Higher Order Evidence

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Higher-Order Evidence

Author : Mattias Skipper
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0198829779
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence by : Mattias Skipper

Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence written by Mattias Skipper and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted bymotivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for oragainst the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due tothe pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life, for example in the form of disagreement. But is has also become clear that higher-order evidence lies at the heart of a number of central epistemological debates, spanning from classical disputes between internalists and externalists to morerecent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. Many of the controversies within these and other debates stem, at least in part, from conflicting views about the normative significance of higher-order evidence.This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.

Higher-Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology

Author : Taylor & Francis Group
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781032175812
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology by : Taylor & Francis Group

Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence and Moral Epistemology written by Taylor & Francis Group and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses current challenges in moral epistemology through the lens of higher-order evidence. Fueled by recent advances in empirical research, higher-order evidence has generated a wealth of insights about the genealogy of moral beliefs. This volume explores how these insights impact the epistemic status of moral beliefs.

Higher-Order Evidence

Author : Mattias Skipper
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192565354
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence by : Mattias Skipper

Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence written by Mattias Skipper and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, or to doubt that some particular belief of ours is rational. Perhaps we learn that a trusted friend disagrees with us about what our shared evidence supports. Or perhaps we learn that our beliefs have been afflicted by motivated reasoning or by other cognitive biases. These are examples of higher-order evidence. While it may seem plausible that higher-order evidence should somehow impact our beliefs, it is less clear how and why. Normally, when evidence impacts our beliefs, it does so by virtue of speaking for or against the truth of theirs contents. But higher-order evidence does not directly concern the contents of the beliefs that they impact. In recent years, philosophers have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the nature and normative role of higher-order evidence. This is partly due to the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence in human life. But it has also become clear that higher-order evidence plays a central role in many epistemological debates, spanning from traditional discussions of internalism/externalism about epistemic justification to more recent discussions of peer disagreement and epistemic akrasia. This volume brings together, for the first time, a distinguished group of leading and up-and-coming epistemologists to explore a wide range of interrelated issues about higher-order evidence.

Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education

Author : Mari Murtonen
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030242153
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education by : Mari Murtonen

Download or read book Redefining Scientific Thinking for Higher Education written by Mari Murtonen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-21 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the learning and development process of students’ scientific thinking skills. Universities should prepare students to be able to make judgements in their working lives based on scientific evidence. However, an understanding of how these thinking skills can be developed is limited. This book introduces a new broad theory of scientific thinking for higher education; in doing so, redefining higher-order thinking abilities as scientific thinking skills. This includes critical thinking and understanding the basics of science, epistemic maturity, research and evidence-based reasoning skills and contextual understanding. The editors and contributors discuss how this concept can be redefined, as well as the challenges educators and students may face when attempting to teach and learn these skills. This edited collection will be of interest to students and scholars of student scientific skills and higher-order thinking abilities.

Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism

Author : Ru Ye
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009369636
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism by : Ru Ye

Download or read book Higher-Order Evidence and Calibrationism written by Ru Ye and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The higher-order evidence debate concerns how higher-order evidence affects the rationality of our first-order beliefs. This Element has two parts. The first part (Sections 1 and 2) provides a critical overview of the literature, aiming to explain why the higher-order evidence debate is interesting and important. The second part (Sections 3 to 6) defends calibrationism, the view that we should respond to higher-order evidence by aligning our credences to our reliability degree. The author first discusses the traditional version of calibrationism and explains its main difficulties, before proposing a new version of calibrationism called 'Evidence-Discounting Calibrationism.' The Element argues that this new version is independently plausible and that it can avoid the difficulties faced by the traditional version.

Believing Against the Evidence

Author : Miriam Schleifer McCormick
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136682686
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Believing Against the Evidence by : Miriam Schleifer McCormick

Download or read book Believing Against the Evidence written by Miriam Schleifer McCormick and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-10-30 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of whether it is ever permissible to believe on insufficient evidence has once again become a live question. Greater attention is now being paid to practical dimensions of belief, namely issues related to epistemic virtue, doxastic responsibility, and voluntarism. In this book, McCormick argues that the standards used to evaluate beliefs are not isolated from other evaluative domains. The ultimate criteria for assessing beliefs are the same as those for assessing action because beliefs and actions are both products of agency. Two important implications of this thesis, both of which deviate from the dominant view in contemporary philosophy, are 1) it can be permissible (and possible) to believe for non-evidential reasons, and 2) we have a robust control over many of our beliefs, a control sufficient to ground attributions of responsibility for belief.

