GM maize in Ethiopia: An ex ante economic assessment of TELA, a drought tolerant and insect resistant maize

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis GM maize in Ethiopia: An ex ante economic assessment of TELA, a drought tolerant and insect resistant maize by : Yirga, Chilot

Download or read book GM maize in Ethiopia: An ex ante economic assessment of TELA, a drought tolerant and insect resistant maize written by Yirga, Chilot and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-05-07 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethiopian economy has grown at an average rate that surpasses that of almost any other economy in the region over the last two decades. At the center of this development is the high priority placed on accelerating agricultural growth and achieving food security and poverty alleviation. Over the years, maize has become a main food security crop, widely produced and consumed by smallholder farmers, second only to teff in terms of area. Despite the sustained growth of maize production over the years, its yields continue to be lower than the world’s average. Of the many abiotic and biotic constraints that maize faces, insect attacks and droughts are two critical ones. The genetically modified TELA maize can help address these constraints. This paper estimates the economic benefits of adopting this new technology and the opportunity cost that Ethiopia will incur if its adoption is delayed. The analysis is conducted using an economic surplus partial equilibrium model run with the newly developed DREAMpy software, data drawn from the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey, Wave 3 2015-2016, econometric estimations using these survey data, and other local data and sources. The estimations show that if the drought tolerant and insect resistant TELA maize is planted in 2023 the net present-value of benefits for producers and consumers would be around $850 million. Producers from the mid-altitude maize zone will be the main beneficiaries, given the targeted area of TELA maize. Consumers from all areas will benefit from the projected reduction in price. If the adoption of this new technology is delayed by 5 years, the estimated net present value of benefits will fall by 30 percent. These costs underscore the importance of having a regulatory system that is efficient, predictable, and transparent and ensures that the projected economic benefits are realized.

GM Maize in Ethiopia

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis GM Maize in Ethiopia by : Chilot Yirga

Download or read book GM Maize in Ethiopia written by Chilot Yirga and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethiopian economy has grown at an average rate that surpasses that of almost any other economy in the region over the last two decades. At the center of this development is the high priority placed on accelerating agricultural growth and achieving food security and poverty alleviation. Over the years, maize has become a main food security crop, widely produced and consumed by smallholder farmers, second only to teff in terms of area. Despite the sustained growth of maize production over the years, its yields continue to be lower than the world's average. Of the many abiotic and biotic constraints that maize faces, insect attacks and droughts are two critical ones. The genetically modified TELA maize can help address these constraints. This paper estimates the economic benefits of adopting this new technology and the opportunity cost that Ethiopia will incur if its adoption is delayed. The analysis is conducted using an economic surplus partial equilibrium model run with the newly developed DREAMpy software, data drawn from the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey, Wave 3 2015-2016, econometric estimations using these survey data, and other local data and sources. The estimations show that if the drought tolerant and insect resistant TELA maize is planted in 2023 the net present-value of benefits for producers and consumers would be around $850 million. Producers from the mid-altitude maize zone will be the main beneficiaries, given the targeted area of TELA maize. Consumers from all areas will benefit from the projected reduction in price. If the adoption of this new technology is delayed by 5 years, the estimated net present value of benefits will fall by 30 percent. These costs underscore the importance of having a regulatory system that is efficient, predictable, and transparent and ensures that the projected economic benefits are realized.

Orphan Crops: Breeding and Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Nutrition

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832543111
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Orphan Crops: Breeding and Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Nutrition by : Simon E. Bull

