Food Security Issues and Challenges

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781685070953
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security Issues and Challenges by : Adriana Fillol Mazo

Download or read book Food Security Issues and Challenges written by Adriana Fillol Mazo and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "It is clear that one of the most damaging global problems is hunger. There is still a high proportion of hungry people in the world, the number of human beings in this condition exceeding 690 million, according to the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World Report (FAO 2020). Consequently, its eradication is extremely urgent. Nevertheless, it does not appear that Sustainable Development Goal number two, i.e. Zero Hunger, will be achieved by 2030. The United Nations itself admits this, stating that "the world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. If recent trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger would surpass 840 million by 2030". The problems facing food in the world today have increased considerably, as well as various factors and phenomena that augment the complexity of the issues or situations that fall within the scope of food security, such as: climate change, land grabbing, use of chemical fertilizers, loss of agrodiversity and other agricultural sustainability issues, obesity problems resulting from unhealthy diets, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the lack of justiciability of the right to food, the use of biotechnology in food, etc. In short, this book is a diverse compilation of the new manifestations of global food security seen from several angles and areas. The book aims to let visualize the main global problems and challenges that have a negative impact on food security, with the underlying objective of highlighting the need for reinforcing its full application in all contexts and countries. To this end, we believe that it is necessary to make its concept operational, and take it into consideration when applying policies and standards, especially in those areas and matters that may undermine said food security. In this sense, it is essential to strengthen its legal protection through a coherent and operational interpretation of the human right to food, so as to broaden its content and make it consistent with its pillars and foundations"--

The Challenge of Food Security

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Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857939386
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (579 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenge of Food Security by : Rosemary Gail Rayfuse

Download or read book The Challenge of Food Security written by Rosemary Gail Rayfuse and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The Challenge of Food Security addresses one of the key development challenges of our time. It examines issues related to food security in a comprehensive manner that covers both theoretical perspectives and policy challenges. It will be a key reference book for anyone interested in issues related to food security.' Philippe Cullet, University of London, UK 'This is a timely book which addresses one of the greatest challenges for international regulation: food security. The book is a comprehensive treatment of various aspects of food security from its origins to the relationship between food security and other values, the role that commodity trading plays in exacerbating food insecurity, the importance of adequate food governance, together with specific food security problems like fish, water and genetic resources. The editors should be congratulated on a stimulating collection of essays that brings together a diverse range of scholars and which sheds real light on the complex dimensions of the food security debate.' Fiona Smith, University College London, UK This timely study addresses the pressing issue of food security through a range of interdisciplinary contributions, providing both scholarly and policy-making perspectives. It sets the discussion on food security within the little-studied context of its international legal and regulatory framework. The expert contributors explore the key issues from a development perspective and through the lens of existing governance and policy systems with a view to articulating how these systems can be made more effective in dealing with the roots of food insecurity. The book considers the root causes of food insecurity before discussing the regulatory challenges inherent in reconciling food production and sustainability to ensure both adequate supply of and equitable access to food, particularly in light of emerging issues such as food price volatility, 'land grabbing' and the need to coordinate the actions of the multitude of actors that influence food policy and regulation. It highlights the need for more equitable, transparent and coherent policy and regulatory approaches to the myriad of issues that make up the food security challenge. This cross-cutting study will appeal to researchers in law, international relations, agricultural science and food systems, as well as to policy makers in government and international organisations that engage with policy and regulation of food security issues. It will also be essential reading for professionals in non-governmental organisations that are interested in development issues in general and food security in particular.

New Challenges to Food Security

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136777601
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

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Book Synopsis New Challenges to Food Security by : Ian Christoplos

Download or read book New Challenges to Food Security written by Ian Christoplos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food security is high on the political agenda. Fears about societal insecurity due to food price increases and hunger, grave scenarios regarding the effects of climate change and general uncertainty about the impacts of investments in biofuels and so-call “land grabbing” on food prices and availability have meant that food security is now recognised as being a multifaceted challenge. This book is unique in that it will bring together analyses of these different factors that impact on food security. This volume will describe a range of different perspectives on food security, with an emphasis on the various meanings that are applied to food security “crisis”. The challenges to be reviewed include market volatility, climate change and state fragility. Analyses of responses to food security crises and risk will cover rural and urban contexts, arenas of national policy formation and global food regimes, and investment in land and productive technologies. This book is unique in two respects. First, it takes a step back from the normative literature focused on specific factors of, for example, climate change, agricultural production or market volatility to look instead at the dynamic interplay between these new challenges. It helps readers to understand that food security is not one discourse, but is rather related to how these different factors generate multiple risks and opportunities. Second, through the case studies the book particularly emphasises how these factors come together at local levels as farmers, entrepreneurs, consumers, local government officials and others are making key decisions about what will be done to address food security and whose food security will be given priority. The book will explore how food production and consumption is embedded in powerful political and market forces and how these influence local actions.

