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Genomics And Physiological Evolution Of Cold Tolerance In Drosophila Melanogaster
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Book Synopsis Genomics and Physiological Evolution of Cold Tolerance in Drosophila Melanogaster by : Alison Renae Gerken
Download or read book Genomics and Physiological Evolution of Cold Tolerance in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Alison Renae Gerken and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal stress impacts animals around the globe and understanding how organisms adapt to changes in temperature is of particular interest under current climate change predictions. My research focuses on the evolutionary genetics involved in cold tolerance and plasticity of cold tolerance using both artificially selected and naturally segregating populations, while tying the genes of interest to their physiological components. First I address cross-tolerance of stress traits following artificial selection to a non-lethal cold tolerance metric, chill-coma recovery. Using these artificial selection populations, we found that stress traits such as desiccation tolerance, starvation tolerance, acclimation, and chronic and acute cold tolerance do not correlate with level of cold tolerance as defined by chill-coma recovery time. We next assessed lifetime fitness of these different cold tolerance lines and found that only at low temperatures did fitness differ among cold tolerance levels. We then analyzed gene expression differences between resistant and susceptible populations at three time points to understand where selection pressures are hypothesized to act on genomic variation. Our gene expression analyses found many differences between resistant and susceptible lines, primarily manifesting themselves in the recovery period following cold exposure. We next utilized a community resource, the Drosophila melanogaster reference panel, to identify naturally segregating variation in genes associated with cold acclimation and fitness. We specifically asked if long- and short-term acclimation ability had overlapping genetic regions and if plasticity values from constant rearing environments were associated with demographic parameters in fluctuating environments. We found that long- and short-term acclimation are under unique genetic control and functionally tested several genes for acclimation ability. We also found that acclimation ability in constant environments and fitness in fluctuating environments do not correlate, but that genotypes are constrained in their fitness abilities between a warm and cool environment. Our analyses describe several novel genes associated with cold tolerance selection and long- and short-term acclimation expanding our knowledge of the complex relationship between demographic components and survivorship as well as a unique investigation of the change in gene expression during cold exposure.
Book Synopsis The Evolution and Genetics of Thermal Traits in Drosophila Melanogaster by : Lindsey Caroline Fallis
Download or read book The Evolution and Genetics of Thermal Traits in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Lindsey Caroline Fallis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature is a critical environmental parameter and thermal variation has significant effects on local adaptation and species distributions in nature. This is especially true for organisms that are isothermal with their environment. Variation in temperature imposes stress and directly influences physiology, behavior, and fitness. Thus, to thrive across a range of thermal environments populations must contain sufficient genetic variation, the capacity to respond plastically, or some combination of both genetic and plastic responses. In this work I first quantified patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation in nature and then dissected the genetic basis of variation in thermal traits. In the first aim I used natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster collected from a latitudinal transect in Argentina to investigate variation in heat stress resistance and cold plasticity within and among populations. I found heat stress resistance was highly variable within populations, but was strongly associated with the monthly maximum average temperature of each site. For cold plasticity I was able to demonstrate significant variation in plasticity within and among populations, however the among population variation was best explained by the altitude of each site. I hypothesized that this was caused by a difference in temperature fluctuations at high altitude sites relative to low altitude sites. To evaluate this hypothesis I paired our study with existing laboratory data that demonstrated significant fitness differences between high and low plasticity (and altitude) sites when these populations were reared in variable thermal environments. Thus, cold plasticity is an adaptive response to environmental variation. The final project focused on understanding the genetic basis of thermal variation. I fine-mapped a single co-localized heat and cold tolerance QTL via deficiency and mutant complementation mapping to identify four novel thermal candidate genes. There was no overlap of the deficiencies or genes associated with cold or heat stress resistance. Sequence analysis of each gene identified the polymorphisms that differentiate the lines. To test for independent associations between these polymorphisms and variation in nature the Drosophila Genome Reference Panel was used to confirm associations between allelic variation and cold tolerance in nature.
