From Biology To Clinical Management An Update On Aortic Valve Disease 2nd Edition

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From Biology to Clinical Management: An Update on Aortic Valve Disease. 2nd Edition

Author : Cécile Oury
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889633551
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis From Biology to Clinical Management: An Update on Aortic Valve Disease. 2nd Edition by : Cécile Oury

Download or read book From Biology to Clinical Management: An Update on Aortic Valve Disease. 2nd Edition written by Cécile Oury and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most frequent valvular heart disease in Western countries, affecting up to 13% of individuals over 75 years. The disease is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by fibro-calcification of aortic valve cusps and concomitant left ventricular remodelling due to chronic pressure overload, which can evolve into overt heart failure. It progresses very slowly until the onset of symptoms, the indication for aortic valve replacement. Today, about 300,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually worldwide, either via surgery or transcatheter implantation. This is the only treatment shown to improve survival. There is no pharmacological treatment to prevent or slow disease progression. Major risk factors include older age, congenital anomalies of the aortic valve (bicuspid valve), male gender, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and diabetes. However, how these factors contribute to the disease in unclear. Due to the disease itself, patients are at increased risk of both thrombosis and bleeding, which, in addition to advanced age and comorbidities, makes antithrombotic management of these patients difficult. Regarding valve prostheses, the ideal prosthesis either mechanical or biological still does not exist. Clinically available prostheses can lead to major complications, thrombosis or infection, which necessitate reoperation or cause death in 50-60% of patients within 10 years post-implantation. Hence, there are major unmet medical needs in CAVS and more basic and translational research is definitely required. Our Research Topic depicts major challenges and research paths that could be followed to address these major health needs.

Calcific Aortic Valve Disease

Author : Elena Aikawa
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535111507
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Calcific Aortic Valve Disease by : Elena Aikawa

Download or read book Calcific Aortic Valve Disease written by Elena Aikawa and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-06-12 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to population aging, calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has become the most common heart valve disease in Western countries. No therapies exist to slow this disease progression, and surgical valve replacement is the only effective treatment. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease covers the contemporary understanding of basic valve biology and the mechanisms of CAVD, provides novel insights into the genetics, proteomics, and metabolomics of CAVD, depicts new strategies in heart valve tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and explores current treatment approaches. As we are on the verge of understanding the mechanisms of CAVD, we hope that this book will enable readers to comprehend our current knowledge and focus on the possibility of preventing disease progression in the future.

Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease

Author : Dr. Scott Dougherty
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323754600
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (237 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease by : Dr. Scott Dougherty

Download or read book Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease written by Dr. Scott Dougherty and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-02-22 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease is a concise, yet comprehensive, clinical resource highlighting must-know information on rheumatic heart disease and acute rheumatic fever from a global perspective. Covering the major issues dominating the field, this practical resource presents sufficient detail for a deep and thorough understanding of the latest treatment options, potential complications, and disease management strategies to improve patient outcomes. - Divided into four distinct sections for ease of navigation: Acute Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Population-Based Strategies for Disease Control, and Acute and Emergency Presentations. - International editors and chapter authors ensure a truly global perspective. - Covers all clinical aspects, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and treatment. - Includes key topics on population-based measures for disease control for effective primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. - Consolidates today's available information and guidance into a single, convenient resource.

The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

Author : A. John Camm
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780198824879
Total Pages : 3198 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine by : A. John Camm

Download or read book The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine written by A. John Camm and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 3198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Valvular Heart Disease

Author : Andrew Wang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1597454117
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Valvular Heart Disease by : Andrew Wang

Download or read book Valvular Heart Disease written by Andrew Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-14 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenges for the treatment of valvular heart disease include the growing need for effective yet less invasive interventions and therapies to treat these progressive conditions. With the development of potential new treatments, it is crucial for cardiac physicians to be well informed on the pathophysiology, assessment, treatment options and their outcomes of valvular diseases. Written by a highly experienced and internationally recognized group of cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and researchers, Valvular Heart Disease offers insights into the widely varying hemodynamic effects and clinical course of heart valve conditions, as well as the contemporary management of these conditions. Offering a broad perspective on these diseases, Valvular Heart Disease expands on the recent guidelines developed by the major heart societies in the United State and Europe.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases

