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Human Capital Composition Rd And The Increasing Role Of Services
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Book Synopsis Human Capital Composition, R&D and the Increasing Role of Services by : Ana Balcão Reis
Download or read book Human Capital Composition, R&D and the Increasing Role of Services written by Ana Balcão Reis and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A growth model with endogenous innovation and accumulation of high-tech and low-tech human capital is developed. The model accounts for a recently established fact about human capital composition, which stated that the richest countries are investing proportionally less than middle income countries in engineering and technical human capital, due to the consideration of a negative effect of technological development on the accumulation of high-tech human capital. Under this new and reasonable assumption, our model also accounts for other previously established stylized facts. Both the evolution of human capital composition and the transition across stages of development are endogenously determined. We relate an increasing Ramp;D activity and a negative relationship between income and the ratio of high to low-tech human capital, both present in developed countries, to the transition to a services economy. Although all growth rates are optimal, we observe under-allocation of high-tech human capital to industry.
Book Synopsis Human Capital and Innovation by : Sumit Kundu
Download or read book Human Capital and Innovation written by Sumit Kundu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second title in the Palgrave Studies in Global Human Capital Management series, this book explores how human capital contributes to innovation within the context of an inter-connected and globalized world. Investigating globalization as a phenomenon reflected within increasing cross-border flows of goods, services, know-how and talent, Human Capital and Innovation: Examining the Role of Globalization illustrates various facets of innovation at individual, team and organizational level. It highlights the influence of new economic realities, such as technological advances and the rise of emerging economies, on human capital and innovation.
Book Synopsis How Structure of Production Determines the Demand for Human Capital by : Indermit Singh Gill
Download or read book How Structure of Production Determines the Demand for Human Capital written by Indermit Singh Gill and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To promote gender equity, expansion of the services sector should be encouraged. But this runs counter to the World Bank and IMF policy of encouraging the production of tradable goods (produced mainly in agriculture and less so in industry) to service debt. So direct government intervention is needed to promote investment in women's human capital.
Book Synopsis Human capital as an essential and measurable asset by : Junaid Javaid
Download or read book Human capital as an essential and measurable asset written by Junaid Javaid and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: C+, University of Bedfordshire, course: MSc Finance & Business Management, language: English, abstract: This AMP is carried out as a research toward finding and relating the company’s Human Capital with its desired performance. It has also suggested the method by which the company can reliably reports its Human Capital as the strongest company’s asset in its financial statements. From the Background context of given issue the evidence looks prominent and right that in the current scenario Human Capital is considered to be as the key success factor. The Literature Review section, in relation to the definition of Human Capital, the arguments of both Becker (1993) and Davenport (1999) makes sense and also looks generous. Becker (1993) defined Human Capital as a composition of four characteristics (Credentials, Reputation, Personality and Appearance). While on the other side, Davenport (1999) made a figure of by combining all aspects (Employee effort, behaviour, ability & time) together to give final shape to undergoing definition. In relations to the measurement methods of Human Capital, there are many Scholars who came forwards and proposed different methods. It has been regarded and acknowledged that work of certain Authors: Kaplan & Norton (1992), Monti-Belkaou & Riahi-Belkaoui (1995), Brown (1999) and Weiss (1999) is prominent. Out of these four studies Monti-Belkaou & Riahi-Belkaoui (1995) took the fame as their model have both aspect: practical implementation and recognition of value added by the company’s demployed Human Capital in its overall financial performance and operational excellence. The objectives of this AMP have been achieved. From the models like Balanced Scorecard and Kaplan’s Seven Step Framework and also from the case studies like Huselid, et al (1997) and Delery & Doty, (1996), it has been cleared and understood that the company’s Human Capital has implications on its business performance (success). From the studies like Kaplan & Norton (1992), Monti-Belkaou & Riahi-Belkaoui (1995), Brown (1999) and Weiss (1999), it has illustrated that these are the certain methods by which the company could include Human Capital as the company’s most significant in its financial reporting. Out of these four studies, Monti-Belkaou & Riahi-Belkaoui (1995) took the fame. So the need of an hour is to select it as the common framework for the reporting of Human Capital as the company’s most powerful assets.
