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Ignition And Combustion Of Aluminum Particles In Hot Ambient Gases
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Book Synopsis Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Ambient Gases by : Raymond Friedman
Download or read book Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Ambient Gases written by Raymond Friedman and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Project SQUID, Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Ambient Gases by : Raymond Friedman
Download or read book Project SQUID, Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Ambient Gases written by Raymond Friedman and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ignition and Combustion of Nickel Coated and Uncoated Aluminum Particles in Hot Post-flame Gas Environment by : Eric R. Boyd
Download or read book Ignition and Combustion of Nickel Coated and Uncoated Aluminum Particles in Hot Post-flame Gas Environment written by Eric R. Boyd and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High Temperature Spectroscopic Measurements of Aluminum Combustion in a Heterogeneous Shock Tube by : Patrick T. Lynch
Download or read book High Temperature Spectroscopic Measurements of Aluminum Combustion in a Heterogeneous Shock Tube written by Patrick T. Lynch and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aluminum is an important energetic material that burns with a variety of oxidizers with a high reaction enthalpy. It is a top performer for energy density if oxidizer mass is considered as well as the fuel. Because of this, it is often used as an energetic additive in anaerobic conditions because it reacts in what typically are products of primary fuels and oxidizers and further increases chamber temperatures in solid rocket motors or blast overpressure in enhanced blast weapons. Despite decades of research, gaps still exist in the knowledge of how aluminum burns, especially with the recent trend of using smaller particles (10 micron and below). While aluminum is a very energetic material, its rate of oxidation is relatively low, and efforts are made to not only increase the heat release rate of particles reacting with oxidizer, but also to increase peak combustion temperature. Experimental studies were performed measuring the combustion characteristics of aluminum in the heterogeneous shock tube. The heterogeneous shock tube provides unmatched control of temperature, pressure, oxidizer concentration, etc., in which to test energetic materials of different particle sizes. The burning time diameter exponent, n as in t_b ~ d^n, in aluminum particle combustion was measured to be as low as, or lower than 0.3, in conditions in the transition regime between kinetic and diffusion limited particles. This anomalous result, as well as observed increases of burn time with pressure when using water vapor as an oxidizer had been attributed to a pressure dependence on ignition of particles in these conditions or broad overlapping size distributions. Both theories were tested and rejected. Furthermore, an acrylic end section was implemented on the shock tube which provides complete optical access to the final 61 cm of the shock tube. This optical access allowed high speed images (50k fps) of the particle motion, ignition, and combustion. Results are presented which give a more complete understanding of burntime variability in the heterogeneous shock tube, owing to the contribution of initially wall-bound particles vs. those that are in the free stream upon the passage of the incident shock, bright clusters of rapidly moving burning particles, and non-uniform cloud distributions in the tube, all previously undifferentiated by shock tube burntime methods. Absorption spectroscopy was used to probe the ground state of Aluminum monoxide (AlO), a gas phase combustion intermediate, and Al vapor in order to quantify the amount of Al and AlO present under conditions where these species were not observed in emission previously, notably in most conditions with nano-aluminum particles. At least three regimes of combustion were observed for nano-aluminum combustion. At temperatures above 2000 K, particles burn with AlO and Al vapor present. Between 1500 K and 2000 K, particles burn with Al vapor present, but without detectable AlO. Between 1200 K and 1500 K, particles burn without either vapor phase component present. These results had important implications for two proposed mechanisms for nano-aluminum ignition and combustion. Optical measurements of the peak combustion temperature from AlO consistently measure near 3200 K in micro-Al combustion, even though higher temperatures are seen near larger particles. One proposed limiting factor was the volatilization temperature of alumina. The reference literature is divided on this temperature, which previously was measured with large extrapolations. The volatilization temperature was measured by measuring the extinction cross-section of nano- and micro-alumina at non-resonant wavelengths at different ambient temperatures. The volatilization temperature at 1 atm appears to be at least as high as 4000 K and does not appear to be a limiting temperature in micro-Al combustion Finally, two other sets of measurements were made to support high temperature measurements of aluminum combustion, especially in the optically thick conditions commonly observed in propellant plumes or explosive fireballs. The first was a measurement of the alumina emissivity spectral dependence, which is absolutely necessary to make pyrometric measurements. A significant temperature dependence was observed in the emissivity spectral dependence. Additionally, spatially resolved fiber optic emission probing was used in the optically thick fireballs from aluminized explosives. Using the probes allowed observations inside the fireball and avoided biases from temperature inhomogeneity and ambient air interactions in these explosive fireballs.