Book Synopsis The Genetic Basis of the Climatic Stress Desiccation in Drosophila Melanogaster by : Marina Telonis-Scott
Download or read book The Genetic Basis of the Climatic Stress Desiccation in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Marina Telonis-Scott and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climatic stress is a potent selective force which can impact evolutionary change. Currently, anthropogenic induced climate change and habitat destruction focus attention on the evolution of stress resistance, in part to predict future effects of climate change on biodiversity. Using the well-studied insect model Drosophila melanogaster, I present four experiments designed to study both the physiological and genetic basis of the response to the climatic stress desiccation; a trait of ecological importance poorly defined at the genetic level. To this end, I have utilized current molecular, genomic, quantitative and comparative physiology assays to undertake an integrative study of a complex trait. Chapter l. presents an overview the current stress resistance literature and provides an experimental framework for the subsequent research chapters. Chapter 2. presents the outcome of the forward genetics study; one desiccation resistant mutant was isolated with a partially dominant mutation on chromosome two. Chapter 3 presents the outcome of the artificial selection study, with emphasis on comparative physiology with other studies. I describe the selection response, physiological adaptations and mapping of the response at the chromosome level. In the following chapter, I present a small microarray study using one of the selected lines to profile the plastic response to non- lethal desiccation at the level of the transcriptome. Chapter 5 presents the QTL data, where the experimental design of the RILs allows for a "snapshot" of natural variation for desiccation resistance. Finally, I conclude by highlighting the overlap between studies, while contrasting the different genetic backgrounds, including "laboratory evolution verses natural variation". Research highlights: I confirm the central role of water conservation in desiccation resistance while describing a novel survival mechanism (dehydration tolerance) in selected lines. I demonstrate that the genes underlying the response to desiccation are mostly non-sex specific, both in selected lines and natural populations. Chromosomes 2 and 3 mostly underlie desiccation resistance, demonstrated in all mapping studies. QTL in the natural population are highly correlated between the between the sexes, and multiple QTL suggest a widespread contribution of the genome in the response to desiccation.
Book Synopsis Environmental Stress, Adaptation and Evolution by : K. Bijlsma
Download or read book Environmental Stress, Adaptation and Evolution written by K. Bijlsma and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most organisms and populations have to cope with hostile environments, threatening their existence. Their ability to respond phenotypically and genetically to these challenges and to evolve adaptive mechanisms is, therefore, crucial. The contributions to this book aim at understanding, from a evolutionary perspective, the impact of stress on biological systems. Scientists, applying different approaches spanning from the molecular and the protein level to individuals, populations and ecosystems, explore how organisms adapt to extreme environments, how stress changes genetic structure and affects life histories, how organisms cope with thermal stress through acclimation, and how environmental and genetic stress induce fluctuating asymmetry, shape selection pressure and cause extinction of populations. Finally, it discusses the role of stress in evolutionary change, from stress induced mutations and selection to speciation and evolution at the geological time scale. The book contains reviews and novel scientific results on the subject. It will be of interest to both researchers and graduate students and may serve as a text for graduate courses.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Life History Evolution by : Thomas Flatt
Download or read book Mechanisms of Life History Evolution written by Thomas Flatt and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2011-05-12 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction, and survival and by investigating the trade-offs that constrain the evolution of these traits. Although life history theory has made enormous progress in explaining the diversity of life history strategies among species, it traditionally ignores the underlying proximate mechanisms. This novel book argues that many fundamental problems in life history evolution, including the nature of trade-offs, can only be fully resolved if we begin to integrate information on developmental, physiological, and genetic mechanisms into the classical life history framework. Each chapter is written by an established or up-and-coming leader in their respective field; they not only represent the state of the art but also offer fresh perspectives for future research. The text is divided into 7 sections that cover basic concepts (Part 1), the mechanisms that affect different parts of the life cycle (growth, development, and maturation; reproduction; and aging and somatic maintenance) (Parts 2-4), life history plasticity (Part 5), life history integration and trade-offs (Part 6), and concludes with a synthesis chapter written by a prominent leader in the field and an editorial postscript (Part 7).