Knowledge and Evidence

Author : Paul K. Moser
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521423632
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (236 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Evidence by : Paul K. Moser

Download or read book Knowledge and Evidence written by Paul K. Moser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophers have sought to define knowledge since the time of Plato. This inquiry outlines a theory of rational belief by challenging prominent skeptical claims that we have no justified beliefs about the external world.

Epistemic Norms

Author : Clayton Littlejohn
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199660026
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemic Norms by : Clayton Littlejohn

Download or read book Epistemic Norms written by Clayton Littlejohn and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epistemic norms play an increasingly important role in current debates in epistemology and beyond. In this volume a team of established and emerging scholars presents new work on the key debates. They consider what epistemic requirements constrain appropriate belief, assertion, and action, and explore the interconnections between these standards.

Bad Beliefs

Author : Neil Levy
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019289532X
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Bad Beliefs by : Neil Levy

Download or read book Bad Beliefs written by Neil Levy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-30 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We've missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we've failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging - at least usually - changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn't rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency"--

Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge

Author : Jessica Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192521918
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge by : Jessica Brown

Download or read book Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge written by Jessica Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-05 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What strength of evidence is required for knowledge? Ordinarily, we often claim to know something on the basis of evidence which doesn't guarantee its truth. For instance, one might claim to know that one sees a crow on the basis of visual experience even though having that experience does not guarantee that there is a crow (it might be a rook, or one might be dreaming). As a result, those wanting to avoid philosophical scepticism have standardly embraced "fallibilism": one can know a proposition on the basis of evidence that supports it even if the evidence doesn't guarantee its truth. Despite this, there's been a persistent temptation to endorse "infallibilism", according to which knowledge requires evidence that guarantees truth. For doesn't it sound contradictory to simultaneously claim to know and admit the possibility of error? Infallibilism is undergoing a contemporary renaissance. Furthermore, recent infallibilists make the surprising claim that they can avoid scepticism. Jessica Brown presents a fresh examination of the debate between these two positions. She argues that infallibilists can avoid scepticism only at the cost of problematic commitments concerning evidence and evidential support. Further, she argues that alleged objections to fallibilism are not compelling. She concludes that we should be fallibilists. In doing so, she discusses the nature of evidence, evidential support, justification, blamelessness, closure for knowledge, defeat, epistemic akrasia, practical reasoning, concessive knowledge attributions, and the threshold problem.

Evidence Matters

Author : Susan Haack
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107039967
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence Matters by : Susan Haack

Download or read book Evidence Matters written by Susan Haack and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-28 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Susan Haack brings her distinctive work in theory of knowledge and philosophy of science to bear on real-life legal issues.

Moral Disagreement

Author : Folke Tersman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521853385
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (533 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Disagreement by : Folke Tersman

Download or read book Moral Disagreement written by Folke Tersman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-13 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Folke Tersman explores the nature of moral thinking by examining moral disagreement.

Disagreement

Author : Richard Feldman
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0199226075
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Disagreement by : Richard Feldman

Download or read book Disagreement written by Richard Feldman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2010-08-19 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disagreement is common: even informed, intelligent, and generally reasonable people often come to different conclusions when confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably think about the situation? This is the first book on the epistemology of disagreement.