Author : C.A. Nienaber
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792355175
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (551 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases by : C.A. Nienaber

Download or read book Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases written by C.A. Nienaber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-03-31 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes recent surgical techniques developed to improve prognosis in aortic diseases, and discusses recent interventional strategies such as endovascular stent-graft placement and non-surgical reconstruction of the aorta. Chapters deal with aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and dissections, inherited disorders of the aorta, aortic trauma, aortitis, and etiology and pathology of aortic malformations. Each chapter is organized in a similar fashion, with information on demographic aspects, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Aortopathy

Author : Koichiro Niwa
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 4431560718
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Aortopathy by : Koichiro Niwa

Download or read book Aortopathy written by Koichiro Niwa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-09 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first textbook to focus on Aortopathy, a new clinical concept for a form of vasculopathy. The first section of the book starts from discussing general concept and history of Aortopathy, and then deals with its pathophysiology, manifestation, intrinsic factor, clinical implication, management and prevention. The second part closely looks at various disorders of the Aortopathy such as bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of aorta. The book editors have published a lot of works on the topic and have been collecting relating data in the field of congenital heart disease for the past 20 years, thus present the book with confidence. The topic - an association of aortic pathophysiological abnormality, aortic dilation and aorto-left ventricular interaction - is getting more and more attention among cardiovascular physicians. This is the first book to refer for cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, surgeons, ACHD specialists, etc. to acquire thorough knowledge on Aortopathy.

Cardiovascular Pathology

Author : L. Maximilian Buja
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128004592
Total Pages : 833 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Pathology by : L. Maximilian Buja

Download or read book Cardiovascular Pathology written by L. Maximilian Buja and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-11-11 with total page 833 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular Pathology, Fourth Edition, provides users with a comprehensive overview that encompasses its examination, cardiac structure, both normal and physiologically altered, and a multitude of abnormalities. This updated edition offers current views on interventions, both medical and surgical, and the pathology related to them. Congenital heart disease and its pathobiology are covered in some depth, as are vasculitis and neoplasias. Each section has been revised to reflect new discoveries in clinical and molecular pathology, with new chapters updated and written with a practical approach, especially with regards to the discussion of pathophysiology. New chapters reflect recent technological advances with cardiac devices, transplants, genetics, and immunology. Each chapter is highly illustrated and covers contemporary aspects of the disease processes, including a section on the role of molecular diagnostics and cytogenetics as specifically related to cardiovascular pathology. Customers buy the Print + Electronic product together! Serves as a contemporary, all-inclusive guide to cardiovascular pathology for clinicians and researchers, as well as clinical residents and fellows of pathology, cardiology, cardiac surgery, and internal medicine Offers new organization of each chapter to enable uniformity for learning and reference: Definition, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis/Genetics, Light and Electron Microscopy/Immunohistochemistry, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment and Potential Complications Features six new chapters and expanded coverage of the normal heart and blood vessels, cardiovascular devices, congenital heart disease, tropical and infectious cardiac disease, and forensic pathology of the cardiovascular system Contains 400+ full color illustrations and an online image collection facilitate research, study, and lecture slide creation

A Practical Handbook on Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Therapy

Author : Dietrich Klauwer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319924419
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis A Practical Handbook on Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Therapy by : Dietrich Klauwer

Download or read book A Practical Handbook on Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Therapy written by Dietrich Klauwer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-11 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book combines valid physiology and treatment strategies with the institutional experience of one of the leading German pediatric heart centers. It is intended as a pragmatic guide, focusing on daily practice and bedside medicine: straightforward, easy to implement, and results-oriented. It offers readers a profound understanding of intensive care, with a specific focus on organ systems, their interactions, and the effect of life support technologies, pursuing a comprehensive approach to congenital heart defects and therapies, including pitfalls and solutions. The target group is extended towards pediatric cardiologists and anesthesiologists by integrating chapters on the systematic analysis of hemodynamics and anatomy, diagnostics and treatment of congenital heart defects, plus a chapter on modern anesthesiology during heart operations with a focus on early extubation that minimizes on-pump and medication trauma. As such, the book offers a pragmatic and clinically oriented guide for physicians with advanced experience and expertise in (cardiac) intensive and intermediate care, as well as beginners and junior physicians.

