Narratives on Becoming

Download Narratives on Becoming PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1648024823
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Narratives on Becoming by : Emilie Clucas Leaderman

Download or read book Narratives on Becoming written by Emilie Clucas Leaderman and published by IAP. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning and identity development are lifetime processes of becoming. The construction of self, of interest to scholars and practitioners in adult development and adult learning, is an ongoing process, with the self both forming and being formed by lived experience in privileged and oppressive contexts. Intersecting identities and the power dynamics within them shape how learners define themselves and others and how they make meaning of their experiences in the world. The series, I Am What I Become: Constructing Identities as Lifelong Learners, is an insightful and diverse collection of empirical research and narrative essays in identity development, adult development, and adult learning. The purpose of this series is to publish contributions that highlight the intimate and intricate connections between learning and identity. The series aims to assist our readers to understand and nurture adults who are always in the process of becoming. We hope to promote reflection and research at the intersection of identity and adult learning at any point across the adult lifespan. The rich array of qualitative research designs as well as autobiographic and narrative essays transform and expand our understanding of the lived experience of people both like us and unlike us, from the U.S. and beyond. Narratives on Becoming: Identity and Lifelong Learning, Volume Three of the series, explores a myriad of ways that authors’ personal and professional growth has influenced identity development. These chapters provide insights into the intersectional identities and learning of writers. Drawing from the multiple paths that comprise the journey of lifelong learning, these authors present powerful stories that identify the ways relationships, environments, culture, travel, and values shape their identities; use literacy, teaching, and learning as vehicles for experimenting with new identities, negotiate multiple identities, contexts, and transitions involved in becoming, and construct meaning. Through their narrative essays and ethnographic/autobiographical accounts, the authors in this volume illuminate the power of transformational learning during life-changing events and transitions. Praise for: Narratives on Becoming: Identity and Lifelong Learning "The third volume in the I Am What I Become series, Narratives on Becoming: Identity and Lifelong Learning invites readers into the lives of educators from around the world. This book includes important narratives from students, secondary educators, and post-secondary educators alike, highlighting how race, class, gender, and a wide range of other intersectional identities shape the diverse lived experiences of educators and their students. This volume also serves as an important reminder for all of us that the learning process continues across a lifetime and transcends the limits of the traditional classroom." Brian Bicknell, President Manchester Community College "We all pay lip service to the importance of lifelong learning, but what is it exactly and how does it come about? The connections between identity and learning are intriguing and complex, especially when it comes to adult learners. In this very thoughtfully organized collection, researchers present qualitative and narrative studies, along with personal narratives, to explore identity development in formal and informal learning environments. Contributions from varied cultural contexts, most with powerful and moving stories to tell, provide insight into how identity, meaning-making, and adult learning and development intersect and influence each other. Psychologists, scholars and educators interested in identity development and meaning-making will find inspiration and fresh understanding in this innovative and enlightening series." Ruthellen Josselson, Author Paths to Fulfillment: Women’s Search for Meaning and Identity "This innovative series on adult development is inspiring and substantive. We hear voices from the margins and stories of courage. We read identity-formation narratives by young adults and experienced professionals who share impressive capacities for transparency, vulnerability, and self-reflection. Many of the narratives are embedded in rigorous qualitative research that highlights diverse ways that identity is shaped through social positionality, lived experience, the quest for individuation, and willingness to encounter life as a dynamic learning process." Jared D. Kass, Lesley University, Author, A Person-Centered Approach to Psychospiritual Maturation: Mentoring Psychological Resilience and Inclusive Community in Higher Education

Identity and Lifelong Learning in Higher Education

Download Identity and Lifelong Learning in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1641138874
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Identity and Lifelong Learning in Higher Education by : Jo Ann Gammel

