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Higher Order Evidence And Calibrationism
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Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism by : Ru Ye
Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism written by Ru Ye and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The higher-order evidence debate concerns how higher-order evidence affects the rationality of our first-order beliefs. This Element has two parts. The first part (Sections 1 and 2) provides a critical overview of the literature, aiming to explain why the higher-order evidence debate is interesting and important. The second part (Sections 3 to 6) defends calibrationism, the view that we should respond to higher-order evidence by aligning our credences to our reliability degree. The author first discusses the traditional version of calibrationism and explains its main difficulties, before proposing a new version of calibrationism called 'Evidence-Discounting Calibrationism.' The Element argues that this new version is independently plausible and that it can avoid the difficulties faced by the traditional version.
Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence by : Mattias Skipper
Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence written by Mattias Skipper and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted bymotivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for oragainst the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due tothe pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life, for example in the form of disagreement. But is has also become clear that higher-order evidence lies at the heart of a number of central epistemological debates, spanning from classical disputes between internalists and externalists to morerecent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. Many of the controversies within these and other debates stem, at least in part, from conflicting views about the normative significance of higher-order evidence.This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.
Book Synopsis Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge by : Jessica Brown
Download or read book Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge written by Jessica Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-05 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What strength of evidence is required for knowledge? Ordinarily, we often claim to know something on the basis of evidence which doesn't guarantee its truth. For instance, one might claim to know that one sees a crow on the basis of visual experience even though having that experience does not guarantee that there is a crow (it might be a rook, or one might be dreaming). As a result, those wanting to avoid philosophical scepticism have standardly embraced "fallibilism": one can know a proposition on the basis of evidence that supports it even if the evidence doesn't guarantee its truth. Despite this, there's been a persistent temptation to endorse "infallibilism", according to which knowledge requires evidence that guarantees truth. For doesn't it sound contradictory to simultaneously claim to know and admit the possibility of error? Infallibilism is undergoing a contemporary renaissance. Furthermore, recent infallibilists make the surprising claim that they can avoid scepticism. Jessica Brown presents a fresh examination of the debate between these two positions. She argues that infallibilists can avoid scepticism only at the cost of problematic commitments concerning evidence and evidential support. Further, she argues that alleged objections to fallibilism are not compelling. She concludes that we should be fallibilists. In doing so, she discusses the nature of evidence, evidential support, justification, blamelessness, closure for knowledge, defeat, epistemic akrasia, practical reasoning, concessive knowledge attributions, and the threshold problem.
Book Synopsis Disagreement, Deference, and Religious Commitment by : John Pittard
Download or read book Disagreement, Deference, and Religious Commitment written by John Pittard and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every known religious or explicitly irreligious outlook is contested by large contingents of informed and reasonable people. Many philosophers have argued that reflection on this fact should lead us to abandon confident religious or irreligious belief and to embrace religious skepticism. John Pittard critically assesses the case for such disagreement-motivated religious skepticism. While the book focuses on religious disagreement, it makes a number of significant contributions to the more general discussion of the rational significance of disagreement as well.
Book Synopsis Accuracy and the Laws of Credence by : Richard Pettigrew
Download or read book Accuracy and the Laws of Credence written by Richard Pettigrew and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard Pettigrew offers an extended investigation into a particular way of justifying the rational principles that govern our credences (or degrees of belief). The main principles that he justifies are the central tenets of Bayesian epistemology, though many other related principles are discussed along the way. These are: Probabilism, the claims that credences should obey the laws of probability; the Principal Principle, which says how credences in hypotheses about the objective chances should relate to credences in other propositions; the Principle of Indifference, which says that, in the absence of evidence, we should distribute our credences equally over all possibilities we entertain; and Conditionalization, the Bayesian account of how we should plan to respond when we receive new evidence. Ultimately, then, this book is a study in the foundations of Bayesianism. To justify these principles, Pettigrew looks to decision theory. He treats an agent's credences as if they were a choice she makes between different options, gives an account of the purely epistemic utility enjoyed by different sets of credences, and then appeals to the principles of decision theory to show that, when epistemic utility is measured in this way, the credences that violate the principles listed above are ruled out as irrational. The account of epistemic utility set out here is the veritist's: the sole fundamental source of epistemic utility for credences is their accuracy. Thus, Pettigrew conducts an investigation in the version of epistemic utility theory known as accuracy-first epistemology. The book can also be read as an extended reply on behalf of the veritist to the evidentialist's objection that veritism cannot account for certain evidential principles of credal rationality, such as the Principal Principle, the Principle of Indifference, and Conditionalization.
