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Exploiting Multiprocessor Memory Hierarchies For Operating Systems
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Book Synopsis Exploiting Multiprocessor Memory Hierarchies for Operating Systems by : Chun Xia
Download or read book Exploiting Multiprocessor Memory Hierarchies for Operating Systems written by Chun Xia and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "With the increasing gap between processor speed and memory speed, a sophisticated memory hierarchy is key to high performance. However, the operating system tends to use the memory hierarchy poorly. This thesis presents a comprehensive characterization and optimization of the performance of multiprocessor memory hierarchies for operating systems. The operating system instruction cache misses are reduced by 81% using a code reorganization scheme tailored to the operating system, guarded sequential prefetching, and stream buffers. The operating system data cache misses are reduced by 53% using a DMA-like pipelined block transfer engine, a selective update protocol, data relocation and privatization, and data prefetching in miss hot spots. The overall OS time is reduced by 32%. The cost-performance trade-offs of the software/hardware optimization schemes are also discussed."
Book Synopsis A Class Hierarchical, Object-oriented Approach to Virtual Memory Management in Multiprocessor Operating Systems by : Roy Harold Campbell
Download or read book A Class Hierarchical, Object-oriented Approach to Virtual Memory Management in Multiprocessor Operating Systems written by Roy Harold Campbell and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Virtual Memory and Backing Storage Management in Multiprocessor Operating Systems Using Object-oriented Design Techniques by : Vincent F. Russo
Download or read book Virtual Memory and Backing Storage Management in Multiprocessor Operating Systems Using Object-oriented Design Techniques written by Vincent F. Russo and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Technical Memorandum written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High Performance Memory Systems by : Haldun Hadimioglu
Download or read book High Performance Memory Systems written by Haldun Hadimioglu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-10-31 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The State of Memory Technology Over the past decade there has been rapid growth in the speed of micropro cessors. CPU speeds are approximately doubling every eighteen months, while main memory speed doubles about every ten years. The International Tech nology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) study suggests that memory will remain on its current growth path. The ITRS short-and long-term targets indicate continued scaling improvements at about the current rate by 2016. This translates to bit densities increasing at two times every two years until the introduction of 8 gigabit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, after which densities will increase four times every five years. A similar growth pattern is forecast for other high-density chip areas and high-performance logic (e.g., microprocessors and application specific inte grated circuits (ASICs)). In the future, molecular devices, 64 gigabit DRAMs and 28 GHz clock signals are targeted. Although densities continue to grow, we still do not see significant advances that will improve memory speed. These trends have created a problem that has been labeled the Memory Wall or Memory Gap.
Book Synopsis Transparent Management of Scratchpad Memories in Shared Memory Programming Models by : Lluc Álvarez Martín
Download or read book Transparent Management of Scratchpad Memories in Shared Memory Programming Models written by Lluc Álvarez Martín and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cache-coherent shared memory has traditionally been the favorite memory organization for chip multiprocessors thanks to its high programmability. In this organization the cache hierarchy is in charge of moving the data and keeping it coherent between all the caches, enabling the usage of shared memory programming models where the programmer does not need to carry out any data management operation. Unfortunately, performing all the data management operations in hardware causes severe problems, being the primary concerns the power consumption originated in the caches and the amount of coherence traffic in the interconnection network. A good solution is to introduce ScratchPad Memories (SPMs) alongside the cache hierarchy, forming a hybrid memory hierarchy. SPMs are more power-efficient than caches and do not generate coherence traffic, but they degrade programmability. In particular, SPMs require the programmer to partition the data, to program data transfers, and to keep coherence between different copies of the data. A promising solution to exploit the benefits of the SPMs without harming programmability is to allow programmers to use shared memory programming models and to automatically generate code that manages the SPMs. Unfortunately, current compilers and runtime systems encounter serious limitations to automatically generate code for hybrid memory hierarchies from shared memory programming models. This thesis proposes to transparently manage the SPMs of hybrid memory hierarchies in shared memory programming models. In order to achieve this goal this thesis proposes a combination of hardware and compiler techniques to manage the SPMs in fork-join programming models and a set of runtime system techniques to manage the SPMs in task programming models. The proposed techniques allow to program hybrid memory hierarchies with these two well-known and easy-to-use forms of shared memory programming models, capitalizing on the benefits of hybrid memory hierarchies in power consumption and network traffic without harming programmability. The first contribution of this thesis is a hardware/software co-designed coherence protocol to transparently manage the SPMs of hybrid memory hierarchies in fork-join programming models. The solution allows the compiler to always generate code to manage the SPMs with tiling software caches, even in the presence of unknown memory aliasing hazards between memory references to the SPMs and to the cache hierarchy. On the software side, the compiler generates a special form of memory instruction for memory references with possible aliasing hazards. On the hardware side, the special memory instructions are diverted to the correct copy of the data using a set of directories that track what data is mapped to the SPMs. The second contribution of this thesis is a set of runtime system techniques to manage the SPMs of hybrid memory hierarchies in task programming models. The proposed runtime system techniques exploit the characteristics of these programming models to map the data specified in the task dependences to the SPMs. Different policies are proposed to mitigate the communication costs of the data transfers, overlapping them with other execution phases such as the task scheduling phase or the execution of the previous task. The runtime system can also reduce the number of data transfers by using a task scheduler that exploits data locality in the SPMs. In addition, the proposed techniques are combined with mechanisms that reduce the impact of fine-grained tasks, such as hardware runtime systems or large SPM sizes. The accomplishment of this thesis is that hybrid memory hierarchies can be programmed with fork-join and task programming models. Consequently, architectures with hybrid memory hierarchies can be exposed to the programmer as a shared memory multiprocessor, taking advantage of the benefits of the SPMs while maintaining the programming simplicity of shared memory programming models.
