Evidence in Education Linking Research and Policy

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Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 926403367X
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence in Education Linking Research and Policy by : OECD

Download or read book Evidence in Education Linking Research and Policy written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2007-06-12 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together papers from international experts on evidence-informed policy in education from a wide range of OECD countries to look at the issues facing educational policy makers, researchers, and stakeholders – teachers, media, parents – in using evidence to best effect.

Using Research Evidence in Education

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 331904690X
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Research Evidence in Education by : Kara S. Finnigan

Download or read book Using Research Evidence in Education written by Kara S. Finnigan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-24 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes a set of rigorous and accessible studies on the topic of “research evidence” from a variety of levels and educational vantage points. It also provides the reader with thoughtful commentaries from leading thinkers in the field. The complex process of acquiring, interpreting, and using research evidence makes for a rich and under examined area in educational research, practice and policymaking. Policy makers, practitioners and scholars are in need of additional knowledge and practical steps in terms of the uptake of evidence into practice. In addition, sharpening understanding in terms of the ways in which research evidence is shaped or adapted at different educational levels (school, district, state, federal) as well the factors that support or constrain the acquisition and use of research evidence is of immediate use. While professional support for evidence-based practice in schools has never been stronger, credible research has found only weak large-scale effects. This book provides us with key insights about the nature of this problem and a comprehensive approach to its solution; it is a major step toward realizing the considerable potential for school improvement of reciprocal working relationships among policy, practice and research communities. Ken Leithwood, Emeritus Professor, OISE/University of Toronto The problem of scant research use at school sites is old, but the federal to classroom level scope of this book is unique. The authors' analysis of the current status leads to despair, but they provide a clear and compelling path forward. Michael Kirst, Professor Emeritus, Stanford University; President, California State Board of Education. We have come a long way since the linear "Research, Dissemination, Utilization" models of knowledge use of the 1970s and 80s. Each chapter in this book lays out new directions for understanding how individuals, relationships and systems advance or impede the movement of new ideas into policy/practice. Taken together, they redefine knowledge use as a dynamic process that affects and is affected by specific characteristics of the social structures in which is occurs. It is a "must read" both for those interested in educational change and organizational theory. Karen Seashore Louis, Regents Professor, University of Minnesota

Evidence and Public Good in Educational Policy, Research and Practice

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319588508
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence and Public Good in Educational Policy, Research and Practice by : Mustafa Yunus Eryaman

Download or read book Evidence and Public Good in Educational Policy, Research and Practice written by Mustafa Yunus Eryaman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume draws together interdisciplinary approaches from political philosophy, social work, medicine and sociology to analyze the theoretical foundations and practical examples of evidence-based and evidence-informed education for the public good. It presents a range of conceptions of the evidence-based and evidence-informed education and a justification for why the particular examples or issues chosen fit within that conception for the sake of public good. It explores the current literature on evidence-based and evidence-informed educational policy, research and practice, and introduces a new term, ‘evidence free’, meaning actions of some policymakers who disregard or misuse evidence for their own agenda. The demands about the quality and relevance of educational research to inform the policy and practice have been growing over the past decade in response to the Evidence-Based Education movement. However the literature is yet to tackle the question of the interrelationships between evidence, research, policy and practice in education for the public good in an international context. This book fills that gap.

The European Higher Education Area

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319208772
Total Pages : 898 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis The European Higher Education Area by : Adrian Curaj