Download or read book Identity and Lifelong Learning in Higher Education written by Jo Ann Gammel and published by IAP. This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning and identity development are lifetime processes of becoming. The construction of self, of interest to scholars and practitioners in adult development and adult learning, is an ongoing process, with the self both forming and being formed by lived experience in privileged and oppressive contexts. Intersecting identities and the power dynamics within them shape how learners define themselves and others and how they make meaning of their experiences in the world. I Am What I Become: Constructing Identities as Lifelong Learners is an insightful and diverse collection of empirical research and narrative essays in identity development, adult development, and adult learning. The purpose of this series is to publish contributions that highlight the intimate connections between learning and identity. Our aim is to promote reflection and research at the intersection of identity and adult learning at any point across the adult lifespan and in any space where learning occurs: in school, at work, or in community. The series aims to assist our readers to understand and nurture adults who are always in the process of becoming. Adult educators, adult development scholars, counselors, psychologists, and sociologists, along with education and training professionals in formal and informal learning settings, will revel in the rich array of qualitative research designs, methods, and findings as well as autobiographies and narrative essays that transform and expand our understanding of the lived experience of people both like us and unlike us, from the U.S. and beyond. Volume One, Identity and Lifelong Learning in Higher Education, contains chapters by and about post-secondary educators and students. Together these chapters enhance our understanding of the inextricable link between learning and identity.

Identity and Lifelong Learning

Download Identity and Lifelong Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1648022154
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Identity and Lifelong Learning by : Sue L. Motulsky

Download or read book Identity and Lifelong Learning written by Sue L. Motulsky and published by IAP. This book was released on 2021-01-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning and identity development are lifetime processes of becoming. The construction of self, of interest to scholars and practitioners in adult development and adult learning, is an ongoing process, with the self both forming and being formed by lived experience in privileged and oppressive contexts. Intersecting identities and the power dynamics within them shape how learners define themselves and others and how they make meaning of their experiences in the world. The series, I Am What I Become: Constructing Identities as Lifelong Learners, is an insightful and diverse collection of empirical research and narrative essays in identity development, adult development, and adult learning. The purpose of this series is to publish contributions that highlight the intimate and intricate connections between learning and identity. The series aims to assist our readers to understand and nurture adults who are always in the process of becoming. We hope to promote reflection and research at the intersection of identity and adult learning at any point across the adult lifespan. The rich array of qualitative research designs as well as autobiographic and narrative essays transform and expand our understanding of the lived experience of people both like us and unlike us, from the U.S. and beyond. Identity and Lifelong Learning: Becoming through Lived Experience, Volume Two of the series, focuses on identity and learning within informal settings and life experiences. The contributions showcase the many ways that identity development and learning occur within cultural domains, through developmental and identity challenges or transitions in career or role, and in a variety of places from assisted living facilities to makerspaces. These chapters highlight identity and learning across the adult lifespan from millennials and emerging adults to midlife and older adults. The authors examine cultural, relational and social identity exploration and learning in international contexts and within marginalized communities. This volume features phenomenological and ethnographic qualitative studies, autoethnographies, case studies, and narratives that engage the reader in the myriad ways that adult development, learning, and identity connect and influence each other. Praise for: Identity and Lifelong Learning: Becoming Through Lived Experience "We all pay lip service to the importance of lifelong learning, but what is it exactly and how does it come about? The connections between identity and learning are intriguing and complex, especially when it comes to adult learners. In this very thoughtfully organized collection, researchers present qualitative and narrative studies, along with personal narratives, to explore identity development in formal and informal learning environments. Contributions from varied cultural contexts, most with powerful and moving stories to tell, provide insight into how identity, meaning-making, and adult learning and development intersect and influence each other. Psychologists, scholars and educators interested in identity development and meaning-making will find inspiration and fresh understanding in this innovative and enlightening series." Ruthellen Josselson Author of Paths to Fulfillment: Women’s Search for Meaning and Identity "This innovative series on adult development is inspiring and substantive. We hear voices from the margins and stories of courage. We read identity-formation narratives by young adults and experienced professionals who share impressive capacities for transparency, vulnerability, and self-reflection. Many of the narratives are embedded in rigorous qualitative research that highlights diverse ways that identity is shaped through social positionality, lived experience, the quest for individuation, and willingness to encounter life as a dynamic learning process." Jared D. Kass, Lesley University Author, of A Person-Centered Approach to Psychospiritual Maturation: Mentoring Psychological Resilience and Inclusive Community in Higher Education