Book Synopsis Solid Propellant Rocket Research by : Martin Summerfield
Download or read book Solid Propellant Rocket Research written by Martin Summerfield and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid Propellant Rocket Research
Book Synopsis Solid Propellant Chemistry Combustion and Motor Interior Ballistics 1999 by : Vigor Yang
Download or read book Solid Propellant Chemistry Combustion and Motor Interior Ballistics 1999 written by Vigor Yang and published by AIAA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 1038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Solid Propellant Combustion by : K. K. Kuo
Download or read book Fundamentals of Solid Propellant Combustion written by K. K. Kuo and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ignition of Aluminum Particle Streams by : Canada. Defence Research Board. Reprints
Download or read book Ignition of Aluminum Particle Streams written by Canada. Defence Research Board. Reprints and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ignition of aluminum particle streams was studied in a steady-flow experiment in which aluminum powder carried in oxygen was ignited by a propane-oxygen pilot flame. Two measured particle size distributions were used, with average diameters of 25 micrometers and 120 micrometers. Particle-to-gas weight fractions were in the range from 0.1 to 0.5. Ignition times were deduced from flame photographs and high-speed motion pictures were used to follow the ignition event. A simple thermal ignition model was used to predict particle ignition times. The model takes into account the radiation from the burning stream of particles to the unignited particle, as well as to the heating of this particle by a finite volume of hot gas. The measured ignition times were independent of metal concentration. The stream with 35 micrometers mean size ignited at 0.5 ms and the stream with 120 micrometers mean size at 1.1 ms after injection into the flame, both independent of the metal flow rate. Comparison with the predicted ignition times for the two particle-size distributions shows that the ignition of the smallest particles masks the ignition of the other particles in the stream. (Author).
Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Combustion by : Hans G. Wolfhard
Download or read book Heterogeneous Combustion written by Hans G. Wolfhard and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics—Volume 15: Heterogeneous Combustion focuses on the processes, reactions, methodologies, and techniques involved in heterogeneous combustion. The selection first offers information on the techniques for the study of combustion of beryllium and aluminum particles, study of quenched aluminum particle combustion, and spectroscopic investigation of metal combustion. Discussions focus on the combustion of metal particles in a hot oxidizing atmosphere, experimental apparatus and procedure, selected examples of residue observations, ignition of beryllium, and photographic study of particle combustion. The text then takes a look at the analytical developments, experimental observations in oxygen atmospheres, and experimental observations in carbon dioxide atmospheres of vapor-phase diffusion flames in the combustion of magnesium and aluminum. The publication ponders on the combustion of elemental boron with fluorine, combustion of pyrolytic boron nitride, characteristics of diborane flames, oxidation of diethyldiborane, and reaction of pentaborane and hydrazine and structure of the adduct. The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in heterogeneous combustion.