Download or read book The European Higher Education Area written by Adrian Curaj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between higher education research and policy making was always a challenge, but the recent calls for more evidence-based policies have opened a window of unprecedented opportunity for researchers to bring more contributions to shaping the future of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Encouraged by the success of the 2011 first edition, Romania and Armenia have organised a 2nd edition of the Future of Higher Education – Bologna Process Researchers’ Conference (FOHE-BPRC) in November 2014, with the support of the Italian Presidency of the European Union and as part of the official EHEA agenda. Reuniting over 170 researchers from more than 30 countries, the event was a forum to debate the trends and challenges faced by higher education today and look at the future of European cooperation in higher education. The research volumes offer unique insights regarding the state of affairs of European higher education and research, as well as forward-looking policy proposals. More than 50 articles focus on essential themes in higher education: Internationalization of higher education; Financing and governance; Excellence and the diversification of missions; Teaching, learning and student engagement; Equity and the social dimension of higher education; Education, research and innovation; Quality assurance, The impacts of the Bologna Process on the EHEA and beyond and Evidence-based policies in higher education. "The Bologna process was launched at a time of great optimism about the future of the European project – to which, of course, the reform of higher education across the continent has made a major contribution. Today, for the present, that optimism has faded as economic troubles have accumulated in the Euro-zone, political tensions have been increased on issues such as immigration and armed conflict has broken out in Ukraine. There is clearly a risk that, against this troubled background, the Bologna process itself may falter. There are already signs that it has been downgraded in some countries with evidence of political withdrawal. All the more reason for the voice of higher education researchers to be heard. Since the first conference they have established themselves as powerful stakeholders in the development of the EHEA, who are helping to maintain the momentum of the Bologna process. Their pivotal role has been strengthened by the second Bucharest conference." Peter Scott, Institute of Education, London (General Rapporteur of the FOHE-BPRC first edition)

Building Better Schools with Evidence-based Policy

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000363090
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Building Better Schools with Evidence-based Policy by : Kelly-Ann Allen

Download or read book Building Better Schools with Evidence-based Policy written by Kelly-Ann Allen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building Better Schools with Evidence-based Policy: Adaptable Policy for Teachers and School Leaders provides an extensive set of free-to-use policies for building better schools. The policies included in this book cover a broad range of popular topics for schools that are not readily accessible, and each policy is built on theory, driven by research, and created by experts. Each policy is based on substantial evidence, and this is ensured through the inclusion of contributors who are active and highly reputable in their respective field. Most schools are obliged to write and maintain policy, and not all school leaders have the required skills, time, or expertise to do this effectively. Building Better Schools with Evidence-based Policy: Adaptable Policy for Teachers and School Leaders is a time-saving resource for schools. It aims to address the reported research-to-practice gap in education by delivering accessible evidence-based practice in a ready-to-use adaptable format. All policies within this book are designed to be adapted and tailored to the unique diversity and needs of each school as reflected by the context and the people that make up the school community. This book is relevant to every person who works in a school – worldwide. Users of this book can rest assured that each policy has been carefully formulated from the current understandings of best practice. This is a practical innovation and an example of how schools can use research evidence in their day-to-day practices. "The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license."

Nutrition Education

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Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 0763775088
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (637 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutrition Education by : Isobel Contento

Download or read book Nutrition Education written by Isobel Contento and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2010-10-22 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of nutrition education is to address the numerous personal and environmental influences on food choices and assist individuals in practicing healthy behaviors. Nutrition Education, Second Edition provides students with a simple, straightforward model to easily design effective nutrition education. Using a six-step process, it integrates theory, research, and practice, providing advice on designing, implementing, and evaluating theory-based nutrition education.

Evidence-Based Policymaking

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100037890X
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Policymaking by : Karen Bogenschneider