Download or read book Orphan Crops: Breeding and Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Nutrition written by Simon E. Bull and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Orphan crops play an important role in food and nutrition security especially in growing economies where small-holder farmers produce the majority of food. Despite their importance in global agriculture and their often remarkable nutrient content and adaptation to challenging environmental conditions, orphan crops have received limited attention by the scientific community and industry. However, the diversity of neglected plant species provides a large genetic resource that could significantly contribute to broadening the biodiversity of trait-desired crops for novel value chains, sustainable development and food security. The uptake of new plant breeding techniques, notably genome editing, as well as ‘omic’ tools, are now accelerating translation of basic research and facilitating the exploration of orphan crops. These advancements also give rise to public and politic engagement discussions to maximize socio-economic impact. Given that the greatest need for food and nutritional security is in growing economies, issues of food sovereignty and sustainability of their food systems become front-and-centre. There is now an exceptional opportunity to tackle some of the major current challenges in agriculture, including climate change, sustainable cropping systems, food quality, and nutritional security through broadening research in wild relatives of crops and on orphan species. This Research Topic seeks to showcase research on neglected plants using advanced molecular technologies (e.g. genome sequencing, 'omics', etc) and new plant breeding approaches, methods, and tools. This Research Topic will also discuss the challenges and opportunities arising when modern breeding techniques are applied for translational research.

Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031157036
Total Pages : 931 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation by : Joachim von Braun

Download or read book Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation written by Joachim von Braun and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 931 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Open Access book compiles the findings of the Scientific Group of the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021 and its research partners. The Scientific Group was an independent group of 28 food systems scientists from all over the world with a mandate from the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. The chapters provide science- and research-based, state-of-the-art, solution-oriented knowledge and evidence to inform the transformation of contemporary food systems in order to achieve more sustainable, equitable and resilient systems.

Assessing the development impacts of bio-innovations: The case of genetically modified maize and cassava in Tanzania

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing the development impacts of bio-innovations: The case of genetically modified maize and cassava in Tanzania by : Benfica, Rui

Download or read book Assessing the development impacts of bio-innovations: The case of genetically modified maize and cassava in Tanzania written by Benfica, Rui and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-02-28 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tanzania’s agriculture faces persistent low crop productivity due to endogenous and exogenous factors, particularly low and unpredictable rainfall, and the incidence of pests. To address these challenges, the government and partners are making efforts to develop and deploy Genetically Modified (GM) Maize varieties with drought tolerance and insect resistant traits (WEMA), and Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) resistant varieties. This analysis overcomes limitations from earlier assessments of the impacts of those GM crops by accounting for trade-offs in resource competition and considering the indirect effects of adoption and yield gains from GM maize and cassava varieties on the broader economy, the Agri-Food System (AFS), and on household level outcomes. It extends the BioRAPP analysis to an ex-ante economywide framework. We reveal several findings. First, GM maize and cassava (individually and jointly) have positive impacts in the economy, the AFS, and the poverty, particularly in rural areas and among the poorest households. Second, given its relatively greater relevance in output and employment, and the stronger linkages in the AFS, the effects of GM maize on GDP and AFS growth, and poverty is relatively stronger than those from GM cassava. Third, as expected, relatively greater effects are found in higher adoption and high yield gains scenarios, and, in each scenario, the effects on the poorest households are greater than that for the higher quintiles. Furthermore, differential impact across scenarios is also greater amongst the poorest, while the differences are minimal for the top quintile. Finally, the high variation of results across scenarios, and the significant effects of the high adoption/high yield change scenario, suggest that efforts will be critical to ensure the realization of the maximization of adoption rates while ensuring the materialization of the yield growth potential of the GM varieties through the efficient use of technical recommendations on crop production management, and the introduction of the right investments and policy incentives.

Insect-resistant cowpea in Nigeria: An ex ante economic assessment of a crop improvement initiative

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Insect-resistant cowpea in Nigeria: An ex ante economic assessment of a crop improvement initiative by : Phillip, Dayo