Book Synopsis THREE ESSAYS CONSIDERING HUMAN CAPITAL COMPOSITION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH by : Guan Lin
Download or read book THREE ESSAYS CONSIDERING HUMAN CAPITAL COMPOSITION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH written by Guan Lin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human capital has long been recognized as a crucial determinant of economic development. The main contribution of my dissertation is to both theoretically and empirically demonstrate the idea that the composition (different types of education) of human capital determines technological progress and affects long-run economic growth. As compared to traditional human capital and growth literature, it emphasizes the composition effect of human capital, rather than the level effect, on economic development. It provides a new perspective in characterizing the stages of economic development along the growth path. Optimal human capital composition benefits not only lesser developed countries who usually lack educational resources but also developed countries with limited population growth potential. The first chapter, titled ``Education, Technology, Human Capital Composition and Economic Development'', develops a framework of endogenous educational decisions and technological progress to explore the human capital composition and its effects on economic growth. In this model, growth is driven by technological advancement, which depends on the human capital composition. Individuals can choose from different types of workers: unskilled workers, generalists or specialists. Both generalists and specialists, through technological progress, are able to enhance growth. The model considers the role of technology stock, coordination cost, education cost and worker's innate ability on the human capital composition and economic growth. The main result shows the improvement in the composition of human capital promotes economic growth in most economic stages. However, this positive effect tapers off as the economy reaches complete specialization. This provides a possible explanation for the convergence of economic growth to zero asymptotically in the long run. I extend the argument into an open economy framework in the second chapter, titled ``Migration Effects on Home Country's Composition of Human Capital and Economic Development''. This chapter examines migration effects on domestic composition of human capital and economic growth. The net effect of migration depends on two facets. On one hand, the possibility of migration provides incentives for workers to invest in education and consequently increases the fraction of skilled workers in home country's human capital composition. On the other hand, increased population of skilled emigrants hinders the accumulation of human capital. A sufficient condition for beneficial migration is derived: if the ex ante domestic fraction of unskilled worker is relatively high, allowing the home country to achieve faster economic growth with migration. The last chapter, titled ``The Effect of Tertiary Education Composition on Economic Growth'', differentiates types of tertiary education by ISECD levels and empirically investigates their effects on economic growth. I use panel data on a group of 77 countries for the period 1998-2011. In dynamic panel data estimation, a potential endogeneity bias could arise due to the inclusion of lagged dependent variables. Several methods are applied to overcome the issue, such as Anderson-Hsiao estimator, the Difference Generalized Method of Moments estimator and the System Generalized Method of Moments estimator. The study shows a significantly positive relationship between short-cycle tertiary education and real GDP per capita for both developed and developing countries. However, undergraduate and graduate education only positively correlate to economic growth in developed countries. The empirical results are informative for developed countries as well as developing countries. Understanding the contribution of tertiary education in different levels allows them to effectively allocate resources and appropriately integrate it in growth policies.
Author :United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :160 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (31 download)
Book Synopsis Guide on Measuring Human Capital by : United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital
Download or read book Guide on Measuring Human Capital written by United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Guide on Measuring Human Capital discusses conceptual, methodological and implementation issues and challenges.
Book Synopsis The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 by : Glenn-Marie Lange
Download or read book The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 written by Glenn-Marie Lange and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countries regularly track gross domestic product (GDP) as an indicator of their economic progress, but not wealth—the assets such as infrastructure, forests, minerals, and human capital that produce GDP. In contrast, corporations routinely report on both their income and assets to assess their economic health and prospects for the future. Wealth accounts allow countries to take stock of their assets to monitor the sustainability of development, an urgent concern today for all countries. The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future covers national wealth for 141 countries over 20 years (1995†“2014) as the sum of produced capital, 19 types of natural capital, net foreign assets, and human capital overall as well as by gender and type of employment. Great progress has been made in estimating wealth since the fi rst volume, Where Is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century, was published in 2006. New data substantially improve estimates of natural capital, and, for the fi rst time, human capital is measured by using household surveys to estimate lifetime earnings. The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 begins with a review of global and regional trends in wealth over the past two decades and provides examples of how wealth accounts can be used for the analysis of development patterns. Several chapters discuss the new work on human capital and its application in development policy. The book then tackles elements of natural capital that are not yet fully incorporated in the wealth accounts: air pollution, marine fi sheries, and ecosystems. This book targets policy makers but will engage anyone committed to building a sustainable future for the planet.
Book Synopsis The Death of Human Capital? by : Phillip Brown
Download or read book The Death of Human Capital? written by Phillip Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-24 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human capital theory, or the notion that there is a direct relationship between educational investment and individual and national prosperity, has dominated public policy on education and labor for the past fifty years. In The Death of Human Capital?, Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, and Sin Yi Cheung argue that the human capital story is one of false promise: investing in learning isn't the road to higher earnings and national prosperity. Rather than abandoning human capital theory, however, the authors redefine human capital in an age of smart machines. They present a new human capital theory that rejects the view that automation and AI will result in the end of waged work, but see the fundamental problem as a lack of quality jobs offering interesting, worthwhile, and rewarding opportunities. A controversial challenge to the reigning ideology, The Death of Human Capital? connects with a growing sense that capitalism is in crisis, felt by students and the wider workforce, shows what's at stake in the new human capital while offering hope for the future.
