French and Creole in Louisiana

Download French and Creole in Louisiana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475752784
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis French and Creole in Louisiana by : Albert Valdman

Download or read book French and Creole in Louisiana written by Albert Valdman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading specialists on Cajun French and Louisiana Creole examine dialectology and sociolinguistics in this volume, the first comprehensive treatment of the linguistic situation of francophone Louisiana and its relation to the current development of French in North America outside of Quebec. Topics discussed include: language shift and code mixing speaker attitudes the role of schools and media in the maintenance of these languages and such language planning initiatives as the CODOFIL program to revive the sue of French in Louisiana. £/LIST£

French, Cajun, Creole, Houma

Download French, Cajun, Creole, Houma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807130362
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis French, Cajun, Creole, Houma by : Carl A. Brasseaux

Download or read book French, Cajun, Creole, Houma written by Carl A. Brasseaux and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2005-03-01 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, ethnographers have recognized south Louisiana as home to perhaps the most complex rural society in North America. More than a dozen French-speaking immigrant groups have been identified there, Cajuns and white Creoles being the most famous. In this guide to the amazing social, cultural, and linguistic variation within Louisiana's French-speaking region, Carl A. Brasseaux presents an overview of the origins and evolution of all the Francophone communities. Brasseaux examines the impact of French immigration on Louisiana over the past three centuries. He shows how this once-undesirable outpost of the French empire became colonized by individuals ranging from criminals to entrepreneurs who went on to form a multifaceted society -- one that, unlike other American melting pots, rests upon a French cultural foundation. A prolific author and expert on the region, Brasseaux offers readers an entertaining history of how these diverse peoples created south Louisiana's famous vibrant culture, interacting with African Americans, Spaniards, and Protestant Anglos and encountering influences from southern plantation life and the Caribbean. He explores in detail three still cohesive components in the Francophone melting pot, each one famous for having retained a distinct identity: the Creole communities, both black and white; the Cajun people; and the state's largest concentration of French speakers -- the Houma tribe. A product of thirty years' research, French, Cajun, Creole, Houma provides a reliable and understandable guide to the ethnic roots of a region long popular as an international tourist attraction.

Folklore Figures of French and Creole Louisiana

Download Folklore Figures of French and Creole Louisiana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807174815
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Folklore Figures of French and Creole Louisiana by : Nathan Rabalais

Download or read book Folklore Figures of French and Creole Louisiana written by Nathan Rabalais and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2021-03-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Folklore Figures of French and Creole Louisiana, Nathan J. Rabalais examines the impact of Louisiana’s remarkably diverse cultural and ethnic groups on folklore characters and motifs during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Establishing connections between Louisiana and France, West Africa, Canada, and the Antilles, Rabalais explores how folk characters, motifs, and morals adapted to their new contexts in Louisiana. By viewing the state’s folklore in the light of its immigration history, he demonstrates how folktales can serve as indicators of sociocultural adaptation as well as contact among cultural communities. In particular, he examines the ways in which collective traumas experienced by Louisiana’s major ethnic groups—slavery, the grand dérangement, linguistic discrimination—resulted in fundamental changes in these folktales in relation to their European and African counterparts. Rabalais points to the development of an altered moral economy in Cajun and Creole folktales. Conventional heroic qualities, such as physical strength, are subverted in Louisiana folklore in favor of wit and cunning. Analyses of Black Creole animal tales like those of Bouki et Lapin and Tortie demonstrate the trickster hero’s ability to overcome both literal and symbolic entrapment through cleverness. Some elements of Louisiana’s folklore tradition, such as the rougarou and cauchemar, remain an integral presence in the state’s cultural landscape, apparent in humor, popular culture, regional branding, and children’s books. Through its adaptive use of folklore, French and Creole Louisiana will continue to retell old stories in innovative ways as well as create new stories for future generations.

Dictionary of Louisiana French

Download Dictionary of Louisiana French PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1604734043
Total Pages : 934 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dictionary of Louisiana French by : Albert Valdman

Download or read book Dictionary of Louisiana French written by Albert Valdman and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2010 with total page 934 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dictionary of Louisiana French (DLF) provides the richest inventory of French vocabulary in Louisiana and reflects precisely the speech of the period from 1930 to the present. This dictionary describes the current usage of French-speaking peoples in the five broad regions of South Louisiana: the coastal marshes, the banks of the Mississippi River, the central area, the north, and the western prairie. Data were collected during interviews from at least five persons in each of twenty-four areas in these regions. In addition to the data collected from fieldwork, the dictionary contains material compiled from existing lexical inventories, from texts published after 1930, and from archival recordings. The new authoritative resource, the DLF not only contains the largest number of words and expressions but also provides the most complete information available for each entry. Entries include the word in the conventional French spelling, the pronunciation (including attested variants), the part of speech classification, the English equivalent, and the word's use in common phrases. The DLF features a wealth of illustrative examples derived from fieldwork and textual sources and identification of the parish where the entry was collected or the source from which it was compiled. An English-to-Louisiana French index enables readers to find out how particular notions would be expressed in la Louisiane .