Book Synopsis Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum and Aluminum/Carbon Slurry Agglomerates by : S. C. Wong
Download or read book Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum and Aluminum/Carbon Slurry Agglomerates written by S. C. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental and theoretical study of the ignition and combustion of aluminum and aluminum/carbon slurry fuel droplets in both dry and wet environments performed. Individual slurry droplets having initial diameters ranging from 500-1100 microns, supported on 125 microns diameter silicon carbide filaments and rapidly exposed to the post-flame region of a flat-flame burner, were studied. Burner post-flame environments were characterized by determination of species mole fractions using gas chromatography, ambient gas temperature using Pt/Pt-10% Ph fine wire thermocouples, and ambient gas velocities using conservation of mass. Burner operating conditions were varied to provide oxygen mole fractions ranging from 0.10 to 0.25, and gas temperatures from 1250-1869 K at atmospheric pressure. Particle life histories were characterized by measurement of particle diameter as a function of residence time in the burner gases using backlit and/or natural-light motion picture photography. Ignition and burning times were measured, and low-temperature ignition limits were determined. Residual combustion products were determined using X-ray diffraction techniques and SEM. In the aluminum slurry ignition analytic model, the processes of slurry droplet heat-up, liquid fuel combustion, and agglomerate heat-up were treated. To account for the enhanced convective heat transfer compared to a solid sphere that occurs for the porous aluminum agglomerates, a convective transport enhancement factor was used. A value for the transport enhancement factor was determined experimentally.
Book Synopsis Combustion of Aluminum Particles in O2/Ar by : Robert Piatt Wilson
Download or read book Combustion of Aluminum Particles in O2/Ar written by Robert Piatt Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preventing Ignition of Dust Dispersions by Inerting by : John Nagy
Download or read book Preventing Ignition of Dust Dispersions by Inerting written by John Nagy and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of Investigations written by and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive Media by : L. P. Yarin
Download or read book Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive Media written by L. P. Yarin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive Media addresses the complex phenomena involved in the burning of solid and liquid fuels. In fact, the multiplicity of phenomena characteristic of combustion of two-phase media determine the contents. The three parts deal with: the dynamics of a single particle; combustion wave propagation in two-phase reactive media; and thermal regimes of combustion reactors. The book generalizes the results of numerous investigations into the ignition and combustion of solid particles, droplets and bubbles, combustion wave propagation in heterogeneous reactive media, the stability of combustion of two-phase media, as well as the thermal regimes of high-temperature combustion reactors. It merges findings from the authors’ investigations into problems of two-phase flows and material from graduate-level courses they teach at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.
Book Synopsis Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion by : Sam Stuart
Download or read book Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion written by Sam Stuart and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-11 with total page 1118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion covers the proceedings of the Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, held at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York on August 27 to September 1, 1962, under the auspices of the Combustion Institute. The book focuses on the processes and reactions involved in combustion. The selection first offers information on flame strength of propane-oxygen flames at low pressures in turbulent flow and mixing and flow in ducted turbulent jets. Topics include radial profile of the jetting velocity, radial growth of the jet, and mixing zones of a ducted jet. The text then elaborates on turbulent flame studies in two-dimensional open burners; turbulent mass transfer and rates of combustion in confined turbulent flames; and flame stabilization in a boundary layer. The publication examines the theoretical study of properties of laminar steady state flames as a function of properties of their chemical components and spectra of alkali metal-organic halide flames. The text then takes a look at the thermal radiation theory for plane flame propagation in coal dust clouds; flame characteristics of the diborane-hydrazine system; and studies of the combustion of dimethyl hydrazine and related compounds. The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in the processes and reactions involved in combustion.
Book Synopsis Innovative Energetic Materials: Properties, Combustion Performance and Application by : WeiQiang Pang
Download or read book Innovative Energetic Materials: Properties, Combustion Performance and Application written by WeiQiang Pang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-04 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the combustion performance and application of innovative energetic materials for solid and hybrid space rocket propulsion. It provides a comprehensive overview of advanced technologies in the field of innovative energetic materials and combustion performance, introduces methods of modeling and diagnosing the aggregation/agglomeration of active energetic metal materials in solid propellants, and investigates the potential applications of innovative energetic materials in solid and hybrid propulsion. In addition, it also provides step-by-step solutions for sample problems to help readers gain a good understanding of combustion performance and potential applications of innovative energetic materials in space propulsion. This book serves as an excellent resource for researchers and engineers in the field of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics.
Download or read book NASA Technical Note written by and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: