Group Versus Individual Liability

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Group Versus Individual Liability

Author : Xavier Gine
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0609181742
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Group Versus Individual Liability by : Xavier Gine

Download or read book Group Versus Individual Liability written by Xavier Gine and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Group liability is often portrayed as the key innovation that led to the explosion of the microcredit movement, which started with the Grameen Bank in the 1970s and continues on today with hundreds of institutions around the world. Group lending claims to improve repayment rates and lower transaction costs when lending to the poor by providing incentives for peers to screen, monitor, and enforce each other's loans. However, some argue that group liability creates excessive pressure and discourages good clients from borrowing, jeopardizing both growth and sustainability. Therefore, it remains unclear whether group liability improves the lender's overall profitability and the poor's access to financial markets. The authors worked with a bank in the Philippines to conduct a field experiment to examine these issues. They randomly assigned half of the 169 pre-existing group liability 'centers' of approximately twenty women to individual-liability centers (treatment) and kept the other half as-is with group liability (control). We find that the conversion to individual liability does not affect the repayment rate, and leads to higher growth in center size by attracting new clients.

Director Liability in Agricultural Cooperatives

Author : Douglas Fee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Director Liability in Agricultural Cooperatives by : Douglas Fee

Download or read book Director Liability in Agricultural Cooperatives written by Douglas Fee and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Model Rules of Professional Conduct

Author : American Bar Association. House of Delegates
Publisher : American Bar Association
ISBN 13 : 9781590318737
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Model Rules of Professional Conduct by : American Bar Association. House of Delegates

Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.

Group Versus Individual Liability

Author : Dean S. Karlan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Group Versus Individual Liability by : Dean S. Karlan

Download or read book Group Versus Individual Liability written by Dean S. Karlan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This working paper by CGD non-resident fellow Dean Karlan explores whether group liability in lending practices improves lender's overall profitability and the poor's access to financial markets. Group liability is a common microcredit lending mechanism that makes a group, rather than an individual recipient, responsible for repayment. It claims to improve repayment rates by providing incentives for peer's to screen, monitor and enforce each other's loans. But some argue that group liability actually discourages good clients from borrowing by creating tension among group members and causing dropouts, jeopardizing growth and sustainability. Also, bad clients can free ride off of good clients causing default rates to rise. In this paper, Karlan and his co-authors discuss the results of a field experiment at a bank in the Philippines, where they randomly reassigned half of the existing group liability centers as individual liability centers. They find that converting group liability to individual liability, while keeping aspects of group lending like weekly repayments and common meeting place, does not affect the repayment rate, and actually attracts new clients. This paper is one in a series of six CGD working papers by Dean Karlan on various aspects of microfinance (Working Paper Nos. 106-111).

The Relationship Between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes

Author : Beatrice Bonafè
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047426770
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes by : Beatrice Bonafè

Download or read book The Relationship Between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes written by Beatrice Bonafè and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2009-02-23 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a unique comparison between state and individual responsibility for international crimes and examines the theories that can explain the relationship between these two regimes. The study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the relevant international practice from the standpoint of both international criminal law, and in particular the case law of international criminal tribunals, and state responsibility. The author shows the various connections and issues arising from the parallel establishment of state and individual responsibility for the commission of the same international crimes. These connections indicate a growing need to better co-ordinate these regimes of international responsibility. The author maintains that a general conception, according to which state and individual responsibility are two separate sets of secondary rules attached to the breach of the same primary norms, can help to solve the various issues relating to this dual responsibility. This conception of the complementarity between state and individual responsibility justifies co-ordination and consistent application of these two different regimes, each of which aims to foster compliance with the most important obligations owed to the international community as a whole.

Social Purpose, Commercialization, and Innovations in Microfinance

Author : Md Aslam Mia
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811902178
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Purpose, Commercialization, and Innovations in Microfinance by : Md Aslam Mia

Download or read book Social Purpose, Commercialization, and Innovations in Microfinance written by Md Aslam Mia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-07 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses three key aspects of microfinancing, namely social purpose, commercialization and innovations and examines, through a global perspective, how these aspects helped and diverted microfinance institutions towards the attainment of their dual goals over the last twenty years. Since microfinance remains informal in nature for most economies, not all financial innovations are suitable for its needs. Hence, the arguments in the book put forth an important challenge to the advocates of innovations and subsequently highlight why MFIs should be cautious when integrating innovations to ensure its original promise. The book is based on empirical analysis by utilising the latest and global microfinance market data, rather than focusing on a specific region. Thus, the book bridges a gap in knowledge by unravelling detail of the social purpose, commercialization and innovations within the field of microfinance and will be a valuable resource for those exploring the dynamics of innovations in microfinance.