Identity, Lifelong Learning and Narrative

Download Identity, Lifelong Learning and Narrative PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Identity, Lifelong Learning and Narrative by : Kang Zhao

Download or read book Identity, Lifelong Learning and Narrative written by Kang Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Exploring Learning, Identity and Power through Life History and Narrative Research

Download Exploring Learning, Identity and Power through Life History and Narrative Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135163677
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploring Learning, Identity and Power through Life History and Narrative Research by : Ann-Marie Bathmaker

Download or read book Exploring Learning, Identity and Power through Life History and Narrative Research written by Ann-Marie Bathmaker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-02-25 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What stories can we tell of ourselves and others and why should they be of interest to others? Exploring Learning, Identity and Power through Life History and Narrative Research responds to these questions with examples from diverse educational and social contexts. The book brings together a collection of writing by different authors who use a narrative/life history approach to explore the experiences of a wide range of people, including teachers, nurses, young people and adults, reflecting on learning and education at significant moments in their lives. In addition, each chapter provides an account by the author of the process of constructing research narratives, and the second chapter of the book focuses specifically on ethical issues in life history and narrative research. This book: provides vivid examples of a narrative/life history approach to research uses narrative/life history to explore identity, power and social justice offers an effective model for practice. With contributions from a number of international experts, this book addresses key issues of social justice and power played out within different contexts, and also discusses the ethics of narrative research directly. The book makes a timely contribution to the growing interest in the use of narrative and life history research. With the increasing importance of continuing professional development for many working in education, health and social service contexts, the book will be of interest to both students and researchers, as it provides clear examples of how researching professionals can use narrative research to investigate a particular area of interest.

Narrative Learning

Download Narrative Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135153205
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Narrative Learning by : Ivor F. Goodson

Download or read book Narrative Learning written by Ivor F. Goodson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-02-26 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is the role of narrative in how people learn throughout their lives? Are there different patterns and forms of narrativity? How do they influence learning? Based on data gathered for the Learning Lives project, which sought to understand learning by questioning individuals about their life stories, this book seeks to define a new learning theory which focuses on the role of narrative and narration in learning. Through a number of detailed case-studies based on longitudinal interviews conducted over three and four-year periods with a wide range of life story informants, Narrative Learning highlights the role of narrative and narration in an individual’s learning and understanding of how they act in the world. The authors explore a domain of learning and human subjectivity which is vital but currently unexplored in learning and teaching and seek to re-position learning within the ongoing preoccupation with identity and agency. The ‘interior conversations’ whereby a person defines their personal thoughts and courses of action and creates their own stories and life missions, is situated at the heart of a person’s map of learning and understanding of their place in the world. The insights presented seek to show that most people spend a significant amount of time rehearsing and recounting their life-story, which becomes a strong influence on their actions and agency, and an important site of learning in itself. Narrative Learning seeks to shift the focus of learning from the prescriptivism of a strongly defined curriculum to accommodate personal narrative styles and thereby encourage engagement and motivation in the learning process. Hence the book has radical and far-reaching implications for existing Governmental policies on school curriculum. The book will be of particular interest to professionals, educational researchers, policy-makers, undergraduate and postgraduate learners and all of those involved with education theory, CPD, adult education and lifelong learning.

Reconstructing the Lifelong Learner

Download Reconstructing the Lifelong Learner PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134503687
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reconstructing the Lifelong Learner by : Clive Chappell

Download or read book Reconstructing the Lifelong Learner written by Clive Chappell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-12-16 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is adult learning used to produce personal, organisational and social change? This interesting examination of adult learning for change illustrates through diverse case studies and theoretical perspectives that personal change is inextricably linked to broader organisational and social change. The authors explore how theorising education as a vehicle for self-change is relevant to the practices of educators, learning specialists and others concerned with promoting learning for change. The book examines the relationship between pedagogy, identity and change, and illustrates this through a range of case studies focusing on the following: * Self-help books * Work-based learning * Corporate culture training * AIDS education * Gender education * Sex offender education. A concluding chapter discusses how writing an academic text is itself a pedagogical practice contributing to the identities of authors. This unique text will be of interest to students of education, sociology, cultural studies and change management as well as teachers, educators and professionals involved in lifelong learning or change management in any way.

