Handbook Of Research On Pathways And Opportunities Into The Business Of Esports

Download Handbook Of Research On Pathways And Opportunities Into The Business Of Esports full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Handbook Of Research On Pathways And Opportunities Into The Business Of Esports ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Handbook of Research on Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of Esports

Author : Andrews, Sharon
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799873021
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of Esports by : Andrews, Sharon

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of Esports written by Andrews, Sharon and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esports have attracted considerable attention over the past few years and become an industry that is projected to continue to increase rapidly. Intersecting with the esports industry are organizations and businesses that develop and support the esports game experience. Included is the entrepreneurial spirit of gamers, who are interested in creating their own career paths through capturing and posting gaming microassists on different public venues that are driven by advertising dollars, invitational competition monetary winnings, and other forms of marketing their expertise for financial gain. All these organizations and industries form satellites of career opportunities as well as opportunities for research and enhanced forward-leaning study. Such career opportunities can be explicitly addressed within the structure of university degree and micro-credential certificate programs, some of which have begun to offer esports-directed degrees, but most of which have not yet moved from esports clubs into a recognition of the business and industry monetization of esports. The Handbook of Research on Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of Esports addresses the intersection of esports gaming and the business and industry of esports, rather than an exploration of the video games themselves. It is the supporting and intersecting industry driven by esports and the vast opportunities this brings that are the foci of this book. Covering topics including digital learning, esport marketing curriculum, and gaming culture, this text is essential for business professionals, industry analysts, entrepreneurs, managers, coaches, marketers, advertisers, brand managers, university and college administrators, faculty and researchers, students, professors, and academicians.

Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of ESports

Author : Sharon Andrews
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781799873013
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of ESports by : Sharon Andrews

Download or read book Pathways and Opportunities Into the Business of ESports written by Sharon Andrews and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book explains areas of specialization that intersect and align with eSports and why these are appropriate fields of specialization around eSports, how the fields are developing within the realm of eSports, and what research has already occurred (as well as what research opportunities and needs exist) as current gaps in practice, as well as future-leaning considerations"--

Implications and Impacts of eSports on Business and Society: Emerging Research and Opportunities

Author : Finch, David J.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799815404
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Implications and Impacts of eSports on Business and Society: Emerging Research and Opportunities by : Finch, David J.

Download or read book Implications and Impacts of eSports on Business and Society: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Finch, David J. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global gaming market, due to numerous technological advancements in social media networking and live-streaming video, has exploded in recent years. However, this newly acquired popularity has left many industry professionals pondering a difficult enigma: How does this affect the professional world? Implications and Impacts of eSports on Business and Society: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides innovative research exploring the immersion of competitive electronic sports and applications within global marketing, business, and society. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as social networking, sponsorship branding, and risk management, this book is ideally designed for sports and entertainment practitioners, communications professionals, marketers, business consultants, researchers, professionals, and students seeking current research on potential business opportunities in the eSports industry.

Handbook of Research on Smart Management for Digital Transformation

Author : Barbosa, Belem
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799890104
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Smart Management for Digital Transformation by : Barbosa, Belem

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Smart Management for Digital Transformation written by Barbosa, Belem and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-03-11 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a global and digital society, businesses are constantly being challenged by innovative and disruptive management strategies. The dramatic changes that took place in all corners of the world during the COVID-19 pandemic confirmed that companies need to update their resources and anticipate trends. The current changes introduced by digitalization offer endless innovation scenarios and strategic opportunities to companies but also demand an accurate and structured analysis of drivers, motivations, and determinants for success in this transformation. The Handbook of Research on Smart Management for Digital Transformation analyzes the drivers of digital transformation in businesses and assesses digital transformation success factors in the short, medium, and long run. This critical reference source is comprised of theoretical and empirical chapters as well as case studies on digital adoption by companies in different business sectors. Covering topics such as brand messaging, digital media platforms, and success determinants, this book is an essential resource for managers, researchers, educators of higher education, business students, digital strategists, business associations, communication and marketing agencies, entrepreneurs, and academicians.