Parle Creole French

Download Parle Creole French PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781439269299
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (692 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Parle Creole French by : Denise Labrie

Download or read book Parle Creole French written by Denise Labrie and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Product DescriptionParle Creole French: Southern Louisiana Dialect is a presentation of the unique indigenous language spoken by Inez Prejean Calegon.

The Story of French New Orleans

Download The Story of French New Orleans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496804872
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Story of French New Orleans by : Dianne Guenin-Lelle

Download or read book The Story of French New Orleans written by Dianne Guenin-Lelle and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2016-02-04 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is it about the city of New Orleans? History, location, and culture continue to link it to France while distancing it culturally and symbolically from the United States. This book explores the traces of French language, history, and artistic expression that have been present there over the last three hundred years. This volume focuses on the French, Spanish, and American colonial periods to understand the imprint that French socio-cultural dynamic left on the Crescent City. The migration of Acadians to New Orleans at the time the city became a Spanish dominion and the arrival of Haitian refugees when the city became an American territory oddly reinforced its Francophone identity. However, in the process of establishing itself as an urban space in the Antebellum South, the culture of New Orleans became a liability for New Orleans elite after the Louisiana Purchase. New Orleans and the Caribbean share numerous historical, cultural, and linguistic connections. The book analyzes these connections and the shared process of creolization occurring in New Orleans and throughout the Caribbean Basin. It suggests “French” New Orleans might be understood as a trope for unscripted “original” Creole social and cultural elements. Since being Creole came to connote African descent, the study suggests that an association with France in the minds of whites allowed for a less racially-bound and contested social order within the United States.

Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Creole French & "Cajun" Language Tell Their Own Story

Download Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Creole French &

Author :
Publisher : BookRix
ISBN 13 : 3730911465
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Creole French & "Cajun" Language Tell Their Own Story by : John laFleur II

Download or read book Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Creole French & "Cajun" Language Tell Their Own Story written by John laFleur II and published by BookRix. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adapted from a larger work,"Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Colonial French, Creole & Cajun Languages Tell Their Story" reveals Louisiana's remarkable Old World French & metis language traditions which continue to enchant America and scholars in all the world! But, along with the fame Cajunization has brought the State, historical distortion and misinformation fostered by mass-marketing and media conditioning myopia have suppressed and misrepresented Louisiana's historic French languages, cultural history and people as if uniquely Acadian in origin. But, Louisiana's diverse multi-ethnic French languages, cultural traditions and people existed long before the arrival of the Acadians, who themselves were to become its beneficiaries! Author-scholars John laFleur & Brian Costello, native-speakers respectively of Louisiana's Colonial Creole French & her sister tongue of Louisiana Afro-Creole with Dr. Ina Fandrich, provide a non-commercially scripted, first-time study of both the history and ethnological origins of Louisiana's diverse French-speaking peoples of the French Triangle and present the unvarnished results of their investigation, experience along with the evidence of modern and historical scholarship as seen through the franco and creolophonic traditions of Louisiana. A must read for all Louisiana cultural and linguistic afficionados!

Cajun and Creole Folktales

Download Cajun and Creole Folktales PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496806565
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cajun and Creole Folktales by : Barry Jean Ancelet

Download or read book Cajun and Creole Folktales written by Barry Jean Ancelet and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This teeming compendium of tales assembles and classifies the abundant lore and storytelling prevalent in the French culture of southern Louisiana. This is the largest, most diverse, and best annotated collection of French-language tales ever published in the United States. Side by side are dual-language retellings—the Cajun French and its English translation—along with insightful commentaries. This volume reveals the long and lively heritage of the Louisiana folktale among French Creoles and Cajuns and shows how tale-telling in Louisiana through the years has remained vigorous and constantly changing. Some of the best storytellers of the present day are highlighted in biographical sketches and are identified by some of their best tales. Their repertory includes animal stories, magic stories, jokes, tall tales, Pascal (improvised) stories, and legendary tales—all of them colorful examples of Louisiana narrative at its best. Though greatly transformed since the French arrived on southern soil, the French oral tradition is alive and flourishing today. It is even more complex and varied than has been shown in previous studies, for revealed here are African influences as well as others that have been filtered from America's multicultural mainstream.