Download or read book Evidence-Based Policymaking written by Karen Bogenschneider and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New thinking is needed on the age-old conundrum of how to connect research and policymaking. Why does a disconnect exist between the research community, which is producing thousands of studies relevant to public policy, and the policy community, which is making thousands of decisions that would benefit from research evidence? The second edition updates community dissonance theory and provides an even stronger, more substantiated story of why research is underutilized in policymaking, and what it will take to connect researchers and policymakers. This book offers a fresh look into what policymakers and the policy process are like, as told by policymakers themselves and the researchers who study and work with them. New to the second edition: • The point of view of policymakers is infused throughout this book based on a remarkable new study of 225 state legislators with an extraordinarily high response rate in this hard-to-access population. • A new theory holds promise for guiding the study and practice of evidence-based policy by building on how policymakers say research contributes to policymaking. • A new chapter features pioneering researchers who have effectively influenced public policy by engaging policymakers in ways rewarding to both. • A new chapter proposes how an engaged university could provide culturally competent training to create a new type of scholar and scholarship. This review of state-of-the-art research on evidence-based policy is a benefit to readers who find it hard to keep abreast of a field that spans the disciplines of business, economics, education, family sciences, health services, political science, psychology, public administration, social work, sociology, and so forth. For those who study evidence-based policy, the book provides the basics of producing policy relevant research by introducing researchers to policymakers and the policy process. Strategies are provided for identifying research questions that are relevant to the societal problems that confront and confound policymakers. Researchers will have at their fingertips a breath-taking overview of classic and cutting-edge studies on the multi-disciplinary field of evidence-based policy. For instructors, the book is written in a language and style that students find engaging. A topic that many students find mundane becomes germane when they read stories of what policymakers are like, and when they learn of researcher’s tribulations and triumphs as they work to build evidence-based policy. To point students to the most important ideas, the key concepts are highlighted in text boxes. For those who desire to engage policymakers, a new chapter summarizes the breakthroughs of several researchers who have been successful at driving policy change. The book provides 12 innovative best practices drawn from the science and practice of engaging policymakers, including insights from some of the best and brightest researchers and science communicators. The book also takes on the daunting task of evaluating the effectiveness of efforts to engage policymakers around research. A theory of change identifies seven key elements that are fundamental to increasing policymaker’s use of research along with evaluation protocols and preliminary evidence on each element.

Research of Vs Research for Education Policy

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Author :
Publisher : Richard Desjardins
ISBN 13 : 3639001699
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Research of Vs Research for Education Policy by : Richard Desjardins

Download or read book Research of Vs Research for Education Policy written by Richard Desjardins and published by Richard Desjardins. This book was released on 2009-02-01 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As national governments reform their educational systems to meet the challenges of living in a globalised world, the agenda setting power of transnational organizations like the OECD and the EU have become more transparent in the last decade. The phenomenon of globalization has a number of implications for education policy-making processes and not least it has had an impact on who conducts policy studies and how. This book brings together a variety of contributions which explore recent political economic changes affecting education policy-making processes including the ascension of neo-liberalism and the transnationalization of education policy-making, as well as the tension between research of policy and research for policy. Working from different perspectives, the authors help to provide a better understanding of these two important sets of issues which the field of education must contend with today.

Handbook of Education Policy Studies

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981138343X
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Education Policy Studies by : Guorui Fan

Download or read book Handbook of Education Policy Studies written by Guorui Fan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access handbook brings together the latest research from a wide range of internationally influential scholars to analyze educational policy research from international, historical and interdisciplinary perspectives. By effectively breaking through the boundaries between countries and disciplines, it presents new theories, techniques and methods for contemporary education policy, and illustrates the educational policies and educational reform practices that various countries have introduced to meet the challenges of continuous change. This volume focuses on policies and changes in schools and classrooms. The studies on school changes present the differences in the policies and challenges of K-12 schools and universities in different countries and regions, and in connection with the contradictions and conflicts between tradition and modernization, as well as the changing roles of various stakeholders, especially that of teachers. In terms of curriculum and instruction, many countries have undertaken experiments and introduced changes based on two major themes: “what to teach” and “how to teach”. International education assessments represented by PISA not only promote the improvement and extensive application of educational assessment and testing techniques, but have also had far-reaching impacts on education policies and education reforms in many countries. Focusing on the changes in educational policies at the micro level, this volume comprehensively reveals the complex interactions between school organizations, teachers, curricula, teaching and learning, evaluation and other elements within the education system, as well as the latest related reforms worldwide.

Educational Research and Innovation Who Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Strengthening Research Engagement

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Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264731326
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (647 download)

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Book Synopsis Educational Research and Innovation Who Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Strengthening Research Engagement by : OECD

Download or read book Educational Research and Innovation Who Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Strengthening Research Engagement written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2022-07-18 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the OECD, enormous effort and investment has been made to reinforce the quality, production and use of education research in policy and practice. Despite this, using research in education remains a challenge for many countries and systems.