The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821374060
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007 by :

Download or read book The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007 written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals.

The Theory and Practice of Microcredit

Author : Wahiduddin Mahmud
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315413159
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis The Theory and Practice of Microcredit by : Wahiduddin Mahmud

Download or read book The Theory and Practice of Microcredit written by Wahiduddin Mahmud and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable speed at which microcredit has expanded around the world in the last three decades has piqued the curiosity of practitioners and theorists alike. By developing innovative ways of making credit available to the poor, the idea of microcredit has challenged many traditional assumptions about both poverty reduction strategies and financial markets. While this has encouraged new theorising about how microcredit works, the practice of microcredit has itself evolved, often in unpredictable ways, outpacing the development of theory. The Theory and Practice of Microcredit aims to remedy this imbalance, arguing that a proper understanding of the evolution of practice is essential both for developing theories that are relevant for the real world and for adopting policies that can better realize the full potential of microcredit. By drawing upon their first-hand knowledge of the nature of this evolution in Bangladesh, the birthplace of microcredit, the authors have pushed the frontiers of current knowledge through a rich blend of theoretical and empirical analysis. The book breaks new grounds on a wide range of topics including: the habit-forming nature of credit repayment; the institutional strength and community-based role of microfinance institutions; the relationships between microcredit and informal credit markets; the pattern of long-term participation in microcredit programmes and the variety of loan use; the scaling up of microenterprises beyond subsistence; the "missing middle" in the credit market; and the prospects of linking micro-entrepreneurship with economic development. The book will be of interest to researchers, development practitioners and university students of Development Economics, Rural Development, or Rural Finance, as well as to public intellectuals.

A Healthcare Economic Policy for Hearing Impairment

Author : Artem Boltyenkov
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3658082372
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis A Healthcare Economic Policy for Hearing Impairment by : Artem Boltyenkov

Download or read book A Healthcare Economic Policy for Hearing Impairment written by Artem Boltyenkov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-21 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artem Boltyenkov explores the ways in which the hearing impaired can afford aided hearing. The most humane option for all hearing impaired is full reimbursement healthcare economic policy. Unfortunately, providing free aided hearing for all hearing impaired in the population is very costly. Countries, which cannot afford such generosity, need to know how to spend their limited resources wisely. The author recommends implementing the subsidized loans or the subsidized savings and loans healthcare economic policy to help the hearing impaired to afford aided hearing.

The Handbook of Market Design

Author : Nir Vulkan
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199570515
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Market Design by : Nir Vulkan

Download or read book The Handbook of Market Design written by Nir Vulkan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook brings together the latest research on applied market design. It surveys matching markets: environments where there is a need to match large two-sided populations to one another, such as law clerks and judges or patients and kidney donors.

Microfinance Games

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Microfinance Games by :

Download or read book Microfinance Games written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Microfinance has been heralded as an effective way to address imperfections in credit markets. But from a theoretical perspective, the success of microfinance contracts has puzzling elements. In particular, the group-based mechanisms often employed are vulnerable to free-riding and collusion, although they can also reduce moral hazard and improve selection. The authors created an experimental economics laboratory in a large urban market in Lima, Peru and over seven months conducted 11 different games that allow them to unpack microfinance mechanisms in a systematic way. They find that risk-taking broadly conforms to predicted patterns, but that behavior is safer than optimal. The results help to explain why pioneering microfinance institutions have been moving away from group-based contracts. "--World Bank web site.

Blumberg on Corporate Groups

Author : Phillip I. Blumberg
Publisher : Wolters Kluwer
ISBN 13 : 0735542066
Total Pages : 5804 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis Blumberg on Corporate Groups by : Phillip I. Blumberg

Download or read book Blumberg on Corporate Groups written by Phillip I. Blumberg and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 5804 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new five volume "Second Edition" of "Blumberg on

Business Law I Essentials

Author : MIRANDE. DE ASSIS VALBRUNE (RENEE. CARDELL, SUZANNE.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781680923025
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Business Law I Essentials by : MIRANDE. DE ASSIS VALBRUNE (RENEE. CARDELL, SUZANNE.)

Download or read book Business Law I Essentials written by MIRANDE. DE ASSIS VALBRUNE (RENEE. CARDELL, SUZANNE.) and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A less-expensive grayscale paperback version is available. Search for ISBN 9781680923018. Business Law I Essentials is a brief introductory textbook designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of courses on Business Law or the Legal Environment of Business. The concepts are presented in a streamlined manner, and cover the key concepts necessary to establish a strong foundation in the subject. The textbook follows a traditional approach to the study of business law. Each chapter contains learning objectives, explanatory narrative and concepts, references for further reading, and end-of-chapter questions. Business Law I Essentials may need to be supplemented with additional content, cases, or related materials, and is offered as a foundational resource that focuses on the baseline concepts, issues, and approaches.