Handbook of Research on Digital Transformation, Industry Use Cases, and the Impact of Disruptive Technologies

Author : Wynn, Martin George
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799877140
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Digital Transformation, Industry Use Cases, and the Impact of Disruptive Technologies by : Wynn, Martin George

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Digital Transformation, Industry Use Cases, and the Impact of Disruptive Technologies written by Wynn, Martin George and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Companies from various sectors of the economy are confronted with the new phenomenon of digital transformation and are faced with the challenge of formulating and implementing a company-wide strategy to incorporate what are often viewed as “disruptive” technologies. These technologies are sometimes associated with significant and extremely rapid change, in some cases with even the replacement of established business models. Many of these technologies have been deployed in unison by leading-edge companies acting as the catalyst for significant process change and people skills enhancement. The Handbook of Research on Digital Transformation, Industry Use Cases, and the Impact of Disruptive Technologies examines the phenomenon of digital transformation and the impact of disruptive technologies through the lens of industry case studies where different combinations of these new technologies have been deployed and incorporated into enterprise IT and business strategies. Covering topics including chatbot implementation, multinational companies, cloud computing, internet of things, artificial intelligence, big data and analytics, immersive technologies, and social media, this book is essential for senior management, IT managers, technologists, computer scientists, cybersecurity analysts, academicians, researchers, IT consultancies, professors, and students.

Driving Transformative Change in E-Business Through Applied Intelligence and Emerging Technologies

Author : Taherdoost, Hamed
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668452375
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Driving Transformative Change in E-Business Through Applied Intelligence and Emerging Technologies by : Taherdoost, Hamed

Download or read book Driving Transformative Change in E-Business Through Applied Intelligence and Emerging Technologies written by Taherdoost, Hamed and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investments in technologies such as the cloud, the internet of things (IoT), and robotic process automation are part of a strategy that helps organizations respond to changing customer demands and operational challenges. Emerging technologies are becoming one of the most remarkable elements to be considered in businesses, and e-businesses are no exception. With the expansion of e-businesses worldwide, the great population of e-business leaders tends to increase their knowledge to make future investments in key aspects and implications of their businesses. Thus, e-business leaders need to realize and seize existing opportunities for the advancement of their businesses. Driving Transformative Change in E-Business Through Applied Intelligence and Emerging Technologies contributes a comprehensive source to the existing knowledge and research in the field of e-business and emerging technologies and provides an understanding to readers about the current concepts, trends, technologies, and platforms in e-business. Covering topics such as competitive intelligence, enterprise resource planning systems, and online crowdfunding, this premier reference source is a comprehensive resource for business leaders and executives, IT managers, computer scientists, software engineers, economists, entrepreneurs, students, researchers, and academicians.

Virtual Technologies and E-Collaboration for the Future of Global Business

Author : Zhao, Jingyuan
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668450305
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Virtual Technologies and E-Collaboration for the Future of Global Business by : Zhao, Jingyuan

Download or read book Virtual Technologies and E-Collaboration for the Future of Global Business written by Zhao, Jingyuan and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-06-17 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective collaboration technologies and tools are critical to the development of contemporary business landscapes, especially as more businesses offer fully remote or hybrid work options. Effective communication is key to increasing work productivity and absolutely essential for project managers and teams working to achieve their end goals. Individuals and businesses can benefit from research on the design, execution, and assessment of collaboration applications as they strive for effective tools to increase virtual forms of communication. It is essential that businesses remain up to date with and incorporate these emerging virtual technologies and e-collaboration into their practices. Virtual Technologies and E-Collaboration for the Future of Global Business examines the most recent findings in knowledge-intensive, collaborative environments with a focus on methodologies and strategies for increasing online collaboration. It discusses the emerging technologies and tools for collaboration in virtual environments and includes findings in automation, computing, and intelligent information systems, as well as state-of-the-art solutions covering various issues and challenges. Covering topics such as capacity building, groupware systems, and knowledge management, this premier reference source is an essential resource for business leaders and managers, entrepreneurs, board directors, faculty and students of higher education, technology directors and managers, IT professionals, researchers, and academicians.