Handbook of Education Policy Research

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113585646X
Total Pages : 2586 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Education Policy Research by : Gary Sykes

Download or read book Handbook of Education Policy Research written by Gary Sykes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 2586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Co-published by Routledge for the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Educational policy continues to be of major concern. Policy debates about economic growth and national competitiveness, for example, commonly focus on the importance of human capital and a highly educated workforce. Defining the theoretical boundaries and methodological approaches of education policy research are the two primary themes of this comprehensive, AERA-sponsored Handbook. Organized into seven sections, the Handbook focuses on (1) disciplinary foundations of educational policy, (2) methodological perspectives, (3) the policy process, (4) resources, management, and organization, (5) teaching and learning policy, (6) actors and institutions, and (7) education access and differentiation. Drawing from multiple disciplines, the Handbook’s over one hundred authors address three central questions: What policy issues and questions have oriented current policy research? What research strategies and methods have proven most fruitful? And what issues, questions, and methods will drive future policy research? Topics such as early childhood education, school choice, access to higher education, teacher accountability, and testing and measurement cut across the 63 chapters in the volume. The politics surrounding these and other issues are objectively analyzed by authors and commentators. Each of the seven sections concludes with two commentaries by leading scholars in the field. The first considers the current state of policy design, and the second addresses the current state of policy research. This book is appropriate for scholars and graduate students working in the field of education policy and for the growing number of academic, government, and think-tank researchers engaged in policy research. For more information on the American Educational Research Association, please visit: http://www.aera.net/.

Evidence-Based Practice In Education

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Author :
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN 13 : 0335213340
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Practice In Education by : Pring, Richard

Download or read book Evidence-Based Practice In Education written by Pring, Richard and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Where does hunch end and evidence begin? Too much is written and said about school improvement - about improvements in teaching and learning - with far too little attention to this question. This book provides vivid discussion from distinguished protagonists and antagonists about what gets called 'evidence-based practice'. Reading it, all involved in education - policymakers and practitioners alike - can proceed more confidently."- Professor Tim Brighouse, London Schools Commissioner The movement to evidence-based practice in education is as important as it is controversial, and this book explores the arguments of leading advocates and critics. The book begins with an explication of evidence-based practice. Some of the ideas of its proponents are discussed, including the Campbell Collaboration, and the application to education of Cochrane-style reviews and meta-analyses. The thinking behind evidence based practice has been the subject of much criticism, particularly in education, and this criticism is aired in the second part of the book. Questions have been raised about what we mean by evidence, about how particular kinds of evidence may be privileged over other kinds of evidence, about the transferability of research findings to practice, and about the consequences of a move to evidence-based practice for governance in education. Given that the origins of the interest in evidence-based practice come largely from its use in medicine, questions arise about the validity of the transposition, and contributors to the third part of the book address this transposition. The issues raised in the book, while primarily those raised by educators, are of relevance also to professionals in medicine, social work and psychology.

Educational Research and Innovation Who Really Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement

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Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264891323
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Educational Research and Innovation Who Really Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement by : OECD

Download or read book Educational Research and Innovation Who Really Cares about Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2023-07-28 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's dynamic and rapidly evolving world, evidence-informed decision-making has emerged as a cornerstone in guiding effective education policy and practice. In particular, creating a culture of research engagement is often highlighted as a key ingredient to strengthening the impact of research. However, it is not always clear how that works in practice.

Politics, Policies and Pedagogies in Education

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135019975
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Politics, Policies and Pedagogies in Education by : Bob Lingard

Download or read book Politics, Policies and Pedagogies in Education written by Bob Lingard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the World Library of Educationalists, international experts compile career long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces of work – extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, major theoretical and practical contributions – so the world can read them in a single manageable volume. Readers will be able to follow the themes and strands and see how their work contributes to the development of the field. Bob Lingard has spent the last 30 years researching and writing in universities in Australia, England and Scotland about changing education policy issues. His work is written from a sociological perspective and with a commitment to social justice. He is the co-editor and co-author of 17 books and more than 100 journal articles and book chapters. In Politics, Policies and Pedagogies in Education, Bob Lingard provides critical sociological engagement with the politics of education. The focus is education policy and the impact of globalization, including epistemological and methodological issues necessary for researching education policy today. Topics analyzed include: educational restructuring new accountabilities and testing mediatization of education policy policy as numbers the global policy field and policy borrowing pedagogies. Lingard also considers the nature of educational research today. He has selected 12 of his key writings and in a critical introduction situates and contextualizes the work against key developments in the field and in the changing world.