Download or read book Insect-resistant cowpea in Nigeria: An ex ante economic assessment of a crop improvement initiative written by Phillip, Dayo and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-12-24 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since oil prices’ decline in 2014, agriculture has received renewed interest in Nigeria as a key sector for achieving sustainable growth and generating foreign exchange. One of the identified obstacles to achieving these goals is the need to improve agricultural productivity. Cowpea is one of the priority crops identified for productivity improvement. Currently cowpea yields are below 900 kg/ha, but it has been shown that with the right technology, these yields could potentially double. One of the main biotic constraints for cowpea is the infestation of the insect pod borer (Maruca Vitrata). No conventional variety has been developed to resist this pest, but with the use of biotechnology and the sustained collaboration of national and international partners over many years, there is now a genetically modified pod-borer-resistant (or more generally insect-resistant) cowpea. This paper estimates the potential economic benefits of adopting this new technology and the cost that Nigeria will incur if this adoption is delayed. The analysis is conducted using an economic surplus partial equilibrium model run with the newly developed DREAMpy software, data drawn from the Nigeria General Household Survey 2015–2016, estimations using these data, and other local sources. The estimations show that if the insect-resistant cowpea is planted in 2020, the net present-value benefits for producers and consumers would be around US$350 million, 70 percent of which would be accrued by producers. The distribution of benefits by region show that Sudan-Sahel will accrue the most benefits, given the relative concentration of cowpea in this region and the estimated higher adoption rates and yield changes. Almost half of producers’ total benefit will go to large producers, who represent only 20 percent of all cowpea producers, while small producers, representing half of all cowpea producers, will receive 24 percent of the benefit. Additionally, the analysis shows that a five-year regulatory delay will decrease the estimated benefits by around 35 percent. While Nigeria already has in place a competent biosafety system that will most likely ensure that these regulatory delays will not materialize, these estimations highlight the importance of having an evidence-based, efficient, predictable, and transparent regulatory system to ensure that the expected economic benefits are realized.

Implication Analysis for Biotechnology Regulation and Management in Africa

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Publisher : Peter Lang
ISBN 13 : 9783631594506
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (945 download)

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Book Synopsis Implication Analysis for Biotechnology Regulation and Management in Africa by : Denis Worlanyo Aheto

Download or read book Implication Analysis for Biotechnology Regulation and Management in Africa written by Denis Worlanyo Aheto and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2009 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.)--Universiteat Bremen, 2008.

Insect-resistant Cowpea in Nigeria

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Insect-resistant Cowpea in Nigeria by : Dayo O. A. Phillip

Download or read book Insect-resistant Cowpea in Nigeria written by Dayo O. A. Phillip and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319933817
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops by : Chittaranjan Kole

Download or read book Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops written by Chittaranjan Kole and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights modern methods and strategies to improve cereal crops in the era of climate change, presenting the latest advances in plant molecular mapping and genome sequencing. Spectacular achievements in the fields of molecular breeding, transgenics and genomics in the last three decades have facilitated revolutionary changes in cereal- crop-improvement strategies and techniques. Since the genome sequencing of rice in 2002, the genomes of over eight cereal crops have been sequenced and more are to follow. This has made it possible to decipher the exact nucleotide sequence and chromosomal positions of agroeconomic genes. Most importantly, comparative genomics and genotyping-by-sequencing have opened up new vistas for exploring available biodiversity, particularly of wild crop relatives, for identifying useful donor genes.

Genes for Africa

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Publisher : Juta and Company Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9781919713571
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Genes for Africa by : Jennifer A. Thomson

Download or read book Genes for Africa written by Jennifer A. Thomson and published by Juta and Company Ltd. This book was released on 2002 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jennifer Thomson separates fact from fiction and explains why and how GM crops can help us combat poverty, starvation and disease in the developing world, in a safe and responsible way. She explains the technology and looks at the differences and similarities between genetic modification, conventional plant breeding, and natural processes such as cross pollination and mutations. There are chapters devoted to controversial issues such as food safety (for GM crops and organically grown food), patents labelling, regulations and controls, and a section dealing with frequently-asked questions. It ends with a focus on Africa and possible future developments in GM technology. Technical terms are explained and appendices provide additional information on testing for allergens, horizontal gene transfer, and international food safety assessment documents. For those who wish to explore the subject further, it also provides a list of more than 60 web sites dealing with issues related to the GM debate.