Book Synopsis Elucidating the Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Thermal Tolerance in Embryonic Drosophila Melanogaster by : Kylie Maureen Finnegan
Download or read book Elucidating the Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Thermal Tolerance in Embryonic Drosophila Melanogaster written by Kylie Maureen Finnegan and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapidly changing climate conditions, including extreme temperature events, have wide-reaching implications for organismal adaptation. Organisms with complex life cycles can be differentially susceptible to physiological challenges posed by acute temperature stressors depending on developmental stage. Thus, sensitive life stages may act as a selective sieve through which species are differentially able to persist in a changing, warming world. Terrestrial ectotherms, such as the cosmopolitan Drosophila melanogaster, are dependent upon their external environment to dictate internal body temperature. The non-motile D. melanogaster embryo is entirely reliant upon innate physiological defense mechanisms to protect against and respond to the damaging effects of heat stress, given the inability to behaviorally thermoregulate. Early embryos (0-2 hours post fertilization) have been shown to display substantial differences in thermal tolerance between regionally distinct tropical and temperate populations. The rapid local adaptation seen in this trait is indicative of strong selection for the underlying favorable alleles. However, the underlying genetic basis of embryonic thermal tolerance is previously unknown. Previously, our lab used whole genome quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping via a repeated backcrossing design to identify the genomic basis of differential embryonic thermal tolerance between flies of tropical vs. temperate origin. To determine the extent to which gene regulatory variation underlies embryonic thermal tolerance, I measured transcriptomic responses to heat stress using the same tropical, temperate, and advanced introgression lines that were used in the QTL mapping study. I identify 212 differentially expressed genes between the three genotypes (tropical, temperate, introgression) and 650 differently expressed genes between the two temperature treatments (25°C, 34°C). Additionally, I identify gene clusters containing a total of 985 genes that were significantly associated with response to heat stress, and one gene cluster containing a total of 52 genes that were significantly associated with LT50. Functional analysis of these differentially expressed genes and clusters indicates that precise regulation of aerobic metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation is instrumental in reducing cellular damage accrued due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by downregulating processes that lead to ROS formation. I observe a strongly conserved heat shock response to the stressful treatment temperature amongst all genotypes, including upregulation of protective elements and some metabolic downregulation. The most prominent finding, supported by the list of genes containing polymorphisms in different allelic frequencies between temperate and introgression genotypes, was the difference in magnitude and depth of the downregulation of metabolic systems in more thermally tolerant embryos. In addition to reduction of catabolic activity, more nuanced regulation of transcriptional machinery and the formation subcellular nucleoprotein complexes appear to be plastic mechanisms contributing to the divergence in thermal tolerance between locally adapted regional genotypes.
Download or read book Advances in Insect Physiology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Insect Physiology publishes eclectic volumes containing important, comprehensive and in-depth reviews on all aspects of insect physiology. It is an essential reference source for invertebrate physiologists and neurobiologists, entomologists, zoologists and insect biochemists. First published in 1963, the serial is now edited by Steve Simpson (Oxford University, UK). More than 300 pages with contributions from the leading researchers in entomology Over 40 figures and illustrations combined Includes an in-depth review of the genetics of the honey bee Discusses the physiological diversity in insects
Book Synopsis Low Temperature Biology of Insects by : David L. Denlinger
Download or read book Low Temperature Biology of Insects written by David L. Denlinger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-28 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low temperature is a major environmental constraint impacting the geographic distribution and seasonal activity patterns of insects. Written for academic researchers in environmental physiology and entomology, this book explores the physiological and molecular mechanisms that enable insects to cope with a cold environment and places these findings into an evolutionary and ecological context. An introductory chapter provides a primer on insect cold tolerance and subsequent chapters in the first section discuss the organismal, cellular and molecular responses that allow insects to survive in the cold despite their, at best, limited ability to regulate their own body temperature. The second section, highlighting the evolutionary and macrophysiological responses to low temperature, is especially relevant for understanding the impact of global climate change on insect systems. A final section translates the knowledge gained from the rest of the book into practical applications including cryopreservation and the augmentation of pest management strategies.