Experimental Conversations

Author : Timothy N. Ogden
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262551543
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Conversations by : Timothy N. Ogden

Download or read book Experimental Conversations written by Timothy N. Ogden and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-03-19 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discussions of the use and limits of randomized control trials, considering the power of theory, external validity, gaps in knowledge, and what issues matter. The practice of development economics has undergone something of a revolution as many economists have adopted new methods to answer perennial questions about the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs. In this book, prominent development economists discuss the use and impact of one of the most significant of these new methods, randomized control trials (RCTs) and field experiments. In extended interviews conducted over a period of several years, they explain their work and their thinking and consider the broader issues of how we learn about the world and how we can change it for the better. These conversations offer specialists and nonspecialists alike a unique opportunity to hear economists speak in their own words, free of the confines of a particular study or econometric esoterica. The economists describe how they apply research findings in the way they think about the world, revealing their ideas about the power of theory, external validity, gaps in knowledge, and what issues matter. Also included are interviews with RCT observers, critics, sponsors, consumers, and others. Each interview provides a brief biography of the interviewee. Thorough annotations offer background and explanations for key ideas and studies referred to in the conversations. Contributors Abhijit Banerjee, Nancy Birdsall, Chris Blattman, Alex Counts, Tyler Cowen, Angus Deaton, Frank DeGiovanni, Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Xavi Gine, Rachel Glennerster, Judy Gueron, Elie Hassenfeld, Dean Karlan, Michael Kremer, David McKenzie, Jonathan Morduch, Lant Pritchett, Jonathan Robinson, Antoinette Schoar, Dean Yang

Building Inclusive Financial Systems

Author : Michael S. Barr
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815708408
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Building Inclusive Financial Systems by : Michael S. Barr

Download or read book Building Inclusive Financial Systems written by Michael S. Barr and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Broad-based and inclusive financial systems significantly raise growth, alleviate poverty, and expand economic opportunity. Households, small enterprises, and the rural poor often have difficulty obtaining financial services for a multitude of reasons, including transaction costs, perceived risk, inadequate infrastructure, and information barriers. Yet many financial institutions are now making profitable inroads into underserved markets through formal banking, investment in equities, venture capital, postal banks, and microfinance. Access to Finance addresses the challenges of making financial systems more inclusive, emulating successful ventures in new markets, and utilizing technologies and government policies to support the expansion of financial access. The contributors examine many dimensions of financial access, including: • Measuring financial access • Understanding the impact of expanded access • Examining alternative institutional models • Exploring new technologies and information infrastructure • Evaluating government policies toward outreach.

Finance for All?

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821372920
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Finance for All? by : World Bank

Download or read book Finance for All? written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007-11-09 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Access to financial services varies sharply around the world. In many developing countries less than half the population has an account with a financial institution, and in most of Africa less than one in five households do. Lack of access to finance is often the critical mechanism for generating persistent income inequality, as well as slower growth. 'Finance for All?: Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access' documents the extent of financial exclusion around the world; addresses the importance of access to financial services for growth, equity and poverty reduction; and discusses policy interventions and institutional reforms that can improve access for underserved groups. The report is a broad ranging review of the work already completed or in progress, drawing on research utilizing data at the country, firm and household level. Given that financial systems in many developing countries serve only a small part of the population, expanding access remains an important challenge across the world, leaving much for governments to do. However, not all government actions are equally effective and some policies can be counterproductive. The report sets out principles for effective government policy on broadening access, drawing on the available evidence and illustrating with examples.

Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine

Author : Chris Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198867018
Total Pages : 913 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine by : Chris Johnson

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine written by Chris Johnson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-07-19 with total page 913 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised for its third edition, the Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine continues to be the essential resource for all expedition medics and well-informed travellers, as well as nurses, paramedics, medical students, and other expedition members travelling in remote, wilderness areas of the world. Now containing more guidance about caving medicine, the third edition includes revised and additional illustrations and essential maps of the spread of diseases. Clear and concise, readers can rely on this handbook to provide the key knowledge and practical advice they need. It enables efficient preparation and planning before the journey, advises on camp logistics, risk management, and medical problems during the expedition, as well as highlighting rare but important risks to those visiting remote areas. Focusing on preventative measures, it also contains chapters dealing with crisis management, emergency care, and evacuation from challenging environments, with guidance about the obligations of a clinician joining an expedition, ethical approaches to such work, and medicine in various extreme environments. This edition will give you the confidence and skills you need to travel to any extreme or remote environment. Incorporating the combined knowledge and experience of a team of experienced clinicians and expeditioners, this is a practical, easy-to-use guide to all aspects of expedition and wilderness medicine.