Language in Louisiana

Download Language in Louisiana PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496823885
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Language in Louisiana by : Nathalie Dajko

Download or read book Language in Louisiana written by Nathalie Dajko and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Lisa Abney, Patricia Anderson, Albert Camp, Katie Carmichael, Christina Schoux Casey, Nathalie Dajko, Jeffery U. Darensbourg, Dorian Dorado, Connie Eble, Daniel W. Hieber, David Kaufman, Geoffrey Kimball, Thomas A. Klingler, Bertney Langley, Linda Langley, Shane Lief, Tamara Lindner, Judith M. Maxwell, Rafael Orozco, Allison Truitt, Shana Walton, and Robin White Louisiana is often presented as a bastion of French culture and language in an otherwise English environment. The continued presence of French in south Louisiana and the struggle against the language's demise have given the state an aura of exoticism and at the same time have strained serious focus on that language. Historically, however, the state has always boasted a multicultural, polyglot population. From the scores of indigenous languages used at the time of European contact to the importation of African and European languages during the colonial period to the modern invasion of English and the arrival of new immigrant populations, Louisiana has had and continues to enjoy a rich linguistic palate. Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture brings together for the first time work by scholars and community activists, all experts on the cutting edge of research. In sixteen chapters, the authors present the state of languages and of linguistic research on topics such as indigenous language documentation and revival; variation in, attitudes toward, and educational opportunities in Louisiana’s French varieties; current research on rural and urban dialects of English, both in south Louisiana and in the long-neglected northern parishes; and the struggles more recent immigrants face to use their heritage languages and deal with language-based regulations in public venues. This volume will be of value to both scholars and general readers interested in a comprehensive view of Louisiana’s linguistic landscape.

Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil War-era Newspapers

Download Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil War-era Newspapers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780917860799
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (67 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil War-era Newspapers by : Clint Bruce

Download or read book Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil War-era Newspapers written by Clint Bruce and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Original French text and English translations of Afro-Creole poetry published in L'Union and La Tribune (Civil War-era New Orleans newspapers established by free people of color), with a scholarly introduction and brief biographies of the poets"--

Louisiana Creole Literature

Download Louisiana Creole Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 161703911X
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Louisiana Creole Literature by : Catharine Savage Brosman

Download or read book Louisiana Creole Literature written by Catharine Savage Brosman and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2013-10-17 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Louisiana Creole Literature is a broad-ranging critical reading of belles lettres—in both French and English—connected to and generally produced by the distinctive Louisiana Creole peoples, chiefly in the southeastern part of the state. The book covers primarily the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the flourishing period during which the term Creole had broad and contested cultural reference in Louisiana. The study consists in part of literary history and biography. When available and appropriate, each discussion—arranged chronologically—provides pertinent personal information on authors, as well as publishing facts. Readers will find also summaries and evaluation of key texts, some virtually unknown, others of difficult access. Brosman illuminates the biographies and works of Kate Chopin, Lafcadio Hearn, George Washington Cable, Grace King, and Adolphe Duhart, among others. In addition, she challenges views that appear to be skewed regarding canon formation. The book places emphasis on poetry and fiction, reaching from early nineteenth-century writing through the twentieth century to selected works by poets still writing in the early twenty-first century. A few plays are treated also, especially by Victor Séjour. Louisiana Creole Literature examines at length the writings of important Francophone figures, and certain Anglophone novelists likewise receive extended treatment. Since much of nineteenth-century Louisiana literature was transnational, the book considers Creole-based works which appeared in Paris as well as those published locally.

Louisiana Folk-tales

Download Louisiana Folk-tales PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Louisiana Folk-tales by : Alcée Fortier

Download or read book Louisiana Folk-tales written by Alcée Fortier and published by . This book was released on 1895 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

French on Shifting Ground

Download French on Shifting Ground PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496830962
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis French on Shifting Ground by : Nathalie Dajko

Download or read book French on Shifting Ground written by Nathalie Dajko and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In French on Shifting Ground: Cultural and Coastal Erosion in South Louisiana, Nathalie Dajko introduces readers to the lower Lafourche Basin, Louisiana, where the land, a language, and a way of life are at risk due to climate change, environmental disaster, and coastal erosion. Louisiana French is endangered all around the state, but in the lower Lafourche Basin the shift to English is accompanied by the equally rapid disappearance of the land on which its speakers live. French on Shifting Ground allows both scholars and the general public to get an overview of how rich and diverse the French language in Louisiana is, and serves as a key reminder that Louisiana serves as a prime repository for Native and heritage languages, ranking among the strongest preservation regions in the southern and eastern US. Nathalie Dajko outlines the development of French in the region, highlighting the features that make it unique in the world and including the first published comparison of the way it is spoken by the local American Indian and Cajun populations. She then weaves together evidence from multiple lines of linguistic research, years of extensive participant observation, and personal narratives from the residents themselves to illustrate the ways in which language—in this case French—is as fundamental to the creation of place as is the physical landscape. It is a story at once scholarly and personal: the loss of the land and the concomitant loss of the language have implications for the academic community as well as for the people whose cultures—and identities—are literally at stake.