Global Perspectives on the Strategic Role of Marketing Information Systems

Author : Medina-Quintero, Jose Melchor
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668465930
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Global Perspectives on the Strategic Role of Marketing Information Systems by : Medina-Quintero, Jose Melchor

Download or read book Global Perspectives on the Strategic Role of Marketing Information Systems written by Medina-Quintero, Jose Melchor and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-05-08 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A level of decision making is concerned with deciding the organizations objectives, resources, and policies. A significant problem at this decision-making level is predicting the organizations future and its environment as well as matching the organizations characteristics to that environment. This process generally involves technology and knowledge from the market and clients. In the current era, the implementation of marketing information systems supported with AI techniques is crucial to being a unique opportunity to leverage marketing strategies with cutting-edge technologies. Global Perspectives on the Strategic Role of Marketing Information Systems communicates the recent advances in marketing information systems. Covering topics such as digital entrepreneurship, international business, and micro and small enterprises, this premier reference source is a cutting-edge resource for marketers, entrepreneurs, business leaders and managers, IT managers, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship in Industry 4.0

Author : Popkova, Elena G.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668442663
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship in Industry 4.0 by : Popkova, Elena G.

Download or read book Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship in Industry 4.0 written by Popkova, Elena G. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the digital economy, a new type of business activity, digital entrepreneurship, has developed rapidly and required breakthrough technologies such as blockchain, big data, cloud technologies, and more. There is a need for a comprehensive resource that provides all-encompassing insight into the essence, special aspects, models, and international best practices of e-business based on various digital technologies in various high-tech markets. Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship in Industry 4.0 provides theoretical frameworks and recent results of research in this sphere. It substantiates digital entrepreneurship, discusses the practical experience of its implementation, and develops the scientific and methodological recommendations for the development of its infrastructural provision and regulation of provision of its competitiveness. Covering topics such as investment attractiveness, corporate reporting modernization, and public-private partnership mechanisms, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for entrepreneurs, business executives and managers, investors, IT managers, students and faculty of higher education, researchers, and academicians.

Navigating Digital Communication and Challenges for Organizations

Author : Andrade, José Gabriel
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799897923
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Navigating Digital Communication and Challenges for Organizations by : Andrade, José Gabriel

Download or read book Navigating Digital Communication and Challenges for Organizations written by Andrade, José Gabriel and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public involvement has the power to promote an active circulation of media content and can generate economic and cultural value for organizations. The current perspectives on interactions between audiences, organizations, and content production suggests a relational logic between audiences and media through new productivity proposals. In this sense, it is interesting to observe the reasoning of audience experience through the concepts of interactivity and participation. However, there is a gap between the intentions of communication professionals and their organizations and the effective circulation and content retention among the audiences of interest, as well as the distinction between informing and communicating. Navigating Digital Communication and Challenges for Organizations discusses communication research with a focus on organizational communication that includes a range of methods, strategies, and viewpoints on digital communication. Covering a range of topics such as internal communication and public relations, this reference work is ideal for researchers, academicians, policymakers, business owners, practitioners, instructors, and students.

Esports Insights

Author : Emily Hayday
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000589218
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Esports Insights by : Emily Hayday

Download or read book Esports Insights written by Emily Hayday and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-27 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esports Insights outlines the fundamental characteristics, features, and structures of the rapidly growing esports industry and acts as the perfect primer for readers without any prior knowledge of esports. Featuring international case studies in every chapter, this book showcases the contemporary nature of esports through illustrative, industry examples. By offering a concise and easy to understand introduction, it discusses the key components, stakeholders, and features of this commercially driven sector, which by its very nature is dynamic and highly complex. Exploring current regulatory and governance structures within esports, it unpacks the industry’s essential features by outlining the various genres, formats and stakeholders who are instrumental to the functioning of the esports industry. Adopting a critical but balanced analysis, the book discusses the social benefits of esports, outlining its potential as a tool for social inclusion and sport development, whilst acknowledging the potential impacts and risks of esports participation and spectatorship, related to health and wellbeing. Finally, Esports Insights also considers future developments and changes within esports, as the sector evolves and continues to professionalise. This book will be of interest to any student, researcher, or practitioner with an interest in sport business, sport and society, event studies, esports or video gaming, or the wider media industry.

