Gender Roles And Stereotypes In Dorothy Allisons Bastard Out Of Carolina

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Gender Roles and Stereotypes in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out of Carolina"

Author : Anna Wertenbruch
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656026572
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender Roles and Stereotypes in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out of Carolina" by : Anna Wertenbruch

Download or read book Gender Roles and Stereotypes in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out of Carolina" written by Anna Wertenbruch and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-10-11 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 1,7, Ruhr-University of Bochum (Englisches Seminar), course: “You Nothing But Trash“, language: English, abstract: Gender stereotypes and roles are present in the people’s mind and can be found almost everywhere in daily life. Children and adults are confronted and influenced by those stereotypes, most of the time internalize them and behave according to their gender roles. Men and women perform different roles which are based on nothing more than their biological gender. Although these roles cannot be referred to each individual, the majority of people live out their lives in accordance to these pervasive roles. To sum it up, gender is a central and “organizing category in social life” (Warren 7). Women anthropologists from the 1920s up to the present time focused their research on Western women’s issues and examined women’s settings. Their result is that mainly the domestic sphere, child rearing, health and nutrition are the settings or the tasks ascribed to women. In part, this is - according to the anthropologists - a consequence of expectations associated with the society’s home territory and with Western anthropologist’s cultural assumptions. Additionally, the societies which were studied by these anthropologists were often highly gender-segregated and numerous roles and activities could be taken by one gender and were banned to the other (Warren 16). To put in other words, most societies are “husband-centered” (Warren 14) and some of the societies studied “to a degree even greater than is customary in Western Europe and America”. (ibid.) The novel “Bastard Out of Carolina” written by Dorothy Allison deals with gender stereotypes and tells the story of the so called ‘white trash’-girl Ruth ‘Bone’ Boatwright and her family. Allison critiques in the novel not only two of the most damaging bourgeois myths about “white trash” - illegitimacy and incest – but also the ideology of motherhood emphasizing a socially constructed gender system that cuts across social classes (Baker).

Two different types of men: Bone's uncles and Daddy Glen in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out Of Carolina"

Download Two different types of men: Bone's uncles and Daddy Glen in Dorothy Allison's

Author : Luise A. Finke
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3638250636
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (382 download)

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Book Synopsis Two different types of men: Bone's uncles and Daddy Glen in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out Of Carolina" by : Luise A. Finke

Download or read book Two different types of men: Bone's uncles and Daddy Glen in Dorothy Allison's "Bastard Out Of Carolina" written by Luise A. Finke and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2004-02-03 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 1996 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 2,0 (B), University of Leipzig (Institute for American Studies), course: Southern Literature, language: English, abstract: In Dorothy Allison's novel on the growing up a of an illegitimate child in South Carolina and her being abused by her step-father, men are not really the main and acting figures. They are rather minor characters, even Daddy Glen who causes so much pain. The actual "sovereigns" are the women. But the depiction of men in this novel does not only tell about the nature of men in this family but a lot on the values of society and the critique the author expresses and shall thus be the focus of this work. First there are Anney's brothers, Bone's uncles. They are all very much alike in their behavior and attitudes, but Earle is clearly the one who is closest to Anney and Bone and so he is the most often mentioned one of the "Boatwright brothers". And this points to the first phenomenon of male characters in this novel: even if the brothers are partially married (like Nevil), they are always referred to as the "Boatwright brothers"; they seem to be an inseparable unit. What is being said about one of them always refers to the others as well: "Your uncle Beau is a drunk. You know that, but so is your uncle Nevil, and so am I, I suppose", Earle tells Bone1. But mostly the brothers are being talked about as "they" anyway. Of course this also indicates the importance of family bondage in the Boatwright family, but if one looks at the way Bone's aunts are mentioned and spoken about in the novel, the unity of the brothers is exceptional. Bone as the I-narrator does talk about her aunts in a collective plural some times, but mostly the aunts are being referred to as single persons and are also clearly different from each other in their character and conditions of living. This phenomenon of the brothers only being referred to as a group has other reasons too, but this would lead us very deep into the novel and shall be postponed to a later part of the interpretation. [...] 1Dorothy Allison: Bastard Out Of Carolina. Flamingo, London 1993, p. 125. All of the following quotations will refer to this edition