Book Synopsis Cache and Interconnect Architectures in Multiprocessors by : Michel Dubois
Download or read book Cache and Interconnect Architectures in Multiprocessors written by Michel Dubois and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cache And Interconnect Architectures In Multiprocessors Eilat, Israel May 25-261989 Michel Dubois UniversityofSouthernCalifornia Shreekant S. Thakkar SequentComputerSystems The aim of the workshop was to bring together researchers working on cache coherence protocols for shared-memory multiprocessors with various interconnect architectures. Shared-memory multiprocessors have become viable systems for many applications. Bus based shared-memory systems (Eg. Sequent's Symmetry, Encore's Multimax) are currently limited to 32 processors. The fIrst goal of the workshop was to learn about the performance ofapplications on current cache-based systems. The second goal was to learn about new network architectures and protocols for future scalable systems. These protocols and interconnects would allow shared-memory architectures to scale beyond current imitations. The workshop had 20 speakers who talked about their current research. The discussions were lively and cordial enough to keep the participants away from the wonderful sand and sun for two days. The participants got to know each other well and were able to share their thoughts in an informal manner. The workshop was organized into several sessions. The summary of each session is described below. This book presents revisions of some of the papers presented at the workshop.
Book Synopsis The Design of a Multiprocessor Operating System by : Roy Harold Campbell
Download or read book The Design of a Multiprocessor Operating System written by Roy Harold Campbell and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies by : Rajeev Balasubramonian
Download or read book Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key determinant of overall system performance and power dissipation is the cache hierarchy since access to off-chip memory consumes many more cycles and energy than on-chip accesses. In addition, multi-core processors are expected to place ever higher bandwidth demands on the memory system. All these issues make it important to avoid off-chip memory access by improving the efficiency of the on-chip cache. Future multi-core processors will have many large cache banks connected by a network and shared by many cores. Hence, many important problems must be solved: cache resources must be allocated across many cores, data must be placed in cache banks that are near the accessing core, and the most important data must be identified for retention. Finally, difficulties in scaling existing technologies require adapting to and exploiting new technology constraints. The book attempts a synthesis of recent cache research that has focused on innovations for multi-core processors. It is an excellent starting point for early-stage graduate students, researchers, and practitioners who wish to understand the landscape of recent cache research. The book is suitable as a reference for advanced computer architecture classes as well as for experienced researchers and VLSI engineers. Table of Contents: Basic Elements of Large Cache Design / Organizing Data in CMP Last Level Caches / Policies Impacting Cache Hit Rates / Interconnection Networks within Large Caches / Technology / Concluding Remarks
Book Synopsis Scalable Shared Memory Multiprocessors by : Michel Dubois
Download or read book Scalable Shared Memory Multiprocessors written by Michel Dubois and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1992 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics of Computing -- Parallelism.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Memory Hierarchies for Future HPC Architectures by : Víctor García Flores
Download or read book Memory Hierarchies for Future HPC Architectures written by Víctor García Flores and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficiently managing the memory subsystem of modern multi/manycore architectures is increasingly becoming a challenge as systems grow in complexity and heterogeneity. In the field of high performance computing (HPC) in particular, where massively parallel architectures are used and input sets of several terabytes are common, careful management of the memory hierarchy is crucial to exploit the full computing power of these systems. The goal of this thesis is to provide computer architects with valuable information to guide the design of future systems, and in particular of those more widely used in the field of HPC, i.e., symmetric multicore processors (SMPs) and GPUs. With that aim, we present an analysis of some of the inefficiencies and shortcomings of current memory management techniques and propose two novel schemes leveraging the opportunities that arise from the use of new and emerging programming models and computing paradigms. The first contribution of this thesis is a block prefetching mechanism for task-based programming models. Using a task-based programming model simplifies parallel programming and allows for better resource utilization in the supercomputers used in the field of HPC, while enabling sophisticated memory management techniques. The scheme proposed relies on a memory-aware runtime system to guide prefetching while avoiding the main drawbacks of traditional prefetching mechanisms, i.e., cache pollution and lack of timeliness. It leverages the information provided by the user about tasks¿ input data to prefetch contiguous blocks of memory that are certain to be useful. The proposed scheme targets SMPs with large cache hierarchies and uses heuristics to dynamically decide the best cache level to prefetch into without evicting useful data. The focus of this thesis then turns to heterogeneous architectures combining GPUs and traditional multicore processors. The current trend towards tighter coupling of GPU and CPU enables new collaborative computations that tax the memory subsystem in a different manner than previous heterogeneous computations did, and requires careful analysis to understand the trade-offs that are to be expected when designing future memory organizations. The second contribution is an in-depth analysis on the impact of sharing the last-level cache between GPU and CPU cores on a system where the GPU is integrated on the same die as the CPU. The analysis focuses on the effect that a shared cache can have on collaborative computations where GPU and CPU threads concurrently work on a problem and share data at fine granularities. The results presented here show that sharing the last-level cache is largely beneficial as it allows for better resource utilization. In addition, the evaluation shows that collaborative computations benefit significantly from the faster CPU-GPU communication and higher cache hit rates that a shared cache level provides. The final contribution of this thesis analyzes the inefficiencies and drawbacks of demand paging as currently implemented in discrete GPUs by NVIDIA. Then, it proposes a novel memory organization and dynamic migration scheme that allows for efficient data sharing between GPU and CPU, specially when executing collaborative computations where data is migrated back and forth between the two separate memories. This scheme migrates data at cache line granularities transparently to the user and operating system, avoiding false sharing and the unnecessary data transfers that occur with demand paging. The results show that the proposed scheme is able to outperform the baseline system by reducing the migration latency of data that is copied multiple times between the two memories. In addition, analysis of different interconnect latencies shows that fine-grained data sharing between GPU and CPU is feasible as long as future interconnect technologies achieve four to five times lower round-trip times than PCI-Express 3.0.