Critical Perspectives on Esports

Author : Annette R. Hofmann
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040017282
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Critical Perspectives on Esports by : Annette R. Hofmann

Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Esports written by Annette R. Hofmann and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-17 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers new, multidisciplinary perspectives on esports, one of the most rapidly growing sectors in the sports and leisure industries. Drawing on sociology, philosophy, education, business, economics, and sports science, this book considers the rise of esports, its impact on sports and society more widely, and the direction of travel for esports in the future. Featuring cutting-edge work from researchers in Europe, North America, and Asia, this book explores definitions of “esport” and “virtual sport,” and the philosophical basis by which we understand movement and embodiment in the context of digital gaming. It considers the health and well-being needs of esports athletes, across physical, mental, and social dimensions, as well as how nutrition and training relate to performance and injury prevention. This book also considers the economics of the esports industry and how the concept of sportification can be used to describe esports’ development, as well as the challenges and debates surrounding gender and representation in esports. A final section of this book looks at esports in education, in schools and universities, and considers the future of esports for a generation of digital natives. This book makes a useful contribution to the growing body of knowledge on esports and should be a thought-provoking read for anybody with an interest in sports studies, gaming, or the impact of technology on wider society.

Crime, Punishment, and Video Games

Author : Kristine Levan
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1793613389
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Crime, Punishment, and Video Games by : Kristine Levan

Download or read book Crime, Punishment, and Video Games written by Kristine Levan and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moving beyond discussions of potential linkages between violence and video games, Crime, Punishment, and Video Games examines a broad range of issues related to the representation of crime and deviance within video games and the video game subculture. The context of justice is discussed with respect to traditional criminal justice agencies, but also expanded throughout to include issues related to social justice. The text also presents the potential cultural, social, and economic impact of video games. Considering the significant number of video game players, from casual to competitive players, these issues have become even more salient in recent years. Regardless of whether someone considers themselves a gamer, video games are undoubtedly relevant to modern society, and this text discusses how the shift in gaming has impacted our perceptions of deviance, crime, and justice. The authors explore past, present and future manifestations of these connections, considering how the game industry, policy makers, and researchers can work toward a better understanding of how and why video games are an important area of study for criminologists and sociologists, and how games will present new promises and challenges in the years to come.

eSports is Business

Author : Tobias M. Scholz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030111997
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis eSports is Business by : Tobias M. Scholz

Download or read book eSports is Business written by Tobias M. Scholz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global phenomenon of eSports has experienced exponential growth in recent years, gaining interest from the media, sports and technology industries. Being born digital, global and agile, competitive gaming appeals to a young and emerging audience, and therefore the management of businesses within the eSports industry requires a unique strategy. Presenting a short history of the industry and an overview of its various stakeholders, the author explores how important governing principles have emerged to culminate in a business model network. An insightful read for scholars researching innovation, eBusiness and strategy, this book takes a pioneering approach and examines potential implications for the future of eSports.