A Comprehensive Approach to Congenital Heart Diseases

Author : IB Vijayalakshmi
Publisher : JP Medical Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9350902672
Total Pages : 1134 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Approach to Congenital Heart Diseases by : IB Vijayalakshmi

Download or read book A Comprehensive Approach to Congenital Heart Diseases written by IB Vijayalakshmi and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a problem with the structure and function of the heart that is present at birth and is the most common type of birth defect (PubMed Health). This comprehensive guide offers a step by step approach to the diagnosis and management of different types of CHD, at different stages of life. Beginning with an introduction to the development of the foetal cardiovascular system and genetic, the following section discusses the basics of heart examination, radiography and terminology. Each section progresses through different conditions and examines the transition of care into adulthood and long term issues facing adults with CHD. Key points Comprehensive, step by step guide to congenital heart disease (CHD) Covers diagnosis and management of CHD disorders at all stages of life Internationally recognised author and editor team Includes more than 1000 full colour images and illustrations

How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease

Author : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease by : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Moss & Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, Including the Fetus and Young Adult

Author : Hugh D. Allen
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1496300262
Total Pages : 4808 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (963 download)

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Book Synopsis Moss & Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, Including the Fetus and Young Adult by : Hugh D. Allen

Download or read book Moss & Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, Including the Fetus and Young Adult written by Hugh D. Allen and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2016-02-02 with total page 4808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 9th edition of the gold standard in pediatric cardiology offers up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of this challenging and rapidly changing field. New chapters based on reader requests, two new associate editors, new contributing authors, and an enhanced digital version of the text make Moss and Adams’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents the reference you’ll turn to when caring for patients. From cover to cover, this award-winning two-volume resource provides the authoritative, state-of-the-art information you need when caring for young patients with heart disease. New, reader-requested chapters cover Development of Myocardial Structure and Function, Global Challenge of Heart Disease, Impact of Congenital Heart Disease on Other Organ Systems, Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy, Beyond the Cardiac Device, and Transition to Adult Care. All chapters have been updated and revised, including vital new information on genetics and embryo development. Two new associate editors, Drs. Daniel J. Penny and Frank Cetta, offer fresh perspectives in their areas of expertise. Enhanced digital access includes the full text; bonus question and answer sections similar to those on the pediatric cardiology board examination; videos of echoes, angiograms, aortic arch anomalies, open-heart operations, and more; and phonocardiograms with accompanying audio of various heart sounds and murmurs.

Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease E-Book

Author : Michael A. Gatzoulis
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455710016
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease E-Book by : Michael A. Gatzoulis

Download or read book Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease E-Book written by Michael A. Gatzoulis and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-10-13 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease, by Drs. Gatzoulis, Webb, and Daubeney, is a practical, one-stop resource designed to help you manage the unique challenges of treating long-term adult survivors of congenital heart disease. Authored by internationally known leaders in the field, this edition is the first that truly integrates anatomy and imaging technology into clinical practice, and includes new chapters on cardiac CT for ACHD assessment, critical and perioperative care, anesthesia for ACHD surgery, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and transition of care. Congenital defects are presented with high-quality illustrations and appropriate imaging modalities. Find all the information you need in one user-friendly resource that integrates anatomy, clinical signs, and therapeutic options. Confidently make decisions aided by specific recommendations about the benefits and risks of surgeries, catheter interventions, and drug therapy for difficult clinical problems. Recognize and diagnose morphologic disorders with the help of detailed, full-color diagrams. Quickly find what you need thanks to easily accessible, consistently organized chapters and key annotated references. Keep pace with the latest advancements including five new chapters on cardiac CT for ACHD assessment, critical and perioperative care, anaesthesia for ACHD surgery, cardiac resynchronisation therapy, and transition of care Comply with the latest European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) practice guidelines - integrated throughout the book - for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronisation therapy See imaging findings as they appear in practice and discern subtle nuances thanks to new, high-quality images and illustrations Integrates anatomy, clinical signs and therapeutic options of congenital heart disease both in print and online!