Book Synopsis The Fractal Structure of Data Reference by : Bruce McNutt
Download or read book The Fractal Structure of Data Reference written by Bruce McNutt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-11-24 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The architectural concept of a memory hierarchy has been immensely successful, making possible today's spectacular pace of technology evolution in both the volume of data and the speed of data access. Its success is difficult to understand, however, when examined within the traditional "memoryless" framework of performance analysis. The `memoryless' framework cannot properly reflect a memory hierarchy's ability to take advantage of patterns of data use that are transient. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy both introduces, and justifies empirically, an alternative modeling framework in which arrivals are driven by a statistically self-similar underlying process, and are transient in nature. The substance of this book comes from the ability of the model to impose a mathematically tractable structure on important problems involving the operation and performance of a memory hierarchy. It describes events as they play out at a wide range of time scales, from the operation of file buffers and storage control cache, to a statistical view of entire disk storage applications. Striking insights are obtained about how memory hierarchies work, and how to exploit them to best advantage. The emphasis is on the practical application of such results. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy will be of interest to professionals working in the area of applied computer performance and capacity planning, particularly those with a focus on disk storage. The book is also an excellent reference for those interested in database and data structure research.
Book Synopsis Computer Architecture by : John L. Hennessy
Download or read book Computer Architecture written by John L. Hennessy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-07 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Fifth Edition, explores the ways that software and technology in the cloud are accessed by digital media, such as cell phones, computers, tablets, and other mobile devices. The book, which became a part of Intel's 2012 recommended reading list for developers, covers the revolution of mobile computing. It also highlights the two most important factors in architecture today: parallelism and memory hierarchy. This fully updated edition is comprised of six chapters that follow a consistent framework: explanation of the ideas in each chapter; a crosscutting issues section, which presents how the concepts covered in one chapter connect with those given in other chapters; a putting it all together section that links these concepts by discussing how they are applied in real machine; and detailed examples of misunderstandings and architectural traps commonly encountered by developers and architects. Formulas for energy, static and dynamic power, integrated circuit costs, reliability, and availability are included. The book also covers virtual machines, SRAM and DRAM technologies, and new material on Flash memory. Other topics include the exploitation of instruction-level parallelism in high-performance processors, superscalar execution, dynamic scheduling and multithreading, vector architectures, multicore processors, and warehouse-scale computers (WSCs). There are updated case studies and completely new exercises. Additional reference appendices are available online. This book will be a valuable reference for computer architects, programmers, application developers, compiler and system software developers, computer system designers and application developers. Part of Intel's 2012 Recommended Reading List for Developers Updated to cover the mobile computing revolution Emphasizes the two most important topics in architecture today: memory hierarchy and parallelism in all its forms. Develops common themes throughout each chapter: power, performance, cost, dependability, protection, programming models, and emerging trends ("What's Next") Includes three review appendices in the printed text. Additional reference appendices are available online. Includes updated Case Studies and completely new exercises.
Book Synopsis Microprocessor Architecture by : Jean-Loup Baer
Download or read book Microprocessor Architecture written by Jean-Loup Baer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the architecture of microprocessors from simple in-order short pipeline designs to out-of-order superscalars.
Book Synopsis Cache and Memory Hierarchy Design by : Steven A. Przybylski
Download or read book Cache and Memory Hierarchy Design written by Steven A. Przybylski and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 1990 with total page 1017 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A widely read and authoritative book for hardware and software designers. This innovative book exposes the characteristics of performance-optimal single- and multi-level cache hierarchies by approaching the cache design process through the novel perspective of minimizing execution time.
Book Synopsis Exploiting Software Information for an Efficient Memory Hierarchy by :
Download or read book Exploiting Software Information for an Efficient Memory Hierarchy written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