Book Synopsis Ecological Genomics by : Christian R. Landry
Download or read book Ecological Genomics written by Christian R. Landry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-25 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers in the field of ecological genomics aim to determine how a genome or a population of genomes interacts with its environment across ecological and evolutionary timescales. Ecological genomics is trans-disciplinary by nature. Ecologists have turned to genomics to be able to elucidate the mechanistic bases of the biodiversity their research tries to understand. Genomicists have turned to ecology in order to better explain the functional cellular and molecular variation they observed in their model organisms. We provide an advanced-level book that covers this recent research and proposes future development for this field. A synthesis of the field of ecological genomics emerges from this volume. Ecological Genomics covers a wide array of organisms (microbes, plants and animals) in order to be able to identify central concepts that motivate and derive from recent investigations in different branches of the tree of life. Ecological Genomics covers 3 fields of research that have most benefited from the recent technological and conceptual developments in the field of ecological genomics: the study of life-history evolution and its impact of genome architectures; the study of the genomic bases of phenotypic plasticity and the study of the genomic bases of adaptation and speciation.
Book Synopsis Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans: So Similar, So Different by : Pierre Capy
Download or read book Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans: So Similar, So Different written by Pierre Capy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-08 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparison of closely related species is a powerful D. melanogaster. In D. melanogaster, microsatel approach to understanding the changes that have oc lites reveal that West African popUlations are more curred since their divergence from a common ancestor. closely related to non-African populations than to The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. East African popUlations. East African populations are simulans are probably the species pair for which the more variable than West African or non-African popu most genetic data are available. A workshop held at lations, suggesting that East African populations may 1 Gif/Yvette in January 2002 reviewed and discussed more closely reflect African ancestral variability. comparisons between these species, from their ecol Ecophysiology, popUlation dynamics and popula tion structure are also important to understanding the ogy and biogeography to their behavior and DNA evolution of the two species. Genetic diversity (8) polymorphism. is higher in D. simulans (S. Mousset and R. Singh).
Download or read book Drosophila written by Therese A. Markow and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-01 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anyone wishing to tap the research potential of the hundreds of Drosophila species in addition to D.melanogaster will finally have a single comprehensive resource for identifying, rearing and using this diverse group of insects. This is the only group of higher eukaryotes for which the genomes of 12 species have been sequenced.The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster continues to be one of the greatest sources of information regarding the principles of heredity that apply to all animals, including humans. In reality, however, over a thousand different species of Drosophila exist, each with the potential to make their own unique contributions to the rapidly changing fields of genetics and evolution. This book, by providing basic information on how to identify and breed these other fruitflies, will allow investigators to take advantage, on a large scale, of the valuable qualities of these other Drosophila species and their newly developed genomic resources to address critical scientific questions. * Provides easy to use keys and illustrations to identify different Drosophila species* A guide to the life history differences of hundreds of species* Worldwide distribution maps of hundreds of species* Complete recipes for different Drosophila diets* Offers an analysis on how to account for species differences in designing and conducting experiments* Presents useful ideas of how to collect the many different Drosophila species in the wild
Book Synopsis Insect Endocrinology by : Lawrence I. Gilbert
Download or read book Insect Endocrinology written by Lawrence I. Gilbert and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-07-26 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of the extensive seven-volume work Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science provided a complete reference encompassing important developments and achievements in modern insect science. One of the most swiftly moving areas in entomological and comparative research is endocrinology, and this volume, Insect Endocrinology, is designed for those who desire a comprehensive yet concise work on important aspects of this topic. Because this area has moved quickly since the original publication, articles in this new volume are revised, highlighting developments in the related area since its original publication. Insect Endocrinology covers the mechanism of action of insect hormones during growth and metamorphosis as well as the role of insect hormones in reproduction, diapause and the regulation of metabolism. Contents include articles on the juvenile hormones, circadian organization of the endocrine system, ecdysteroid chemistry and biochemistry, as well as new chapters on insulin-like peptides and the peptide hormone Bursicon. This volume will be of great value to senior investigators, graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and advanced undergraduate research students. It can also be used as a reference for graduate courses and seminars on the topic. Chapters will also be valuable to the applied biologist or entomologist, providing the requisite understanding necessary for probing the more applied research areas. Articles selected by the known and respected editor-in-chief of the original major reference work, Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science Newly revised contributions bring together the latest research in the quickly moving field of insect endocrinology Review of the literature of the past five years is now included, as well as full use of data arising from the application of molecular technologies wherever appropriate
Book Synopsis Thermal Adaptation by : Michael J. Angilletta Jr.