The Evidence Liberal Arts Needs

Author : Richard A. Detweiler
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262543109
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evidence Liberal Arts Needs by : Richard A. Detweiler

Download or read book The Evidence Liberal Arts Needs written by Richard A. Detweiler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empirical evidence for the value of a liberal arts education: how and why it has a lasting impact on success, leadership, altruism, learning, and fulfillment. In ongoing debates over the value of a college education, the role of the liberal arts in higher education has been blamed by some for making college expensive, impractical, and even worthless. Defenders argue that liberal arts education makes society innovative, creative, and civic-minded. But these qualities are hard to quantify, and many critics of higher education call for courses of study to be strictly job-specific. In this groundbreaking book, Richard Detweiler, drawing on interviews with more than 1,000 college graduates aged 25 to 65, offers empirical evidence for the value of a liberal arts education. Detweiler finds that a liberal arts education has a lasting impact on success, leadership, altruism, learning, and fulfillment over a lifetime. Unlike other defenders of a liberal arts education, Detweiler doesn’t rely on philosophical arguments or anecdotes but on data. He developed a series of interview questions related to the content attributes of liberal arts (for example, course assignments and majors), the context attributes (out-of-class interaction with faculty and students, teaching methods, campus life), and the purpose attributes (adult life outcomes). Interview responses show that although both the content of study and the educational context are associated with significant life outcomes, the content of study has less relationship to positive adult life outcomes than the educational context. The implications of this research, Detweiler points out, range from the advantages of broadening areas of study to factors that could influence students’ decisions to attend certain colleges.

Evidence

Author : Sydney Aaron Beckman
Publisher : West Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1016 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence by : Sydney Aaron Beckman

Download or read book Evidence written by Sydney Aaron Beckman and published by West Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 1016 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence: A Contemporary Approach is the latest addition in a new breed of casebook. This book provides a comprehensive, engaging and effective treatment of evidence presented in a clear and concise format that is accessible and engaging to students. The casebook features a novel visual display and layout that uses text boxes, diagrams, and color/border segregated feature sections for hypotheticals, references to scholarly debates, useful information for students, and questions to provoke thought. A major distinguishing feature of the book is its inclusion of an accompanying electronic version with extensive hyperlinking to Westlaw versions of legal materials, Black's Law Dictionary definitions, supplementary online resources, and more.

The Evidence Book

Author : Olaf Rieper
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1412815827
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evidence Book by : Olaf Rieper

Download or read book The Evidence Book written by Olaf Rieper and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 2011-12-31 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge grows as ideas are tested against each other. Agreement is not resolved simply by naming concepts but in the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. There are many echoes of these debates in The Evidence Book. The contributors make claims for both practitioner wisdom and the voice of experience. Against this is posed the authority of experimental science and the randomized controlled trial. The contributors are concerned, in their own ways, with collecting, ranking, and analyzing evidence and using this to deliver evaluations. As an expert group, they are aware that the concept of evidence has been increasingly important in the last decade. As with other concepts, it too often escapes precise definition. Despite this, the growing importance of evidence has been advocated with enthusiasm by supporters who see it as a way of increasing the effectiveness and quality of decisions and of professional life. The willingness to engage in evidence-based policy and the means to do so is heavily constrained by economic, political, and cultural climates. This book is a marvelously comprehensive and utterly unique treatise on evidence-based policy. It is a wide-ranging contribution to the field of evaluation.

Normative Externalism

Author : Brian Weatherson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192576887
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Normative Externalism by : Brian Weatherson

Download or read book Normative Externalism written by Brian Weatherson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Normative Externalism argues that it is not important that people live up to their own principles. What matters, in both ethics and epistemology, is that they live up to the correct principles: that they do the right thing, and that they believe rationally. This stance, that what matters are the correct principles, not one's own principles, has implications across ethics and epistemology. In ethics, it undermines the ideas that moral uncertainty should be treated just like factual uncertainty, that moral ignorance frequently excuses moral wrongdoing, and that hypocrisy is a vice. In epistemology, it suggests we need new treatments of higher-order evidence, and of peer disagreement, and of circular reasoning, and the book suggests new approaches to each of these problems. Although the debates in ethics and in epistemology are often conducted separately, putting them in one place helps bring out their common themes. One common theme is that the view that one should live up to one's own principles looks less attractive when people have terrible principles, or when following their own principles would lead to riskier or more aggressive action than the correct principles. Another common theme is that asking people to live up to their principles leads to regresses. It can be hard to know what action or belief complies with one's principles. And now we can ask, in such a case should a person do what they think their principles require, or what their principles actually require? Both answers lead to problems, and the best way to avoid these problems is to simply say people should follow the correct principles.