Book Synopsis Knowledge and God by : Matthew A. Benton
Download or read book Knowledge and God written by Matthew A. Benton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-05-30 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element examines a main theme in religious epistemology, namely, the possibility of knowledge of God. Most often philosophers consider the rationality or justification of propositional belief about God, particularly beliefs about the existence and nature of God; and they will assess the conditions under which, if there is a God, such propositional beliefs would be knowledge, particularly in light of counter-evidence or the availability of religious disagreement. This Element surveys such familiar areas, then turns toward newer and less-developed terrain: interpersonal epistemology, namely what it is to know another person. It then explores the prospects for understanding what it might take to know God relationally, the contours of which are significant for many theistic traditions.
Book Synopsis Transcendental Epistemology by : Tony Cheng
Download or read book Transcendental Epistemology written by Tony Cheng and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcendental arguments were prominent in Western philosophy, German idealism, phenomenological tradition, and P. F. Strawson's thinking. They have fallen out of fashion because of their associations with transcendental idealism and verificationism. They are still invoked by important figures in the analytic tradition even if the very same tradition has cast doubt on such arguments. The nature of transcendental arguments remains unclear: Are they supposed to be deductive? Are they synthetic or analytic? If they are a priori, how are they supposed to be about the empirical world? What are their relations to necessity, conceivability, and essence? This Element takes up the challenge of elucidating the nature of transcendental arguments, embedded in the wider context of transcendental epistemology. It will be argued that the key premise 'transcendental conditional' is synthetic, necessary, and a posteriori.
Book Synopsis Stratified Virtue Epistemology by : J. Adam Carter
Download or read book Stratified Virtue Epistemology written by J. Adam Carter and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This accessible Element defends version of virtue epistemology shown to have all-things-considered advantages over other views on the market. The view is unorthodox, in that it incorporates Sosa's animal/reflective knowledge distinction, which has thus far had few takers. The author shows why embracing a multi-tiered framework is not a liability within virtue epistemology but instead affords it an edge not attainable otherwise. The particular account of knowledge goes beyond Sosa's own view by introducing and incorporating several theoretical innovations (regarding both basing and risk, as well as the introduction of multiple species of reflective knowledge) which are aimed at revamping how we think about 'high-grade' knowledge, how we attain it, and what it demands of us. The result is a new and improved stratified virtue epistemology that can hold up against scrutiny.
Book Synopsis The Nature and Normativity of Defeat by : Christoph Kelp
Download or read book The Nature and Normativity of Defeat written by Christoph Kelp and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-09-07 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element aims to work towards developing a novel account of defeat. It distinguishes among three broad views in the epistemology of defeat: scepticism, internalism, and externalism. It argues that that sceptical and internalist accounts of defeat are bound to remain unsatisfactory.
Book Synopsis The Metaphysics of Biology by : John Dupré
Download or read book The Metaphysics of Biology written by John Dupré and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-03 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element is an introduction to the metaphysics of biology, a very general account of the nature of the living world. The first part of the Element addresses more traditionally philosophical questions - whether biological systems are reducible to the properties of their physical parts, causation and laws of nature, substantialist and processualist accounts of life, and the nature of biological kinds. The second half will offer an understanding of important biological entities, drawing on the earlier discussions. This division should not be taken too seriously, however: the topics in both parts are deeply interconnected. Although this does not claim to be a scientific work, it does aim to be firmly grounded in our best scientific knowledge; it is an exercise in naturalistic metaphysics. Its most distinctive feature is that argues throughout for a view of living systems as processes rather than things or, in the technical philosophical sense, substances.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence by : Maria Lasonen-Aarnio
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence written by Maria Lasonen-Aarnio and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-19 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What one can know depends on one’s evidence. Good scientific theories are supported by evidence. Our experiences provide us with evidence. Any sort of inquiry involves the seeking of evidence. It is irrational to believe contrary to your evidence. For these reasons and more, evidence is one of the most fundamental notions in the field of epistemology and is emerging as a crucial topic across academic disciplines. The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first major volume of its kind. Comprising forty chapters by an international team of contributors the handbook is divided into six clear parts: The Nature of Evidence Evidence and Probability The Social Epistemology of Evidence Sources of Evidence Evidence and Justification Evidence in the Disciplines The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of science and epistemology, and will also be of interest to those in related disciplines across the humanities and social sciences, such as law, religion, and history.