Download or read book Thermal Adaptation written by Michael J. Angilletta Jr. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature profoundly impacts both the phenotypes and distributions of organisms. These thermal effects exert strong selective pressures on behaviour, physiology and life history when environmental temperatures vary over space and time. Despite temperature's significance, progress toward a quantitative theory of thermal adaptation has lagged behind empirical descriptions of patterns and processes. In this book, the author draws on theory from the more general discipline of evolutionary ecology to establish a framework for interpreting empirical studies of thermal biology. This novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical work generates new insights about the process of thermal adaptation and points the way towards a more general theory. The threat of rapid climatic change on a global scale provides a stark reminder of the challenges that remain for thermal biologists and adds a sense of urgency to this book's mission. Thermal Adaptation will benefit anyone who seeks to understand the relationship between environmental variation and phenotypic evolution. The book focuses on quantitative evolutionary models at the individual, population and community levels, and successfully integrates this theory with modern empirical approaches. By providing a synthetic overview of evolutionary thermal biology, this accessible text will appeal to both graduate students and established researchers in the fields of comparative, ecological, and evolutionary physiology. It will also interest the broader audience of professional ecologists and evolutionary biologists who require a comprehensive review of this topic, as well as those researchers working on the applied problems of regional and global climate change.
Book Synopsis Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics by : Chandrasekar Raman
Download or read book Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics written by Chandrasekar Raman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-10 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Entomology is a super science, embracing interdisciplinary approaches in genomics, proteomics, and interdependent fields of biochemistry, physiology, molecular entomology, and biotechnology. An urgent need to manage available resources for the benefit of the planet and humankind has led to remarkable progress since publication of the fruit fly genome in 2000. “Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics” presents multiple perspectives of recognized experts from around the world in genomics, bioinformatics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and immunology, emphasizing fast-moving areas of current research on insects and other arthropods. Concise, accessible, topical reviews include body lice and white fly genome projects, aphid phenotypic plasticity, insect regulatory genomics, the complex tick sialome, protein expression systems, therapeutic potential of insect antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticle insecticides, and novel uses for recombinant and synthetic spider silks.
Book Synopsis Insects at Low Temperature by : Richard Lee
Download or read book Insects at Low Temperature written by Richard Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for underlying mechanisms at diverse levels of organization ranging from the gene and cell to ecological and evolutionary relationships. Knowledge of insect responses to low temperature is crucial for understanding the biology of insects living in seasonally varying habitats as well as in polar regions. It is not possible to precisely define low temperature. In the tropics exposure to 10-15°C may induce chill coma or death, whereas some insects in temperate and polar regions remain active and indeed even able to fly at O°C or below. In contrast, for persons interested in cryopreservation, low temperature may mean storage in liquid nitrogen at - 196°C. In the last decade, interest in adaptations of invertebrates to low temperature has risen steadily. In part, this book had its origins in a symposium on this subject that was held at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in December, 1988. However, the emergence and growth of this area has also been strongly influenced by an informal group of investigators who met in a series of symposia held in Oslo, Norway in 1982, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1985 and in Cambridge, England in 1988. Another is scheduled for Binghamton, New York, USA (1990).
Book Synopsis Behavioral Genetics of the Fly (Drosophila Melanogaster) by : Josh Dubnau
Download or read book Behavioral Genetics of the Fly (Drosophila Melanogaster) written by Josh Dubnau and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-26 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive portrayal of the behaviour genetics of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the methods used in these studies.
Download or read book Gene Synthesis written by Jean Peccoud and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2012-02-10 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The de novo fabrication of custom DNA molecules is a transformative technology that significantly affects the biotechnology industry. Basic genetic engineering techniques for manipulating DNA in vitro opened an incredible field of opportunity in the life sciences. In, Gene Synthesis: Methods and Protocols expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to fabricate DNA . These include methods and techniques for the assembly of oligonucleotide, cloning of synthons into larger fragments, protocols and software applications, and educational and biosecurity impacts of gene synthesis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, the chapters include the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the laboratory. Thorough and intuitive, Gene Synthese: Methods and Protocols aids scientists in understanding all the different stages of a complex gene synthesis process, while refining their understanding of gene synthesis and determine what part of the process they can or should do in their laboratory and what parts should be contracted to a specialized service provider.