Book Synopsis Human Capital by : Margaret Lawrence
Download or read book Human Capital written by Margaret Lawrence and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this compilation, the authors outline the main stages that have marked the transformations of the notion of human capital, as well as the attempts to measure it, with particular reference to the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. They assess whether Sachs et al. (2015) negative long run welfare consequences of digitalization also arise when the government as an agent of young households invests in human capital with the aim to counteract the decrease in labor productivity resulting from the substitution of robots for traditional capital. They also question whether robots raise or diminish existing unemployment. Next, the book explores how brain drain affects human capital development and utilization with its consequences on the development of West Africa, using descriptive information along with a review of relevant literature. The authors examine the link between human capital development and substance use from the perspective of adolescence into adulthood. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications for extending research on this particular population are also addressed. Following this, the book discusses a scientific analysis with qualitative and quantitative results that demonstrate the relevance of the organizational and administrative behavior that makes it possible to develop productive human capital in different settings, including within families. The authors present findings on the Theory of Vacuum which allows for the performing of deep analysis of vacuums structure and determining their previously unstudied aspects. This work offers and verifies a hypothesis on the existence of vacuums in human capital, with the goal of studying the structure of human capital from the position of the Theory of Vacuum. Following this, the work provides an overview of a human capital theory based on increasing rates of return to education. This theory explains their relative historical growth path divergence and simulations that predict their future income per capita convergence. The authors also analyze how High-performance Work Systems could create human capital that efficiently develops organizational processes and increases company performance, thus making it easier to understand how Human Resource Management practices could enhance organizational performance. In the final chapter, the authors determine new challenges for human capital through consideration of its infrastructural role in the system of entrepreneurship. In order to determine the role of human capital in the system of entrepreneurship, the authors use the methods of regression and correlation analysis.
Book Synopsis Human Capital, Economic Growth, and Income Distribution: Three Essays on Human Capital by : Chang Gyu Kwag
Download or read book Human Capital, Economic Growth, and Income Distribution: Three Essays on Human Capital written by Chang Gyu Kwag and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay one is concerned with how and why an individual invests in human capital and how tax policy affects investment in human capital. We examine optimal investment in human capital and the effect of tax policy on human capital formation, and test several hypotheses derived from the theory using U.S. time-series data. Investment in human capital in terms of college enrollment rates is positively related to family income, rate of return to human capital, and unemployment rates, while it is negatively related to educational cost, and rate of return to physical capital. In addition, the average income tax rates show a negative effect on college enrollment rates. Essay two discusses human capital and economic growth. We first investigate the elasticities of substitution among inputs using the nested constant elasticity of substitution production function to focus on the so-called capital-skill complementarity hypothesis. We here compare two models: one is a model with human capital and raw labor, and the other is a model with higher skilled labor and lower skilled labor. In both models, the elasticities of substitution among inputs are very low, but the complementarity hypothesis is still weakly confirmed. Human capital turns out to be essential in achieving medium-term economic growth empirically. We also demonstrate the key role of human capital in the long-term steady state within the context of the endogenous growth model. Essay three considers the role of human capital on income distribution. Using the nested CES production function, we first derive factor shares, and then examine the relationship between functional and personal income distribution. An increase in share of labor income reduces overall income inequality, while an increase in share of transfer income has a negative effect on income distribution. Human capital, especially primary and secondary level of human capital stock, is a crucial factor in reducing income inequality. Finally, this study develops and presents new estimates of human capital stock in the United States, as well as annual earnings, and labor force by education level for the period 1947-1989. Data shows that the growth rate of GNP is very closely related to that of human capital stock. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).
Book Synopsis An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by : Adam Smith
Download or read book An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith and published by . This book was released on 1822 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Race between Education and Technology by : Claudia Goldin
Download or read book The Race between Education and Technology written by Claudia Goldin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a careful historical analysis of the co-evolution of educational attainment and the wage structure in the United States through the twentieth century. The authors propose that the twentieth century was not only the American Century but also the Human Capital Century. That is, the American educational system is what made America the richest nation in the world. Its educational system had always been less elite than that of most European nations. By 1900 the U.S. had begun to educate its masses at the secondary level, not just in the primary schools that had remarkable success in the nineteenth century. The book argues that technological change, education, and inequality have been involved in a kind of race. During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, the increase of educated workers was higher than the demand for them. This had the effect of boosting income for most people and lowering inequality. However, the reverse has been true since about 1980. This educational slowdown was accompanied by rising inequality. The authors discuss the complex reasons for this, and what might be done to ameliorate it.
