of energy systems at the nanoscale - Explores how the energy landscapes approach is being applied to nanoscale materials - Assesses major challenges in applying nanomaterials for energy applications on an industrial scale
Book Synopsis Interfacial Dynamics by : Nikola Kallay
Download or read book Interfacial Dynamics written by Nikola Kallay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-01-03 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of the theoretical foundations of the kinetics and thermodynamics of solid-liquid interfaces, as well as state-of-the-art industrial applications, this book presents information on surface and colloidal chemical processes and evaluates vital analytical tools such as atomic force microscopy, surface force apparatus measurements, and photon correlation spectroscopy.