The Business of Esports

Author : Janelle E. Wells
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781733443708
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (437 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Business of Esports by : Janelle E. Wells

Download or read book The Business of Esports written by Janelle E. Wells and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-18 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As esports is changing so rapidly, our book is a starting point for the reader to learn about the basic business aspects of esports. Purpose: To educate practitioners, students, gamers, and parents about the business of esports.Audience: For the discipline of sport management to grow, we need to cultivate more practitioner-scholar relationships and shine light on professors of practice, so the contributors are a blend of industry and academic professionals. While we will promote the book to sport management programs, the general audience is broader, and includes novice individuals who would like to learn about the esports landscape.Chapters/Outline: The book starts by giving an overview of "What is esports?" leading to the specifics of the business ecosystem. Next, we detail the stakeholders, revenue streams and products including tournaments. Then, we dive into more details on the specific entities in the space including the sponsors, media and streamers/players. To close up the book, we provide context on why content is so important, and finish up with thought provoking questions on the future of esports.Unique Features: Each chapter contains case studies and interviews with esports professionals. Throughout the book, comparisons are made between traditional sports and esports.

Esports Business Management

Author : David P. Hedlund
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492597236
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Esports Business Management by : David P. Hedlund

Download or read book Esports Business Management written by David P. Hedlund and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esports have rapidly expanded from a pastime undertaken by casual players to one of the largest segments of the entertainment industry, in which hundreds of millions of people play and compete daily. Esports Business Management With HKPropel Access is one of the first textbooks to present an all-encompassing look into the world of esports business, will teach both aspiring students and sports professionals about the business of this rapidly expanding industry. Written by esports executives, business experts, and esports educators—and endorsed by the International Esports Federation, Esports Research Network, and the United States Esports Federation—the textbook offers a comprehensive approach to the operational side of esports, supplemented by a striking full-color design and dynamic imagery that will bring concepts to life. The text begins with a basic overview of the industry, including various levels of esports, culture, and social issues. Next, readers will explore the interests and concerns of various tiers of stakeholders—from title publishers and event organizers to leagues, sponsors, fans, and more—and learn about governance at multiple levels, from the international level to college conferences. A full look at the marketing engine of esports examines sponsorship opportunities, esports events and venues, and communications at all levels, including broadcasting, analytics, and social media. The book addresses managerial and business issues associated with running an esports-related entity, including financial and legal concepts as well as team and player management. The text concludes by examining careers found in the various segments of the industry and looking at the future of esports. Throughout the text, Zoning sidebars provide real-world spotlights that bring the concepts to life. Student learning will be enhanced by the related online learning aids delivered through HKPropel, with student exercises and case studies that apply content to life, industry profiles, and a list of Internet resources for further learning. While similarities exist between the sports and esports environments, there are also significant differences in how the esports industry must operate to thrive. Esports Business Management is the foundational text for understanding and working in this exciting, fast-paced industry. Note: A code for accessing HKPropel is not included with this ebook but may be purchased separately.

The Book of Esports

Author : William Collis
Publisher : Rosetta Books
ISBN 13 : 1948122588
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Book of Esports by : William Collis

Download or read book The Book of Esports written by William Collis and published by Rosetta Books. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive guide to the modern world of competitive gaming and the official history of Esports™. Almost overnight, esports—or competitive video games—have exploded into the largest entertainment and sporting phenomenon in human history. The Book of Esports answers: What exactly are esports, and how did they become so popular so quickly? Why did blockbuster video games like League of Legends, Fortnite and Starcraft succeed? Where exactly is all this video gaming headed? What do gamers and college students need to know to position themselves for success in the industry? How do you create a billion-dollar esports business? What strategic choices drive success in the modern gaming industry? Can video games really get your kid into college? (All expenses paid, of course...) Whether you are a lifelong gamer, a curious Fortnite parent, or a businessperson seeking to understand the marketing opportunities of this multibillion-dollar phenomenon, The Book of Esports charts the rise of this exciting new industry, for the first time ever crafting a comprehensive overview of esports and its implications for human competition—and even the future of humanity itself. Gaming luminary and Harvard MBA William Collis has painstakingly translated esports’ mysteries into a detailed and accessible testament for today. Featuring select interviews from the biggest names in the industry, The Book of Esportsweaves tales of trust, betrayal, and superhuman reflexes into predictive frameworks, explaining exactly why our industry looks the way it does, and how all this growth—and more—is inevitable as the divide between man and machine blurs into oblivion.