Book Synopsis Measuring Human Capital by : Barbara Fraumeni
Download or read book Measuring Human Capital written by Barbara Fraumeni and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measuring Human Capital addresses a country’s most important resource: its own people. Bettering human capital benefits individuals and their country and leads to improved sustainability for the future. For many years economists only used Gross Domestic Product (GDP), now acknowledged to be inadequate without supplemental measures, to gauge a country’s overall value. There is now a recognition that many variables contribute to a country’s worth, which make accurate measurement difficult. Looking beyond GDP by focusing on human capital, researchers, policymakers, government officials, and students can understand what elements impact human capital and how they might improve it in order to increase economic growth and well-being. Addresses six major measures of human capital, covering at least 130 countries Describes both monetary and index estimates Includes two monetary measures by the World Bank and the Inclusive Wealth Report by UNEP and the Urban Institute of Kyushu University Includes four index measures by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation of the University of Washington, United Nations Development Programme, World Economic Forum, and World Bank Includes two country chapters, one on China and the other on the United States
Book Synopsis The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth by : Erich Gundlach
Download or read book The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth written by Erich Gundlach and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Human Capital Creation in an Economic Perspective by : Rita Asplund
Download or read book Human Capital Creation in an Economic Perspective written by Rita Asplund and published by Physica. This book was released on 1994-11-25 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past few decades have seen a revolutionary increase in interest in the economic role of education and training at the societal, business, and individual levels. This is mainly due to the strong post-war growth in industrialized economies, which has been driven by rapid technological progress and far-reaching structural change and, in the end, has resulted in increasingly skill-intensive production and growing demandfor more educated labour. Today it is frequently argued that with the increasing importance of the role of know-how, the workforce has become the most important single input in the production process. Simultaneously the dramatic increase in the availability of large micro-Ievel databases has opened enormous possibilities to study the economic role of human capital creation also empirically. The economic perspective of human capital accumulation is, however, of utmost importance also in times of deep economic recession. Periods of economic slowdown and rapidly increasing unemployment tend to in crease the demandfor advanced education and training in particular. This brings up, in turn, questions regarding overeducation and satisfying both private and social retums on investments in human capital.
Book Synopsis Human Capital Composition, Proximity to Technology Frontier and Productivity Growth by : Md. Rabiul Islam
Download or read book Human Capital Composition, Proximity to Technology Frontier and Productivity Growth written by Md. Rabiul Islam and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Human Capital Index 2020 Update by : World Bank
Download or read book The Human Capital Index 2020 Update written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human capital—the knowledge, skills, and health that people accumulate over their lives—is a central driver of sustainable growth, poverty reduction, and successful societies. More human capital is associated with higher earnings for people, higher income for countries, and stronger cohesion in societies. Much of the hard-won human capital gains in many economies over the past decade is at risk of being eroded by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. Urgent action is needed to protect these advances, particularly among the poor and vulnerable. Designing the needed interventions, targeting them to achieve the highest effectiveness, and navigating difficult trade-offs make investing in better measurement of human capital now more important than ever. The Human Capital Index (HCI)—launched in 2018 as part of the Human Capital Project—is an international metric that benchmarks the key components of human capital across economies. The HCI is a global effort to accelerate progress toward a world where all children can achieve their full potential. Measuring the human capital that children born today can expect to attain by their 18th birthdays, the HCI highlights how current health and education outcomes shape the productivity of the next generation of workers and underscores the importance of government and societal investments in human capital. The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 presents the first update of the HCI, using health and education data available as of March 2020. It documents new evidence on trends, examples of successes, and analytical work on the utilization of human capital. The new data—collected before the global onset of COVID-19—can act as a baseline to track its effects on health and education outcomes. The report highlights how better measurement is essential for policy makers to design effective interventions and target support. In the immediate term, investments in better measurement and data use will guide pandemic containment strategies and support for those who are most affected. In the medium term, better curation and use of administrative, survey, and identification data can guide policy choices in an environment of limited fiscal space and competing priorities. In the longer term, the hope is that economies will be able to do more than simply recover lost ground. Ambitious, evidence-driven policy measures in health, education, and social protection can pave the way for today’s children to surpass the human capital achievements and quality of life of the generations that preceded them.