Bastard Out of Carolina

Author : Dorothy Allison
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101007176
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Bastard Out of Carolina by : Dorothy Allison

Download or read book Bastard Out of Carolina written by Dorothy Allison and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2005-09-06 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A profound portrait of family dynamics in the rural South and “an essential novel” (The New Yorker) “As close to flawless as any reader could ask for . . . The living language [Allison] has created is as exact and innovative as the language of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Catcher in the Rye.” —The New York Times Book Review The publication of Dorothy Allison’s Bastard Out of Carolina was a landmark event that won the author a National Book Award nomination and launched her into the literary spotlight. Critics have likened Allison to Harper Lee, naming her the first writer of her generation to dramatize the lives and language of poor whites in the South. Since its appearance, the novel has inspired an award-winning film and has been banned from libraries and classrooms, championed by fans, and defended by critics. Greenville County, South Carolina, is a wild, lush place that is home to the Boatwright family—a tight-knit clan of rough-hewn, hard-drinking men who shoot up each other’s trucks, and indomitable women who get married young and age too quickly. At the heart of this story is Ruth Anne Boatwright, known simply as Bone, a bastard child who observes the world around her with a mercilessly keen perspective. When her stepfather Daddy Glen, “cold as death, mean as a snake,” becomes increasingly more vicious toward her, Bone finds herself caught in a family triangle that tests the loyalty of her mother, Anney—and leads to a final, harrowing encounter from which there can be no turning back.

Women's Studies Quarterly (98:1-2)

Author : Renny Christopher
Publisher : Feminist Press at CUNY
ISBN 13 : 9781558611917
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Women's Studies Quarterly (98:1-2) by : Renny Christopher

Download or read book Women's Studies Quarterly (98:1-2) written by Renny Christopher and published by Feminist Press at CUNY. This book was released on 1998-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Â Â Â This vital and engaging collection expands and builds upone Women's Studies Quarterly's groundbreaking 1995 volume, honored with an award from the Council of Editor's of Learned Journals. The poetry, testimony, analysis, history, and theory collected here, which includes works by Patti See and Janet Zandy, not only suggests connective threads for understanding working-class experiences and literatures but also explores intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and class. Such explorations are arranged around the issue's four themes: family, education, the workplace, and identity. From South African sexual relationships, to teaching Medieval studies to working-class students, to the politics of a deaf workers' publication, to poems written in prison, this issue testifies to the growing depth and scope of working-class studies. Essential reading for all interested in the field, this issue offers an anvaluable framework for discussing working-class literature, culture, and artistic production, while also attending to the material conditions of working class peoples' lives.

Two or Three Things I Know for Sure

Author : Dorothy Allison
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101127988
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Two or Three Things I Know for Sure by : Dorothy Allison

Download or read book Two or Three Things I Know for Sure written by Dorothy Allison and published by Penguin. This book was released on 1996-08-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bastard Out of Carolina, nominated for the 1992 National Book Award for fiction, introduced Dorothy Allison as one of the most passionate and gifted writers of her generation. Now, in Two or Three Things I Know for Sure, she takes a probing look at her family's history to give us a lyrical, complex memoir that explores how the gossip of one generation can become legends for the next. Illustrated with photographs from the author's personal collection, Two or Three Things I Know for Sure tells the story of the Gibson women -- sisters, cousins, daughters, and aunts -- and the men who loved them, often abused them, and, nonetheless, shared their destinies. With luminous clarity, Allison explores how desire surprises and what power feels like to a young girl as she confronts abuse. As always, Dorothy Allison is provocative, confrontational, and brutally honest. Two or Three Things I Know for Sure, steeped in the hard-won wisdom of experience, expresses the strength of her unique vision with beauty and eloquence.