Food Security in the High North

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000095274
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security in the High North by : Kamrul Hossain

Download or read book Food Security in the High North written by Kamrul Hossain and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the challenges facing food security, sustainability, sovereignty, and supply chains in the Arctic, with a specific focus on Indigenous Peoples. Offering multidisciplinary insights and with a particular focus on populations in the European High North region, the book highlights the importance of accessible and sustainable traditional foods for the dietary needs of local and Indigenous Peoples. It focuses on foods and natural products that are unique to this region and considers how they play a significant role towards food security and sovereignty. The book captures the tremendous complexity facing populations here as they strive to maintain sustainable food systems – both subsistent and commercial – and regain sovereignty over traditional food production policies. A range of issues are explored including food contamination risks, due to increasing human activities in the region, such as mining, to changing livelihoods and gender roles in the maintenance of traditional food security and sovereignty. The book also considers processing methods that combine indigenous and traditional knowledge to convert the traditional foods, that are harvested and hunted, into local foods. This book offers a broader understanding of food security and sovereignty and will be of interest to academics, scholars and policy makers working in food studies; geography and environmental studies; agricultural studies; sociology; anthropology; political science; health studies and biology.

Global Food Security

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781626181922
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (819 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Food Security by : Munir A. Hanjra

Download or read book Global Food Security written by Munir A. Hanjra and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global food security remains at ever greater risk. This is true despite greater concerns and robust actions by world political leaders such as the G8 Summit and other stakeholders world-wide. Pro-active public policies and programs are needed for enhancing food security and ending world hunger and poverty. This book spans the globe presenting leading research in food security and economic implications. Topics discussed include: a systemic approach to food security in agrarian societies; impacts of climate change on agriculture and its implications for food security; impacts of climate change on artisanal fisheries; crop holidays -- emerging issues of food security in India; the impacts of HIV/AIDS and household food security; affordable micro irrigation-based vegetable farming for income, employment and food security; informal sector employment and food security; adoption of wheat production technologies; and gender mainstreaming in food security and pro-poor programs. It offers synthesis, lessons, and policy implications for Africa and Asia. This book also provides an exciting agenda for future research and collaboration on the important issue of global food security over the coming years.

Global Food Security Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System

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Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789264195349
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Food Security Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System by : OECD

Download or read book Global Food Security Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2013-07-08 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study is concerned with how changes to the world’s food and agriculture system can contribute to improvements in global food security.

A Sustainability Challenge

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030922263X
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis A Sustainability Challenge by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Sustainability Challenge written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Research Council's Science and Technology for Sustainability Program hosted two workshops in 2011 addressing the sustainability challenges associated with food security for all. The first workshop, Measuring Food Insecurity and Assessing the Sustainability of Global Food Systems, explored the availability and quality of commonly used indicators for food security and malnutrition; poverty; and natural resources and agricultural productivity. It was organized around the three broad dimensions of sustainable food security: (1) availability, (2) access, and (3) utilization. The workshop reviewed the existing data to encourage action and identify knowledge gaps. The second workshop, Exploring Sustainable Solutions for Increasing Global Food Supplies, focused specifically on assuring the availability of adequate food supplies. How can food production be increased to meet the needs of a population expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050? Workshop objectives included identifying the major challenges and opportunities associated with achieving sustainable food security and identifying needed policy, science, and governance interventions. Workshop participants discussed long term natural resource constraints, specifically water, land and forests, soils, biodiversity and fisheries. They also examined the role of knowledge, technology, modern production practices, and infrastructure in supporting expanded agricultural production and the significant risks to future productivity posed by climate change. This is a report of two workshops.

Food Security in Africa

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789857333
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security in Africa by : Barakat Mahmoud

Download or read book Food Security in Africa written by Barakat Mahmoud and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-01-20 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume “Food Security in Africa” is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of food safety and availability, water issues, farming and nutrition. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the public health and food security research area. All chapters are complete in itself but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on Africa’s food security challenges, quality of water, small-scale farming as well as economic and social challenges that this continent is facing. Hopefully, this volume will open new possible research paths for further novel developments.

