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Increasing Export Diversification In Commodity Exporting Countries
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Book Synopsis Increasing Export Diversification in Commodity-Exporting Countries by : Mr.Dean A. DeRosa
Download or read book Increasing Export Diversification in Commodity-Exporting Countries written by Mr.Dean A. DeRosa and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1991-10-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper draws on the neoclassical theory of international trade to examine the limits of efficient export diversification in low-income, commodity-exporting countries. It demonstrates the fundamental importance of relative factor endowments among countries for determining the commodity composition of international trade flows under both certain and uncertain economic conditions. In recognition of the importance of international financial markets for risk-spreading and allocating resources efficiently under uncertainty, the paper emphasizes the importance of “open” economic policies towards international trade in financial assets as well as goods.
Book Synopsis Increasing Export Diversification in Commodity-Exporting Countries by : Dean A. DeRosa
Download or read book Increasing Export Diversification in Commodity-Exporting Countries written by Dean A. DeRosa and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper draws on the neoclassical theory of international trade to examine the limits of efficient export diversification in low-income, commodity-exporting countries. It demonstrates the fundamental importance of relative factor endowments among countries for determining the commodity composition of international trade flows under both certain and uncertain economic conditions. In recognition of the importance of international financial markets for risk-spreading and allocating resources efficiently under uncertainty, the paper emphasizes the importance of quot;openquot; economic policies towards international trade in financial assets as well as goods.
Book Synopsis Breaking Into New Markets by : Richard Newfarmer
Download or read book Breaking Into New Markets written by Richard Newfarmer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-03-12 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International trade in 2009 is projected to contract for the first time since 1982. As a result, export diversifi cation has gained new urgency as one way of using exports to recover lost growth momentum. Moreover, diversifi cation is central to reducing income volatility and sustaining high growth rates, which are especially important for countries with large populations living in poverty. In the 1950s, countries became concerned that their dependence on primary products would lead to steady falls in the purchasing power of primary exports and thus slow growth. A major policy objective of developing countries since that time has been to diversify out of primary products into manufactures. Although some nations have been at least partially successful, many low-income countries remain dependent on a narrow range of primary products. 'Breaking Into New Markets' argues for a comprehensive view of diversifi cation. It explores new thinking and evidence about export diversifi cation and elaborates on policies for its promotion. These policies span tariffs and taxes, services, and government activities to help fi rms take advantage of global opportunities. The book is a compilation of chapters written as short, policy-focused pieces. Many digest longer, more academic papers in an effort to make the information accessible to a larger policy and nontechnical audience. In that sense, the book is a policy primer on what export diversifi cation can and cannot do for growth and how to make diversifi cation happen. Intelligently designed policies that effi ciently address the obstacles to export growth are critical for overall economic growth and poverty reduction. This book offers insights useful to policy makers and practitioners as they embark on efforts to design new programs of competitiveness in their trade strategies.
Book Synopsis Understanding Export Diversification: Key Drivers and Policy Implications by : Rahul Giri
Download or read book Understanding Export Diversification: Key Drivers and Policy Implications written by Rahul Giri and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-10 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We identify key factors, from large set of potential determinants, that explain the variation in export diversification across countries and over time using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), which addresses model uncertainty and ranks factors in order of importance vis-a-vis their explanatory power. Our analysis suggests, in order to diversify, policy makers should prioritize human capital accumulation and reduce barriers to trade. Other policy areas include improving quality of institutions and developing the financial sector. For commodity exporters reducing barriers to trade is the most important driver of diversification, followed by improving education outcomes at the secondary level and financial sector development.
Book Synopsis Is Export Diversification the Best Way to Achieve Export Growth and Stability? by : Ridwan Ali
Download or read book Is Export Diversification the Best Way to Achieve Export Growth and Stability? written by Ridwan Ali and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers - concerned with the instability and downward trend in export earnings for Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe between 1961 and 1987 - tend to propose the remedy of export diversification. But horizontal diversification would have produced lower export earnings and more instability.
Book Synopsis Economic Benefits of Export Diversification in Small States by : Arnold McIntyre
Download or read book Economic Benefits of Export Diversification in Small States written by Arnold McIntyre and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-04-11 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper considers concepts of economic diversification with respect to exports (including service sectors) for small states. We assessed the economic performance of different groups of 34 small states over the period of 1990-2015 and found those more diversified experienced lower output volatility and higher average growth than most other small states. Our findings are consistent with conventional economic theories but we found that export diversification has a more significant impact on reducing output volatility than improving long run growth in small states. Diversification requires fundamental changes and should be contemplated in the context of a cohesive development strategy.