Transcatheter Valve Therapies

Author : Christoph Huber
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781138116108
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Transcatheter Valve Therapies by : Christoph Huber

Download or read book Transcatheter Valve Therapies written by Christoph Huber and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The landscape of cardiac surgery is changing, as is the field of interventional cardiology. The idea of accessing and replacing a failing valve through the patients vasculature has become the most rapidly expanding therapy of choice in cardiovascular disease. Transcatheter Valve Therapies chronicles the astonishing advances that have taken place in the field and prepares readers for the challenging future of cardiac valve therapies. Designed to meet the growing needs of cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anesthetists, and general practitioners, the book covers all aspects from logistic needs to clinical outcomes. It provides a comprehensive overview of transcatheter valve therapies and the necessary understanding for a successful clinical introduction at individual institutions. Topics include: Epidemiologic considerations Aspects of balloon aortic valvuloplasty as a stand-alone procedure or as part of the transcatheter valve replacement The history of how transcatheter valve therapies were implemented into surgical practice New imaging modalities The particularities of transcatheter access Aortic root anatomy Emerging technologies and future design improvements Development steps of aortic devices and potential solutions for transcatheter tricuspid, mitral, and pulmonary valve replacement The rigorous testing requirements for endovascular medical devices Clinical results of aortic transcatheter valve therapies in easy accessible text and table formats The future of transcatheter valve therapies All topics are discussed based on the author's own clinical and experimental experience in the field. This volume is essential for anyone involved in transcatheter valve implantation, clinicians wishing to become more involved in improving transcatheter valve therapies, and researchers engaged in building and creating new medical technologies to shape the cardiovascular landscape of the future.

Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes

Author : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 1587634333
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (876 download)

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Book Synopsis Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes by : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ

Download or read book Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes written by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.

Moss & Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Author : Hugh D. Allen
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1451171277
Total Pages : 1757 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Moss & Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents by : Hugh D. Allen

Download or read book Moss & Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents written by Hugh D. Allen and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2013-05-30 with total page 1757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 8th Edition of Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Including the Fetus and Young Adult, provides updated and useful information from leading experts in pediatric cardiology. Added chapters and a companion web site that includes the full text with bonus question and answer sections make this Moss and Adams’ edition a valuable resource for those who care for infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and fetuses with heart disease. Features: · Access to online questions similar to those on the pediatric cardiology board examination to prepare you for certification or recertification · Leading international experts provide state-of-the-art diagnostic and interventional techniques to keep you abreast of the latest advances in treatment of young patients · Chapters on quality of life, quality and safety, pharmacology, and research design add to this well-respected text

From Hypertension to Heart Failure

Author : Michael Böhm
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642603009
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis From Hypertension to Heart Failure by : Michael Böhm

Download or read book From Hypertension to Heart Failure written by Michael Böhm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease and heart fail ure are the commonest cardiovascular conditions to present in clinical practice. Over the past few years it has become in creasingly clear that they are closely and causally interrelated and that their relationship can have a significant bearing on prognosis. Epidemiological studies have shown that arterial hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for de veloping heart failure. Only one in four patients with hyper tension is adequately managed, and in 50% of cases, the hypertension has not been recognised or treated. Patients with pre-existing hypertension who go on to suffer an acute myocardial infarction have usually not previously had typi cal angina symptoms, the infarct territory is larger, life threatening arrhythmias are commoner and hence in-hospi tal mortality and long-term prognosis are markedly worse. The presence of raised blood pressure in the post-infarct phase doubles the risk of manifest heart failure. The close relationship between hypertension, coronary heart disease and heart failure makes the choice of therapeu tic strategy particularly important. Agents and classes of agents that have prognostic value in all three conditions should be considered first, as synergy might result in addi tional benefits. In such patients, this sort of therapeutic deci sion-making might have further advantages. The use of these agents may prevent complications which are not yet clinically obvious (such as heart failure).