Education Today 2009 The OECD Perspective

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Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264059954
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Education Today 2009 The OECD Perspective by : OECD

Download or read book Education Today 2009 The OECD Perspective written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2009-03-19 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents OECD's current main messages regarding the state education, covering early childhood, schooling, transitions beyond initial education, higher education, adult education, lifelong learning, outcomes and returns, equity and innovation.

The Changing Epistemic Governance of European Education

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319317768
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Epistemic Governance of European Education by : Romuald Normand

Download or read book The Changing Epistemic Governance of European Education written by Romuald Normand and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-17 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the transformations of epistemic governance in education, the way in which some actors are shaping new knowledge, and how that new knowledge impacts other actors in charge of implementing this knowledge in the context of the decision-making process and practice. The book describes knowledge-based and evidence-based technologies that produce new modes of representation, cognitive categories, and value-based judgements which determine and guide actions and interactions between researchers, experts and policy-makers. It explores several major social theories and concepts, analysing the transformation of the relationship between educational and social sciences and politics. In the light of epistemic governance being linked to transformations of academic capitalism, the book describes the ways in which academics engaged in heterogeneous networks are capable of developing new interactions as well as facing new trials imposed on them by the changing conditions of producing knowledge in their scientific community and within their institutions. Knowledge is power. It is materialized in metrics, policy instruments and embedded in networks. The governance of European higher education, insightfully argues Romuald Normand, is not structured by hierarchical public policies, by governmental exercise of authority or heroic decision making. Normand makes a sophisticated intellectual argument, building upon the work of Foucault, Latour (Sociology of science), and the pragmatic sociology of Boltanski and Thévenot (sociology of justification) in order to precisely analyse Europe‘s higher education through the circulation of ideas and instruments. Based upon precise research, the book is a major contribution to the understanding of high education in a capitalist Europe, beyond the simple idea of neo liberalism. Normand, provocatively, even suggests the making of a European Homo Academicus. This is an innovative and important book for public policy, European Studies and the sociology of Education. Patrick le Galès, FBA, CNRS Research Professor, Centre d’Etudes Européennes, Sciences Po, Paris, France

Evidence-Based Policy

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Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446227839
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Evidence-Based Policy by : Ray Pawson

Download or read book Evidence-Based Policy written by Ray Pawson and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2006-04-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this important new book, Ray Pawson examines the recent spread of evidence-based policy making across the Western world. Few major public initiatives are mounted these days in the absence of a sustained attempt to evaluate them. Programmes are tried, tried and tried again and researched, researched and researched again. And yet it is often difficult to know which interventions, and which inquiries, will withstand the test of time. The evident solution, going by the name of evidence-based policy, is to take the longer view. Rather than relying on one-off studies, it is wiser to look to the 'weight of evidence'. Accordingly, it is now widely agreed the most useful data to support policy decisions will be culled from systematic reviews of all the existing research in particular policy domains. This is the consensual starting point for Ray Pawson's latest foray into the world of evaluative research. But this is social science after all and harmony prevails only in the first chapter. Thereafter, Pawson presents a devastating critique of the dominant approach to systematic review - namely the 'meta-analytic' approach as sponsored by the Cochrane and Campbell collaborations. In its place is commended an approach that he terms 'realist synthesis'. On this vision, the real purpose of systematic review is better to understand programme theory, so that policies can be properly targeted and developed to counter an ever-changing landscape of social problems. The book will be essential reading for all those who loved (or loathed) the arguments developed in Realistic Evaluation (Sage, 1997). It offers a complete blueprint for research synthesis, supported by detailed illustrations and worked examples from across the policy waterfront. It will be of especial interest to policy-makers, practitioners, researchers and students working in health, education, employment, social care, criminal justice, regeneration and welfare.