Conversational Cajun French I

Download Conversational Cajun French I PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pelican Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1455602914
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (556 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conversational Cajun French I by : Randall P. Whatley

Download or read book Conversational Cajun French I written by Randall P. Whatley and published by Pelican Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apprendre le français cadien par la lecture! This book focuses on everyday words and common phrases that can be understood everywhere Cajun French is spoken. It teaches the Cajun words for the days and months, holidays, parts of the body, numbers, clothing, colors, rooms of the house and their furnishings, foods, animals, fruits and vegetables, tools, plants, and trees. In addition, there is a section of useful expressions and a list of traditional Cajun names.

If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That

Download If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 080715590X
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That by : Thomas Klingler

Download or read book If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That written by Thomas Klingler and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2003-08-01 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That, by Thomas Klingler, is an in-depth study of the Creole language spoken in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, a community situated on the west bank of the Mississippi River above Baton Rouge that dates back to the early eighteenth century. The first comprehensive grammatical description of this particular variety of Louisiana Creole, Klingler's work is timely indeed, since most Creole speakers in the Pointe Coupee area are over sixty-five and the language is not being passed on to younger generations. It preserves and explains an important yet little understood part of America's cultural heritage that is rapidly disappearing. The heart of the book is a detailed morphosyntactic description based on some 150 hours of interviews with Pointe Coupee Creole speakers. Each grammatical feature is amply illustrated with contextual examples, and Klingler's descriptive framework will facilitate comparative research. The author also provides historical and sociolinguistic background information on the region, examining economic, demographic, and social conditions that contributed to the formation and spread of Creole in Louisiana. Pointe Coupee Creole is unusual, and in some cases unique, because of such factors as the parish's early exposure to English, its rapid development of a plantation economy, and its relative insulation from Cajun French. The volume concludes with transcriptions and English translations of Creole folk tales and of Klingler's conversations with Pointe Coupee's residents, a treasure trove of cultural and linguistic raw data. This kind of rarely printed material will be essential in preserving Creole in the future. Encylopedic in its approach and featuring a comprehensive bibliography, If I Could Turn My Tongue Like That is a rich resource for those interested in the development of Louisiana Creole and in Francophony.

Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture

Download Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BookRix
ISBN 13 : 3736820550
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture by : John LaFleur II

Download or read book Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture written by John LaFleur II and published by BookRix. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this provocative and poignant book, 500 Years Of Culture: Louisiana's Creole French & Metis People, Food, Language and Culture, I seek to provide my intelligent lay readers appropriate and useful scholarly resources which illustrate that a pre-Acadian culture of Canadian and North American Métis roots, to which was added European, African and later Spanish elements combined in both "Upper" and "Lower Louisiana" resulting in a multi-ethnic, but distinctly unique Louisiana Creole culture. Though reminiscent of other kindred Creole cultures and people of the world of the former French Empire, she remains unique. This unique historic, but forgotten culture existed prior to the arrival of the Acadians, and its cultural and linguistic traditions resulted in Louisiana's historic "Creole" culture. This multi-ethnic culture's food ways, language and social traditions were hijacked and promoted as if it was something totally new in the 1970s and 80s, and then relabeled "Cajun" with no regard for the pre-existant and dominant history and sensibilities of the non-white ethnicities who were the true originators and creators of Louisiana's long indigenous and pre-Acadian culture! It is my hope to sufficiently demonstrate through this historical narrative, which is both passionate and humorous, how greed, ignorance and commerce joined hands in relabeling Louisiana's historic multi-ethnic Creole French and metis culture as if Acadian-Canada was the source of this remarkable and unusual culture which remains foreign to anything in Acadie! Informative and well-researched, I submit to you the reading and caring public, this revision which is also a much more readable, better edited and supplemented text. In this book, for example, a badly needed chapter on the cultural relationship between Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole culture is provided and will prove to be a great source of help in avoiding needless confusion of these two separate, but kindred cultures. Though small, this little book will no doubt, prove to be a powerhouse of jaw-dropping facts, as it is an uproariously humorous expose' of one of the most popular cultural forces in America and across the planet today! And, notwithstanding our best efforts, sometimes typographical errors and misses occur. For whatever imperfections of text remain, I take full responsibility as I also apologize to you dear reader.

Cajun French-English, English-Cajun French Dictionary & Phrasebook

Download Cajun French-English, English-Cajun French Dictionary & Phrasebook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hippocrene Books
ISBN 13 : 9780781809153
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cajun French-English, English-Cajun French Dictionary & Phrasebook by : Clint Bruce

Download or read book Cajun French-English, English-Cajun French Dictionary & Phrasebook written by Clint Bruce and published by Hippocrene Books. This book was released on 2002 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents 3,800 terms in English and Cajun French and includes a historical overview of Cajun French, frequently asked questions about the language, a pronunciation guide, basic grammar, and essential phrases.