Trash

Author : Dorothy Allison
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101117818
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Trash by : Dorothy Allison

Download or read book Trash written by Dorothy Allison and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2002-09-24 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trash, Allison's landmark collection, laid the groundwork for her critically acclaimed Bastard Out of Carolina, the National Book Award finalist that was hailed by The New York Times Book Review as "simply stunning...a wonderful work of fiction by a major talent." In addition to Allison's classic stories, this new edition of Trash features "Stubborn Girls and Mean Stories," an introduction in which Allison discusses the writing of Trash and "Compassion," a never-before-published short story. First published in 1988, the award-winning Trash showcases Allison at her most fearlessly honest and startlingly vivid. The limitless scope of human emotion and experience are depicted in stories that give aching and eloquent voice to the terrible wounds we inflict on those closest to us. These are tales of loss and redemption; of shame and forgiveness; of love and abuse and the healing power of storytelling. A book that resonates with uncompromising candor and incandescence, Trash is sure to captivate Allison's legion of readers and win her a devoted new following.

The Women who Hate Me

Author : Dorothy Allison
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780932379986
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (799 download)

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Book Synopsis The Women who Hate Me by : Dorothy Allison

Download or read book The Women who Hate Me written by Dorothy Allison and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Razor sharp, angry, and full of passion, Dorothy Allison stands her ground and refuses to leave any of the hard stuff behind. Whether writing about her dirt-poor Southern childhood, its brutalities and its love, or her lesbian lust--her outlaw sexuality--her poetry is cheeky, touching, and on target as she speaks the truth to the women she loves."--BOOK JACKET.

Major Decisions

Author : Laurie Grobman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0812251989
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Major Decisions by : Laurie Grobman

Download or read book Major Decisions written by Laurie Grobman and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The book is an academic/career guide. It argues for the importance of the humanities for job skills and for participation in civic life and politics. The book will help students speak persuasively about the usefulness of their humanities degrees"--

Cavedweller

Author : Dorothy Allison
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101127600
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Cavedweller by : Dorothy Allison

Download or read book Cavedweller written by Dorothy Allison and published by Penguin. This book was released on 1999-05-01 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the author of the "flawless" (The New York Times Book Review) classic Bastard Out of Carolina comes Cavedweller, once again demonstrating Allison's umatched strengths as a storyteller. Reading "like a thematic sequel" (The New Yorker) to her first novel, Cavedweller tackles questions of forgiveness, mother-daughter bonds, and the strength of the human spirit. When Delia Byrd packs up her old Datsun and her daughter Cissy and gets on the Santa Monica Freeway heading south and east, she is leaving everything she has known for ten years: the tinsel glitter of the rock 'n' roll world; her dreams of singing and songwriting; and a life lived on credit cards and whiskey with a man who made promises he couldn't keep. Delia Byrd is going back to Cayro, Georgia, to reclaim her life--and the two daughters she left behind...Told in the incantatory voice of one of America's most eloquent storytellers, Cavedweller is a sweeping novel of the human spirit, the lost and hidden recesses of the heart, and the place where violence and redemption intersect.

The Angelic Mother and the Predatory Seductress

Author : Ashley Craig Lancaster
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807144460
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Angelic Mother and the Predatory Seductress by : Ashley Craig Lancaster

Download or read book The Angelic Mother and the Predatory Seductress written by Ashley Craig Lancaster and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2012-06-20 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Angelic Mother and the Predatory Seductress, Ashley Craig Lancaster examines how converging political and cultural movements helped to create dualistic images of southern poor white female characters in Depression-era literature. While other studies address the familial and labor issues that challenged female literary characters during the 1930s, Lancaster focuses on how the evolving eugenics movement reinforced the dichotomy of altruistic maternal figures and destructive sexual deviants. According to Lancaster, these binary stereotypes became a new analogy for hope and despair in America's future and were well utilized by Depression-era politicians and authors to stabilize the country's economic decline. As a result, the complexity of women's lives was often overlooked in favor of stock characters incapable of individuality. Lancaster studies a variety of works, including those by male authors William Faulkner, Erskine Caldwell, and John Steinbeck, as well as female novelists Mary Heaton Vorse, Myra Page, Grace Lumpkin, and Olive Tilford Dargan. She identifies female stereotypes in classics such as To Kill a Mockingbird and in the work of later writers Dorothy Allison and Rick Bragg, who embrace and share in a poor white background. The Angelic Mother and the Predatory Seductress reveals that these literary stereotypes continue to influence not only society's perception of poor white southern women but also women's perception of themselves.