Food Security in Australia

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461444845
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security in Australia by : Quentin Farmar-Bowers

Download or read book Food Security in Australia written by Quentin Farmar-Bowers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-28 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers the ability and capacity of the food supply system in Australia to provide food security for the ever-increasing domestic and international population in the face of growing challenges in production, resource supply and failures within the food system itself. Although Australia is a net food exporting country, domestic food insecurity exists and will increase as food prices rise in the coming decades. An overview of the food supply system highlights the main challenges that are determining the future. Many of these challenges can be resolved by the Australian government, but others are in the hands of global governance to which Australia can only adapt. This book sheds light on the challenges and discusses the prospects for developing more sustainable and resilient future food systems in Australia. In addition, it covers food security and sovereignty issues under the heading of “food equity and access,” “food production, policy and trade,” and “impacts of land use planning on agriculture.” The unique features of the book include the following: • Most literature on food security pertains to developing countries. By way of contrast, this book explores food security in a developed nation (Australia) that seemingly should not have food security issues. The topics covered in the book are relevant to other developed nations with growing populations and resource management challenges. • The book chapters are written by specialists to paint a comprehensive picture of the political, social, economic and environmental issues that give rise to food insecurity, and the challenges these issues present to the security of the food system in coming decades. The overall organization of the book uses a theoretically informed and multi-disciplinary approach. This enables a critical and in-depth analysis of food security by outlining the key challenges as well as prospects for the development of more sustainable and resilient agri-food systems. • The three principal topics in the book are dealt with by a multi-disciplinary team of authors in a way that teases out diverse points of view illustrating the complexity of food security. Author disciplines include health and nutrition, agriculture, ethics, social science, law, and practitioners managing food aid programs. • The book shows how food security relates to many technical, social and moral issues in society and how it is possible to develop successful programs to improve food security.

Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309101328
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-06-02 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is viewed by the world as a country with plenty of food, yet not all households in America are food secure, meaning access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. A proportion of the population experiences food insecurity at some time in a given year because of food deprivation and lack of access to food due to economic resource constraints. Still, food insecurity in the United States is not of the same intensity as in some developing countries. Since 1995 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has annually published statistics on the extent of food insecurity and food insecurity with hunger in U.S. households. These estimates are based on a survey measure developed by the U.S. Food Security Measurement Project, an ongoing collaboration among federal agencies, academic researchers, and private organizations. USDA requested the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies to convene a panel of experts to undertake a two-year study in two phases to review at this 10-year mark the concepts and methodology for measuring food insecurity and hunger and the uses of the measure. In Phase 2 of the study the panel was to consider in more depth the issues raised in Phase 1 relating to the concepts and methods used to measure food security and make recommendations as appropriate. The Committee on National Statistics appointed a panel of 10 experts to examine the above issues. In order to provide timely guidance to USDA, the panel issued an interim Phase 1 report, Measuring Food Insecurity and Hunger: Phase 1 Report. That report presented the panel's preliminary assessments of the food security concepts and definitions; the appropriateness of identifying hunger as a severe range of food insecurity in such a survey-based measurement method; questions for measuring these concepts; and the appropriateness of a household survey for regularly monitoring food security in the U.S. population. It provided interim guidance for the continued production of the food security estimates. This final report primarily focuses on the Phase 2 charge. The major findings and conclusions based on the panel's review and deliberations are summarized.

Food Security and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific

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Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9290926678
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Food Security and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ensuring a secure supply of food is essential, given the world's (and especially Asia's) growing population, high and volatile food prices, increasingly scarce resources, and changing environment. This publication discusses the drivers behind food insecurity in Asia and points to ways to mitigate it.

Trade, Food Security, and Human Rights

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317008529
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade, Food Security, and Human Rights by : Ying Chen

Download or read book Trade, Food Security, and Human Rights written by Ying Chen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most scholars attribute systemic causes of food insecurity to poverty, human overpopulation, lack of farmland, and expansion of biofuel programs. However, as Chen argues here, another significant factor has been overlooked. The current food insecurity is not absolute food shortage, since global food production still exceeds the need of the entire world population, but a problem of how to secure access to resources. Distorted agricultural trade undermines world food distribution, and uneven distribution impedes people’s access to food, particularly in poor developing countries. Examining EU and US agricultural policies and World Trade Organization negotiations in agriculture, the author argues how they affect the international agricultural trade, claiming that current food insecurity is the result of inequitable food distribution and trade practices. The international trade regime is advised to reconcile trade rules with the consideration of food security issues. Several other enforceable solutions to reduce world hunger and malnutrition are also advanced, including national capacity building, the improvement of governance, and strategic development of biofuel programs. This book will be of great interest to agricultural trade professionals and consultant policy makers in the EU, US and developing countries. Students and researchers with a concentration on international trade, agriculture economics, global governance and international law will benefit greatly from this study.

Global Food Insecurity

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400708904
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Food Insecurity by : Mohamed Behnassi

Download or read book Global Food Insecurity written by Mohamed Behnassi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-29 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-kind and ecological systems are currently facing one of the toughest challenges: how to feed more billions of people in the future within the perspective of climate change, energy shortages, economic crises and growing competition for the use of renewable and non renewable resources. This challenge is even more crucial given that we have not yet come close to achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger. Scientists and relevant stakeholders are now voicing a clear message: that multiple challenges the world is facing require innovative, multifaceted, science-based, technological, economic and political approaches in theoretical thinking, decision making and action. With this background central to survival and well-being, the purpose of this volume is to formulate and promote relevant theoretical analysis and policy recommendations. The major perspective of this publication is that paradigm and policy shifts at all levels are needed urgently. This is based on the evidence that agriculture in the 21st century will be undergoing significant demands, arising largely from the need to increase the global food enterprise, while adjusting and contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Global Food Insecurity aims at providing structure to effect achievement of this critically needed roadmap.