Agrobacterium: From Biology to Biotechnology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387722904
Total Pages : 750 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Agrobacterium: From Biology to Biotechnology by : Tzvi Tzfira

Download or read book Agrobacterium: From Biology to Biotechnology written by Tzvi Tzfira and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-25 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agrobacterium is a plant pathogen which causes the “crown-gall” disease, a neoplastic growth that results from the transfer of a well-defined DNA segment (“transferred DNA”, or “T-DNA”) from the bacterial Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid to the host cell, its integration into the host genome, and the expression of oncogenes contained on the T-DNA. The molecular machinery, needed for T-DNA generation and transport into the host cell and encoded by a series of chromosomal (chv) and Ti-plasmid virulence (vir) genes, has been the subject of numerous studies over the past several decades. Today, Agrobacterium is the tool of choice for plant genetic engineering with an ever expanding host range that includes many commercially important crops, flowers, and tree species. Furthermore, its recent application for the genetic transformation of non-plant species, from yeast to cultivated mushrooms and even to human cells, promises this bacterium a unique place in the future of biotechnological applications. The book is a comprehensive volume describing Agrobacterium's biology, interactions with host species, and uses for genetic engineering.

Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement

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Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0123984947
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement by : Mohar Singh

Download or read book Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement written by Mohar Singh and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grain legumes, including common-bean, chickpea, pigeonpea, pea, cowpea, lentil and others, form important constituents of global diets, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Despite this significant role, global production has increased only marginally in the past 50 years. The slow production growth, along with a rising human population and improved buying capacity has substantially reduced the per capita availability of food legumes. Changes in environmental climate have also had significant impact on production, creating a need to identify stable donors among genetic resources for environmentally robust genes and designing crops resilient to climate change. Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement is the first book to bring together the latest resources in plant genetics and genomics to facilitate the identification of specific germplasm, trait mapping and allele mining to more effectively develop biotic and abiotic-stress-resistant grains. This book will be an invaluable resource for researchers, crop biologists and students working with crop development. Explores origin, distribution and diversity of grain legumes Presents information on germplasm collection, evaluation and maintenance Offers insight into pre-breeding/germplasm enhancement efforts Integrates genomic and genetic resources in crop improvement Internationally contributed work

Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452058
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1973 and 2016, the ways to manipulate DNA to endow new characteristics in an organism (that is, biotechnology) have advanced, enabling the development of products that were not previously possible. What will the likely future products of biotechnology be over the next 5â€"10 years? What scientific capabilities, tools, and/or expertise may be needed by the regulatory agencies to ensure they make efficient and sound evaluations of the likely future products of biotechnology? Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology analyzes the future landscape of biotechnology products and seeks to inform forthcoming policy making. This report identifies potential new risks and frameworks for risk assessment and areas in which the risks or lack of risks relating to the products of biotechnology are well understood.

Transforming Agriculture in Southern Africa

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429686633
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Transforming Agriculture in Southern Africa by : Richard A. Sikora

Download or read book Transforming Agriculture in Southern Africa written by Richard A. Sikora and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a synthesis of the key issues and challenges facing agriculture and food production in Southern Africa. Southern Africa is facing numerous challenges from diverse issues such as agricultural transformations, growing populations, urbanization and climate change. These challenges place great pressure on food security, agriculture, water availability and other natural resources, as well as impacting biodiversity. Drawing on case studies from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the chapters in this book consider these challenges from an interdisciplinary perspective, covering key areas in constraints to production, the most important building blocks of good farming practices, and established and emerging technologies. This book will be a valuable support for informing new policies and processes aimed at improving food production and security and developing sustainable agriculture in Southern Africa. This informative volume will be key reading for those interested in agricultural science, African studies, rural studies, development studies and sustainability. It will also be a valuable resource for policymakers, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and agricultural practitioners. This title has been made available as Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CCBY-NC-ND) license and can be accessed here: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429401701