The Female Gothic

Author : Juliann E. Fleenor
Publisher : Eden Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Female Gothic by : Juliann E. Fleenor

Download or read book The Female Gothic written by Juliann E. Fleenor and published by Eden Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Doubly Erased

Author : Allison E. Carey
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438493576
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Doubly Erased by : Allison E. Carey

Download or read book Doubly Erased written by Allison E. Carey and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2023-07-01 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book of its kind, Doubly Erased is a comprehensive study of the rich tradition of LGBTQ themes and characters in Appalachian novels, memoirs, poetry, drama, and film. Appalachia has long been seen as homogenous and tradition-bound. Allison E. Carey helps to remedy this misunderstanding, arguing that it has led to LGBTQ Appalachian authors being doubly erased—routinely overlooked both within United States literature because they are Appalachian and within the Appalachian literary tradition because they are queer. In exploring motifs of visibility, silence, storytelling, home, food, and more, Carey brings the full significance and range of LGBTQ Appalachian literature into relief. Dorothy Allison's Bastard Out of Carolina and Alison Bechdel's Fun Home are considered alongside works by Maggie Anderson, doris davenport, Jeff Mann, Lisa Alther, Julia Watts, Fenton Johnson, and Silas House, as well as filmmaker Beth Stephens. While primarily focused on 1976 to 2020, Doubly Erased also looks back to the region's literary "elders," thoughtfully mapping the place of sexuality in the lives and works of George Scarbrough, Byron Herbert Reece, and James Still.

Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists

Author : Robert Rebein
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813184592
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists by : Robert Rebein

Download or read book Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists written by Robert Rebein and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robert Rebein argues that much literary fiction of the 1980s and 90s represents a triumphant, if tortured, return to questions about place and the individual that inspired the works of Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, Faulkner, and other giants of American literature. Concentrating on the realist bent and regional orientation in contemporary fiction, he discusses in detail the various names by which this fiction has been described, including literary postmodernism, minimalism, Hick Chic, Dirty Realism, ecofeminism, and more. Rebein's clearly written, nuanced interpretations of works by Raymond Carver, Cormac McCarthy, Don DeLillo, Louise Erdrich, Dorothy Allison, Barbara Kingsolver, E. Annie Proulx, Chris Offut, and others, will appeal to a wide range of readers.

Cultivating Stereotyped Gender Roles

Author : Nadine Klemens
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 363864166X
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (386 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultivating Stereotyped Gender Roles by : Nadine Klemens

Download or read book Cultivating Stereotyped Gender Roles written by Nadine Klemens and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-07 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2+ (B), Technical University of Braunschweig (English Seminar), 22 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Women are more emotional than men, they speak in a different way than men, but how are they spoken about? Throughout the last century there has been a lot of discussion concerning language and gender. Mainly, linguists have focused on the different discourse strategies and conversational styles of women and men, that is, they dealt with the difference of women's and men's language. Sexism became an important point of discussion in the 1960s, and especially feminist critiques have discussed the sexist representation of women in language. Many linguists tried to find alternatives for features of language that discriminate against women, and thus sought to correct existing sex biases. In a time where the inequality of the sexes is said to have diminished, the anti-sexism movement seems to have decreased, as well. People try to speak in a politically correct way, a way that is not sexist or racist, but certain stereotypes are nevertheless still part of the language system. This can be seen when taking a closer look at the media, which plays an important role in the process of language development. Newspapers articles, for example, have to be objective and without bias, but as they employ language that is politically correct with regard to common language usage, they reflect the language of a society. Consequently, the media is a rich source for analysis when it comes to examining to what extent sexism is still an issue today. Has the feminist fight against male supremacy been without effect? The author discusses if sexism in language has diminished and how it is dealt with. Therefore, sexist language is defined and the relationship to society with the help of several linguistic approaches. As part of this, the different features of sexis

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird

Author : Michael J. Meyer
Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810877236
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird by : Michael J. Meyer