Author :United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Publisher :United Nations ISBN 13 :921004732X Total Pages :38 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (1 download)
Book Synopsis Do Differences in the Types of Commodities Exported Matter for Export Concentration? by : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Download or read book Do Differences in the Types of Commodities Exported Matter for Export Concentration? written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2020-05-11 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines whether the type of commodity dominating a countrys exports matters for export concentration. Using a dataset covering 173 countries, including 87 commodity-dependent developing countries, we estimate dynamic panel data models that control for a large set of determinants of export concentration. We find that GDP shares of energy exports and, to a lesser extent, GDP shares of minerals, are important determinants of export concentration. Our results imply that developing countries that are dependent on energy or minerals sectors face challenges that are different from those faced by countries dependent on the export of agriculture and manufacturing products. Economic and export diversification policies need to take these differences into account.
Book Synopsis Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries by : Alberto Amurgo-Pacheco
Download or read book Patterns of Export Diversification in Developing Countries written by Alberto Amurgo-Pacheco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries.
Book Synopsis Leveraging Export Diversification in Fragile Countries by : José López-Cálix
Download or read book Leveraging Export Diversification in Fragile Countries written by José López-Cálix and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-02-12 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite multiple past efforts, fragile Sub-Saharan African economies such as those of Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea still rank among the least diversified worldwide, with natural resources constituting a high share of their gross domestic product or exports. Large-scale production of gold for Mali, oil for Chad, uranium for Niger, and bauxite for Guinea offers substantial opportunities, but also has major shortcomings. Conclusive evidence shows poor economic performance by resource-rich but fragile Sub-Saharan African countries. The primary reason is not only their high vulnerability to external shocks, but the greed or grievances that typically lead to rents appropriation by a small group of elites in countries that are prone to conflict. Leveraging Export Diversifi cation in Fragile Countries explores the following questions: What are Mali’s, Chad’s, Niger’s, and Guinea’s main constraints to export diversification as perceived by key exporting firms? How it could be beneficial for these countries to target certain emerging export products? Are their current interventions to promote global value chain (GVC) adequate? What lessons can be extracted from specific cases? How can trade and logistic policies favor (or hamper) export diversification†“led growth? The book lays the groundwork for effective step-by-step multidimensional policies to propel export diversification in fragile economies that are hindered not only by poor governance and weak institutions, but also by their landlocked position (except Guinea), small domestic markets, and business-unfriendly environments. Recognizing that traditional project interventions in these countries have had limited success, mainly due to their unidimensional focus on single components of an agricultural value chain, the book proposes a GVC 2.0 cluster-based approach to export diversification, in which complementary efforts attract foreign firms and public investment in support of agribusiness. Promising pilot examples of joint implementation plans among multiple donors, risk-sharing facilities, and agribusiness clusters provide valuable insights into recent global value chain developer interventions.
Book Synopsis Chile: A Role Model of Export Diversification Policies? by : Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
Download or read book Chile: A Role Model of Export Diversification Policies? written by Mr. Gonzalo Salinas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-05-27 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Largely because of its vast copper reserves, Chile’s exports are highly concentrated on this low complexity product and this is often cited as a major drawback of its economic policy framework. However, its exogenous copper abundance conceals the country’s success in developing non-mineral and complex exports. This achievement is remarkable considering its remoteness from the large international economic centers, which limits its integration to global value chains. As suggested in this paper, this accomplishment reflects Chile’s strength in policy areas that foster non-mineral exports (including complex exports), making the country a role model in export diversification and complexity policies among emerging market countries.
Book Synopsis Does What You Export Matter? by : Daniel Lederman
Download or read book Does What You Export Matter? written by Daniel Lederman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-06-18 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.
Book Synopsis Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? by : Dongyeol Lee
Download or read book Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? written by Dongyeol Lee and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Export structure is less diversified in low-income countries (LICs) and especially small states that face resource constraints and small economic size. This paper explores the potential linkages between export structure and economic growth and its volatility in LICs and small states, using a range of indices of export concentration differing in the coverage of industries. The empirical analysis finds that export diversification may promote economic growth and reduce economic volatility in these countries. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the economic benefits of export diversification differ by country size and income level—there are bigger benefits for relatively larger and poorer countries within the group of LICs and small states.
Book Synopsis Proximity and Horizontal Policies: The Backbone of Export Diversification by : Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
Download or read book Proximity and Horizontal Policies: The Backbone of Export Diversification written by Mr. Gonzalo Salinas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-05 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lack of a clear link between general economic fundamentals and export diversification indicators in the literature has fueled the believe that industrial policies are an absolute requisite to diversify exports. This paper, however, does find a strong statistical connection between horizontal policies and diversification by making two novel changes to traditional methodologies: using export categories that lead to diversification (for example, manufactures) as dependent variables, and using a gravity-equation regression setting. Proximity to other economies explains about a third of cross-country heterogeneity in targeted exports, and four fifths together with horizontal policies. Australia, Chile, and New Zealand emerge as new role models for diversification policies.