Agricultural Value Chains in India

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813342684
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Value Chains in India by : Ashok Gulati

Download or read book Agricultural Value Chains in India written by Ashok Gulati and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides a clear holistic conceptual framework of CISS-F (competitiveness, inclusiveness, sustainability, scalability and access to finance) to analyse the efficiency of value chains of high value agricultural commodities in India. It is based on the understanding that agriculture is an integrated system that connects farming with logistics, processing and marketing. Farmer’s welfare being central to any agricultural policy makes it very pertinent to study how a value chain works and can be strengthened further to realize this policy goal. This book adds value to the existing research by studying the value chains end-to-end across a wide spectrum of agricultural commodities with the holistic lens of CISS-F. It is not enough that a value chain is competitive but not inclusive or it is competitive and inclusive but not sustainable. The issue of scalability is very critical to achieve macro gains in terms of greater farmer outreach and sectoral growth. The research undertaken here brings out some very useful insights for policymaking in terms of what needs to be done better to steer the agricultural value chains towards being more competitive, inclusive, sustainable and scalable. The value chain specific research findings help draw very nuanced policy recommendations as well as present a big picture of the future direction of policy making in agriculture.

Boron in Soils and Plants

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940115564X
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Boron in Soils and Plants by : R.W. Bell

Download or read book Boron in Soils and Plants written by R.W. Bell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economic significance of boron (B) in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry has been beyond dispute for several decades. Even in the last two decades, the areas where B deficiency limits plant production has grown with increased reports from China, south Asia and southeast Asia. The present volume is reflective of the growing awareness of the significance of low soil B with reports from Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, north, central and southern China, India, Nepal, and the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan contained herein. Boron deficiency also continues to be a problem for crop yield and quality in areas where B deficiency has been known for some time, for example in Germany and the USA. The problem of low soil B is not limited to effects on field crop yield, with papers reporting on depressed wood yield and quality in timber trees (Lambert et al. ), and depressed fruit quality (Dong et al. ; Smith et al. : Zude et al. ) also appearing in the present volume. Globally, Shorrocks (1997)1 estimates that ?? tonnes of B fertiliser is applied annually in agriculture. The economic benefits from the use of B fertiliser have not been quantified but are clearly enormous. Paradoxically, the clear economic imperatives for using B fertiliser on low B soils are not matched by a similar clarity of understanding of the role and functions of B in plants.

Benefits from the adoption of genetically engineered innovations in the Ugandan banana and cassava sectors: An ex ante analysis

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Author :
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Benefits from the adoption of genetically engineered innovations in the Ugandan banana and cassava sectors: An ex ante analysis by : Kikulwe, Enoch Mutebi

Download or read book Benefits from the adoption of genetically engineered innovations in the Ugandan banana and cassava sectors: An ex ante analysis written by Kikulwe, Enoch Mutebi and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-05-07 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Government of Uganda has implemented programs and policies to improve the agricultural sector’s recent underperformance. Uganda’s two main food security crops, bananas and cassava, have been critically affected by two diseases: Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) and Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD). The effectiveness of agronomic and cultural practices to control these diseases has been limited, requiring better alternatives. The Ugandan R&D sector in collaboration with international partners have developed genetically engineered innovations that can control both diseases. To examine the potential benefits to consumers and producers from the adoption of genetically engineered banana and cassava with resistance to BXW and CBSD, we use a set of economic impact assessment methods. These include an economic surplus model implemented via IFPRI’s DREAMpy framework, a real options model and a limited gender assessment. Results from the economic surplus approach suggest that the adoption of both technologies can benefit Uganda. These results were confirmed for the case of bananas and partially for the case of cassava using the real options and the gender assessment performed. Results from this assessment are predicated on Uganda maintaining an enabling environment that will ensure the deployment and use of both innovations. Looking forward, continuing to improve enabling environment for innovation in Uganda will require addressing current R&D, regulatory, technology deployment and product stewardship processes constraints.