Download or read book Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird written by Michael J. Meyer and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2010-10-14 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was published to critical acclaim. To commemorate To Kill a Mockingbird's 50th anniversary, Michael J. Meyer has assembled a collection of new essays that celebrate this enduring work of American literature. These essays approach the novel from educational, legal, social, and thematic perspectives. Harper Lee's only novel won the Pulitzer Prize and was transformed into a beloved film starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. An American classic that frequently appears in middle school and high school curriculums, the novel has been subjected to criticism for its subject matter and language. Still relevant and meaningful, To Kill a Mockingbird has nonetheless been under-appreciated by many critics. There are few books that address Lee's novel's contribution to the American canon and still fewer that offer insights that can be used by teachers and by students. These essays suggest that author Harper Lee deserves more credit for skillfully shaping a masterpiece that not only addresses the problems of the 1930s but also helps its readers see the problems and prejudices the world faces today. Intended for high school and undergraduate usage, as well as for teachers planning to use To Kill a Mockingbird in their classrooms, this collection will be a valuable resource for all teachers of American literature.

Witnessing Sadism in Texts of the American South

Author : Claire Raymond
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351872532
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Witnessing Sadism in Texts of the American South by : Claire Raymond

Download or read book Witnessing Sadism in Texts of the American South written by Claire Raymond and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-10-28 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking at works by Carrie Mae Weems, Toni Morrison, Emily Dickinson, Flannery O'Connor, Dorothy Allison, Carson McCullers, and Zora Neale Hurston, Claire Raymond uncovers a pattern of femininity constructed around representations of sadistic violence in American women's literature and photography from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dickinson's poetry is read through its relationship to the Southern Agrarian critics who championed her work. While the representations of violence found in Carrie Mae Weems's installation From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried, Morrison's Beloved, Dickinson’s poetry, O'Connor's 'A View of the Woods' and 'A Good Man Is Hard to Find,' Allison's Bastard Out of Carolina, McCullers' Ballad of the Sad Café, and Hurston's Mules and Men are diverse in terms of artistic presentation, all allude to or are set in the antebellum and Jim Crow South. In addition, all involve feminine characters whose subjectivity is shaped by the practice of seeing acts of violence inflicted where there can be no effective resistance. While not proposing an equivalence between representing violence in visual images and written text, Raymond does suggest that visual images of violence can be interpreted in context with written evocations of violent imagery. Invoking sadism in its ethical sense of violence enacted on a victim for whom self-defense and recourse of any kind are impossible, Raymond's study is ultimately an exploration of the idea that a femininity constructed by the positioning of feminine characters as witnesses to sadistic acts is a phenomenon distinctly of the American South that is linked to the culture's history of racism.

Poverty Politics

Author : Sarah Robertson
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496824342
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Politics by : Sarah Robertson

Download or read book Poverty Politics written by Sarah Robertson and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2019-08-23 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representations of southern poor whites have long shifted between romanticization and demonization. At worst, poor southern whites are aligned with racism, bigotry, and right-wing extremism, and, at best, regarded as the passive victims of wider, socioeconomic policies. In Poverty Politics: Poor Whites in Contemporary Southern Writing, author Sarah Robertson pushes beyond these stereotypes and explores the impact of neoliberalism and welfare reform on depictions of poverty. Robertson examines representations of southern poor whites across various types of literature, including travel writing, photo-narratives, life-writing, and eco-literature, and reveals a common interest in communitarianism that crosses the boundaries of the US South and regionalism, moving past ideas about the culture of poverty to examine the economics of poverty. Included are critical examinations of the writings of southern writers such as Dorothy Allison, Rick Bragg, Barbara Kingsolver, Tim McLaurin, Toni Morrison, and Ann Pancake. Poverty Politics includes critical engagement with identity politics as well as reflections on issues including Hurricane Katrina, the 2008 financial crisis, and mountaintop removal. Robertson interrogates the presumed opposition between the Global North and the Global South and engages with microregions through case studies on Appalachian photo-narratives and eco-literature. Importantly, she focuses not merely on representations of southern poor whites, but also on writing that calls for alternative ways of reconceptualizing not just the poor, but societal measures of time, value, and worth.