Learning to Change?

Download Learning to Change? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang
ISBN 13 : 9783631582794
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (827 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Learning to Change? by : Barbara Merrill

Download or read book Learning to Change? written by Barbara Merrill and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2009 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the issues of access, learning careers and identities in a diverse range of educational settings with diverse groups of adult students across Europe. Much of the work in this book illuminates these issues through the voices of adult students and adult educators and illustrates the rich variety of practice and context of adult education in Europe. It draws on the work of scholars from across Europe within the framework of the European Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ESREA). The chapters include examples and discussions of access, learning careers and identity in the context of higher and further education, the workplace, and prisons. The reader will see how structure and agency interplays and interacts in developing, or not, the learning careers and identities of adult students and adult educators. The book will appeal to researchers and educators in adult education, other professionals in associated fields and policy makers.

Narrative and the Practice of Adult Education

Download Narrative and the Practice of Adult Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Narrative and the Practice of Adult Education by : Marsha Rossiter

Download or read book Narrative and the Practice of Adult Education written by Marsha Rossiter and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We know that the telling of the personal experience narrative is a powerful avenue to self-understanding, transformative learning, and personal growth. This book explores these and other ways in which narrative can inform the practice of adult education, as well as how we can understand learning as a narrative process.

Composing Diverse Identities

Download Composing Diverse Identities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134232578
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (342 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Composing Diverse Identities by : D. Jean Clandinin

Download or read book Composing Diverse Identities written by D. Jean Clandinin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-04-18 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a climate of increasing emphasis on testing, measurable outcomes, competition and efficiency, the real lives of children and their teachers are often neglected or are too messy and intricate to legislate and quantify. As such, curricula are designed without including the very people that compose the identities of schools. Here Clandinin takes issue with this tendency, bringing together a collection of narratives from seven writers who spent a year in an urban school, exploring the experiences and contributions of children, families, teachers and administrators. These stories show us an alternative way of attending to what counts in schools, shifting away from the school as a business model towards an idea of schools as places to engage citizenship and to attend to the wholeness of people’s lives. Articulating the complex ethical dilemmas and issues that face people and schools every day, this fascinating study puts school life under the microscope raises new questions about who and what education is for.

Narrative Learning

Download Narrative Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780203856888
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (568 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Narrative Learning by : Ivor F Goodson

Download or read book Narrative Learning written by Ivor F Goodson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-02-26 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is the role of narrative in how people learn throughout their lives? Are there different patterns and forms of narrativity? How do they influence learning? Based on data gathered for the Learning Lives project, which sought to understand learning by questioning individuals about their life stories, this book seeks to define a new learning theory which focuses on the role of narrative and narration in learning. Through a number of detailed case-studies based on longitudinal interviews conducted over three and four-year periods with a wide range of life story informants, Narrative Learning highlights the role of narrative and narration in an individual’s learning and understanding of how they act in the world. The authors explore a domain of learning and human subjectivity which is vital but currently unexplored in learning and teaching and seek to re-position learning within the ongoing preoccupation with identity and agency. The ‘interior conversations’ whereby a person defines their personal thoughts and courses of action and creates their own stories and life missions, is situated at the heart of a person’s map of learning and understanding of their place in the world. The insights presented seek to show that most people spend a significant amount of time rehearsing and recounting their life-story, which becomes a strong influence on their actions and agency, and an important site of learning in itself. Narrative Learning seeks to shift the focus of learning from the prescriptivism of a strongly defined curriculum to accommodate personal narrative styles and thereby encourage engagement and motivation in the learning process. Hence the book has radical and far-reaching implications for existing Governmental policies on school curriculum. The book will be of particular interest to professionals, educational researchers, policy-makers, undergraduate and postgraduate learners and all of those involved with education theory, CPD, adult education and lifelong learning.