Book Synopsis Economic Diversification in the GCC by : Mr.Tim Callen
Download or read book Economic Diversification in the GCC written by Mr.Tim Callen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-12-23 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The economies of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are heavily reliant on oil. Greater economic diversification would reduce their exposure to volatility and uncertainty in the global oil market, help create jobs in the private sector, increase productivity and sustainable growth, and help create the non-oil economy that will be needed in the future when oil revenues start to dwindle. The GCC countries have followed many of the standard policies that are usually thought to promote more diversified economies, including reforms to improve the business climate, the development of domestic infrastructure, financial deepening, and improvements in education. Nevertheless, success to date has been limited. This paper argues that increased diversification will require realigning incentives for firms and workers in the economies—fixing these incentives is the “missing link” in the GCC countries’ diversification strategies. At present, producing non-tradables is less risky and more profitable for firms as they can benefit from the easy availability of low-wage foreign labor and the rapid growth in government spending, while the continued availability of high-paying and secure public sector jobs discourages nationals from pursuing entrepreneurship and private sector employment. Measures to begin to address these incentive issues could include limiting and reorienting government spending, strengthening private sector competition, providing guarantees and financial support for those firms engaged in export activity, and implementing labor market reforms to make nationals more competitive for private sector employment.
Author :Mr.Nelson Camanho da Costa Neto Publisher :International Monetary Fund ISBN 13 :1455254304 Total Pages :25 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (552 download)
Book Synopsis Did Export Diversification Soften the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis? by : Mr.Nelson Camanho da Costa Neto
Download or read book Did Export Diversification Soften the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis? written by Mr.Nelson Camanho da Costa Neto and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study considers the role of export diversification in determining trade outcomes during the global financial crisis. The impact of export diversification (or concentration) is measured by assessing three different dimensions of specialization. First, concentration by geographic destination is considered; that is, whether the bulk of exports from a country go to many or few trading partners. Second, industry/sectoral concentration is considered; that is, whether a country’s exports are scattered across many industries and sectors, or concentrated in just a few. Third, product concentration is considered; that is, whether countries produce many products within their export sectors or just a few. The workhorse gravity trade model is adapted with trade diversification as an additional trade cost, and the model solution is empirically tested on a dataset containing over 500 thousand observations for Latin America. Industry and product concentration are found to significantly affect the resilience of Latin American countries’ trade during the global financial crisis - increasing the diversity of both export sectors and export products within sectors by one standard deviation reduces the quarterly decline in exports by approximately 4.7 percent. Diversifying exports across many different trading partners is not found to significantly affect outcomes.
Book Synopsis Macro-Hedging for Commodity Exporters by : Mr.Damiano Sandri
Download or read book Macro-Hedging for Commodity Exporters written by Mr.Damiano Sandri and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2009-10-01 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses a dynamic optimization model to estimate the welfare gains of hedging against commodity price risk for commodity-exporting countries. The introduction of hedging instruments such as futures and options enhances domestic welfare through two channels. First, by reducing export income volatility and allowing for a smoother consumption path. Second, by reducing the country's need to hold foreign assets as precautionary savings (or by improving the country's ability to borrow against future export income). Under plausibly calibrated parameters, the second channel may lead to much larger welfare gains, amounting to several percentage points of annual consumption.
Download or read book Managing Openness written by Mona Haddad and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global financial crisis triggered a broad reassessment of economic integration policies in developed and developing countries worldwide. The crisis-induced collapse in trade was the sharpest ever since World War II, affecting all countries and all product categories. A huge shock to the trading system, combined with severe macroeconomic instability, makes it natural for policymakers to call into question the basic underlying assumptions of trade liberalization and openness. In particular, outward-oriented or export-led growth strategies are being reassessed as openness is increasingly associated with greater volatility. However, it is crucial not to lose sight of the dynamic benefits that openness can offer. Examples include technology transfer, increased competitive pressure that reduces markups and improves efficiency, and economies of scale. The real question is how to manage outward-oriented strategies so as to maximize the benefits of openness while minimizing risks. This book aims to contribute to this important and ongoing policy debate, bringing together recent empirical work on the trade collapse, its causes and consequences, and the broader trade policy agenda in the post-crisis environment. It addresses critical policy issues revolving around the topic of outward-oriented growth strategy, including policy instruments that help manage risks associated with outward-orientation, lessons learned from the crisis for particular countries and regions, and how emerging trade policy issues such as climate change, commodities, global production networking, and migration affect the prospects for recovery and outward-oriented growth.