Book Synopsis Hume's 'A Treatise of Human Nature' by : John P. Wright
Download or read book Hume's 'A Treatise of Human Nature' written by John P. Wright and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-11-26 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the development of Hume's ideas and their relation to eighteenth-century theories of the imagination and passions.
Book Synopsis Knowledge and the Gettier Problem by : Stephen Cade Hetherington
Download or read book Knowledge and the Gettier Problem written by Stephen Cade Hetherington and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enriches our understanding of knowledge and Gettier's challenge, stimulating debate on a central epistemological issue.
Book Synopsis Epistemic Dilemmas by : Kevin McCain
Download or read book Epistemic Dilemmas written by Kevin McCain and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features original essays by leading epistemologists that address questions related to epistemic dilemmas from a variety of new, sometimes unexpected, angles. It seems plausible that there can be "no win" moral situations in which no matter what one does one fails some moral obligation. Is there an epistemic analog to moral dilemmas? Are there epistemically dilemmic situations—situations in which we are doomed to violate an epistemic requirement? If there are, when exactly do they arise and what can we learn from them? The contributors to this volume cover a wide variety of positions on epistemic dilemmas. The coverage ranges from discussions of the nature of epistemic dilemmas to arguments that there are no such things to suggestions for how to resolve (or at least live with) epistemic dilemmas to proposals for how thinking about epistemic dilemmas can be used to inform theorizing in other areas of epistemology. Epistemic Dilemmas will be of interest to scholars and advanced students in epistemology working on the nature of justification and evidential support, higher-order requirements, or suspension of judgment.
Book Synopsis The Epistemology of Disagreement by : David Christensen
Download or read book The Epistemology of Disagreement written by David Christensen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a collective study of the epistemic significance of disagreement: 12 contributors explore rival responses to the problems that it raises for philosophy. They develop our understanding of epistemic phenomena that are central to any thoughtful engagement with others' beliefs.
Book Synopsis The Rational Mind by : Scott Sturgeon
Download or read book The Rational Mind written by Scott Sturgeon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scott Sturgeon presents an original account of mental states and their dynamics. He develops a detailed story of coarse- and fine-grained mental states, a novel perspective on how they fit together, an engaging theory of the rational transitions between them, and a fresh view of how formal methods can advance our understanding in this area. In doing so, he addresses a deep four-way divide in literature on epistemic rationality. Formal epistemology is done in specialized languages—often seeming a lot more like mathematics than Plato—and so can alienate philosophers who are drawn to more traditional work on thought experiments in epistemic rationality. Conversely, informal epistemology appears to be a lot more like Plato than mathematics and, as such, it tends to deter philosophers drawn to formal models of the phenomena. Similarly, the epistemology of coarse-grained states boils down everything to a discussion of rational belief—making the area appear a lot more like foundations of knowledge than anything useful for the theory rational decision, such as decision-making under uncertainty. The Rational Mind unifies work in all of these areas for the first time.
Book Synopsis The Epistemic Significance of Disagreement by : J. Matheson
Download or read book The Epistemic Significance of Disagreement written by J. Matheson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-02-10 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discovering someone disagrees with you is a common occurrence. The question of epistemic significance of disagreement concerns how discovering that another disagrees with you affects the rationality of your beliefs on that topic. This book examines the answers that have been proposed to this question, and presents and defends its own answer.