The Concepts and Practices of Lifelong Learning

Download The Concepts and Practices of Lifelong Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134088310
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Concepts and Practices of Lifelong Learning by : Brenda Morgan-Klein

Download or read book The Concepts and Practices of Lifelong Learning written by Brenda Morgan-Klein and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-12-17 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. This version focus on to apply the theory into practice. Implementing organizational change has emerged as a core competency for corporate executive. In fact, any leader today will discover just how vital leading change is. If you're not leading change, as the saying goes, you're not leading.

Researching Transitions in Lifelong Learning

Download Researching Transitions in Lifelong Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134005571
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Researching Transitions in Lifelong Learning by : John Field

Download or read book Researching Transitions in Lifelong Learning written by John Field and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-06-03 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researching Transitions in Lifelong Learning presents new research from Britain, Australia and North America. The authors include leading scholars with established international reputations - such as Kathryn Ecclestone, Norton Grubb, David Boud and Gert Biesta - as well as emerging researchers with fresh and sometimes challenging perspectives.

Reflections on Identity

Download Reflections on Identity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031467949
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reflections on Identity by : Neil Hopkins

Download or read book Reflections on Identity written by Neil Hopkins and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-13 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book seeks to extend perspectives on professional identity in education. Chapters consider the notion of expertise, the impact of managerial approaches, the importance of communities of practice, and the effects of increasingly marketised approaches. By using narratives, the book opens up a ‘conversation’ about this important topic. Educators and leaders from a variety of settings will explore their professional experiences and the impact these have had on forming values in the professional role. By drawing on personal experience, individual authors will consider some of the challenges they have encountered as part of identity formation. The significance of organisational cultures is discussed throughout the book and explores the ways in which individual autonomy is both threatened and claimed. Issues discussed include the frequent changes imposed through government initiatives and the social perception of education professionals when compared to other professional roles. Contributions have been drawn from teachers and leaders in schools, colleges, universities and specialist training. Chapter authors have a variety of experiences offering a multi-perspective approach. This will include strategic leadership, operational management and classroom practice, all of which offer insights of interest to educators at various points on the professional journey. The narrative approach adopted by authors provides the opportunity for readers to engage with others’ experiences, enabling personal reflection on their own professional identity.

4 th International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for ALL-ICLEL 2018

Download 4 th International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for ALL-ICLEL 2018 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Prof. Dr. Osman TITREK Asst. Prof. Dr. Agniezska ZEMBRZUSKA Res. Assist. Gozde SEZEN-GULTEKIN
ISBN 13 : 6056649539
Total Pages : 942 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (566 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 4 th International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for ALL-ICLEL 2018 by : Prof. Dr. Osman TITREK

Download or read book 4 th International Conference on Lifelong Education and Leadership for ALL-ICLEL 2018 written by Prof. Dr. Osman TITREK and published by Prof. Dr. Osman TITREK Asst. Prof. Dr. Agniezska ZEMBRZUSKA Res. Assist. Gozde SEZEN-GULTEKIN. This book was released on 2018-12-28 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copyright © 2018, ICLEL Conferences All rights reserved by ICLEL Conferences

Developing Narrative Theory

Download Developing Narrative Theory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415603617
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (156 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Narrative Theory by : Ivor Goodson

Download or read book Developing Narrative Theory written by Ivor Goodson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title looks at the contemporary need to study life narratives, considers the emergence and salience of life narratives in contemporary culture, and discusses different forms of narrativity.

Living In A Learning Society

Download Living In A Learning Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136366199
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Living In A Learning Society by : Ari Antikainen

Download or read book Living In A Learning Society written by Ari Antikainen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text discusses the meaning of education through an examination of life paths, identities and significant learning experiences. Looking at education over three generations of war and scant education; of structural change and increasing educational opportunities; and of social well-being and wide educational choice the book examines a variety of questions.; The book demonstrates how the synthesis of social and cultural interpretations of education forms four groups: resource, status, conformity and individualism. The implications to education policy in late-modern or postmodern society are also discussed.