Urban Agriculture and Food Systems: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice

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Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522580646
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Agriculture and Food Systems: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Urban Agriculture and Food Systems: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the global economy has struggled to meet the nutritional needs of a growing populace. In an effort to circumvent a deepening food crisis, it is pertinent to develop new sustainability strategies and practices to provide a stable supply of food resources. Urban Agriculture and Food Systems: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice is an authoritative resource on the latest technological developments in urban agriculture and its ability to supplement current food systems. The content within this publication represents the work of topics such as sustainable production in urban spaces, farming practices, and urban distribution methods. This publication is an ideal reference source for students, professionals, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in recent developments in the areas of agriculture in urban spaces.

Food Security and International Relations

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3838214811
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (382 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security and International Relations by : Thiago Costantino, Agostina Lima

Download or read book Food Security and International Relations written by Thiago Costantino, Agostina Lima and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People are often surprised to learn that although the current global levels of food production are sufficient to feed all of humanity, the problems of undernourishment increase year by year in many countries. Economic growth, while important, is not a guarantee for reducing hunger. The intensification of income concentration worldwide, in the face of the persistence of millions of hungry families, demonstrates that economic interest is not guided by the needs of humanity. Moreover, the problem of food no longer refers to the lack of food alone. Many people are still unaware that our diets are not simply choices of taste and tradition but the result of international dynamics driven by geopolitical factors, the trajectory of capitalism, and other ulterior forces. The authors deepen the link between international relations and food security by exploring the humanitarian and ethical importance of a solution to the problem of hunger; the role of the state as a strategically relevant actor in achieving food security; and the nature of the problem of food security in a world in which the rationale guiding food production and distribution is a capitalist one.

Food Security and Global Environmental Change

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136530886
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security and Global Environmental Change by : John Ingram

Download or read book Food Security and Global Environmental Change written by John Ingram and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global environmental change (GEC) represents an immediate and unprecedented threat to the food security of hundreds of millions of people, especially those who depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihoods. As this book shows, at the same time, agriculture and related activities also contribute to GEC by, for example, intensifying greenhouse gas emissions and altering the land surface. Responses aimed at adapting to GEC may have negative consequences for food security, just as measures taken to increase food security may exacerbate GEC. The authors show that this complex and dynamic relationship between GEC and food security is also influenced by additional factors; food systems are heavily influenced by socioeconomic conditions, which in turn are affected by multiple processes such as macro-level economic policies, political conflicts and other important drivers. The book provides a major, accessible synthesis of the current state of knowledge and thinking on the relationships between GEC and food security. Most other books addressing the subject concentrate on the links between climate change and agricultural production, and do not extend to an analysis of the wider food system which underpins food security; this book addresses the broader issues, based on a novel food system concept and stressing the need for actions at a regional, rather than just an international or local, level. It reviews new thinking which has emerged over the last decade, analyses research methods for stakeholder engagement and for undertaking studies at the regional level, and looks forward by reviewing a number of emerging 'hot topics' in the food security-GEC debate which help set new agendas for the research community at large. Published with Earth System Science Partnership, GECAFS and SCOPE

Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309316472
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability by : National Research Council

Download or read book Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By 2050 the world's population is projected to grow by one-third, reaching between 9 and 10 billion. With globalization and expected growth in global affluence, a substantial increase in per capita meat, dairy, and fish consumption is also anticipated. The demand for calories from animal products will nearly double, highlighting the critical importance of the world's animal agriculture system. Meeting the nutritional needs of this population and its demand for animal products will require a significant investment of resources as well as policy changes that are supportive of agricultural production. Ensuring sustainable agricultural growth will be essential to addressing this global challenge to food security. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability identifies areas of research and development, technology, and resource needs for research in the field of animal agriculture, both nationally and internationally. This report assesses the global demand for products of animal origin in 2050 within the framework of ensuring global food security; evaluates how climate change and natural resource constraints may impact the ability to meet future global demand for animal products in sustainable production systems; and identifies factors that may impact the ability of the United States to meet demand for animal products, including the need for trained human capital, product safety and quality, and effective communication and adoption of new knowledge, information, and technologies. The agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges that will require innovations, new technologies, and new ways of approaching agriculture if the food, feed, and fiber needs of the global population are to be met. The recommendations of Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability will inform a new roadmap for animal science research to meet the challenges of sustainable animal production in the 21st century.