Evaluating The Relationship Between Team Cohesion And Mental Health In Ncaa Athletes

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Evaluating the Relationship Between Team Cohesion and Mental Health in NCAA Athletes

Author : Janelle Rothacker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Relationship Between Team Cohesion and Mental Health in NCAA Athletes by : Janelle Rothacker

Download or read book Evaluating the Relationship Between Team Cohesion and Mental Health in NCAA Athletes written by Janelle Rothacker and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objective: College student-athletes face unique stressors at a developmental stage marked by heightened prevalence of mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and disordered eating. Given the value ascribed to membership in small groups, perceptions of group cohesion may be a critical aspect of athletes social environment for promoting mental health in sports teams. The purpose of the current study was to determine the association between perceived group cohesion and self-reported perceptions of anxiety, depression, and disordered eating. Methods: Athletes (N =124) were recruited within their sport teams to complete an electronic survey. Participants completed measures of group cohesion (i.e., attraction to group-task, attraction to group-social, group integration-social, group integration-task), social support, anxiety, depression, and disordered eating. Results: Preliminary analyses generally revealed weak bivariate correlations between group cohesion and the three dependent variables, although depression had a moderate correlation with two cohesion subscales: attachment to group-task and group integration-social. Linear regressions examined the extent that four subscales of group cohesion predicted mental health issues. Whereas group cohesion was not a significant predictor of anxiety, depression and disordered eating behaviors were significantly predicted by group cohesion. Increases in cohesion were linked to lower perceptions of both depression and disordered eating with the strongest significant predictors being attachment to grouptask and group integrationtask. Conclusions: These findings highlight group cohesion as a predictor of mental health issues, and depression in particular. While these findings are preliminary, they point toward the potential role of group environments within mental health interventions.

Mind Body and Sport

Author : NCAA
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781495131752
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Mind Body and Sport by : NCAA

Download or read book Mind Body and Sport written by NCAA and published by . This book was released on 2014-11-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Role Conflict and Team Environment in Relation to Mental Health Among Division I College Student Athletes

Author : Allison M. Rosset
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (952 download)

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Book Synopsis Role Conflict and Team Environment in Relation to Mental Health Among Division I College Student Athletes by : Allison M. Rosset

Download or read book Role Conflict and Team Environment in Relation to Mental Health Among Division I College Student Athletes written by Allison M. Rosset and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Group of Individuals Or a Singular Team?

Author : Taylor A. Wilhelmy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis A Group of Individuals Or a Singular Team? by : Taylor A. Wilhelmy

Download or read book A Group of Individuals Or a Singular Team? written by Taylor A. Wilhelmy and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multitude of research has already been conducted on the concept of cohesion in sport with the majority of research looking at the relationship between cohesion and performance. It has been found that the correlation between cohesion and performance is moderately strong and positive; however, little research has been conducted on potential antecedents and moderators that influence the development of cohesion. Three potential environmental inputs that have been scarcely found in the sport literature include previous success, tenure and group size. Usually analyzed at the same time as other variables of interest, research on success and cohesion in sport has found that for winning teams, cohesion remained consistent throughout the sport season while those on losing teams saw a decrease in cohesion over this same time period. Concentrated in the business domain, increased tenure has been shown to provide greater overall team stability and greater social cohesion. Research on group size has found that increases in the number of individuals on a sport team decreases cohesion while small to medium sized exercise classes provide enough social opportunities but larger classes see these opportunities decrease. When used as a moderator, the type of team has been found to not moderate the cohesion-performance relationship. With limited knowledge on antecedents of cohesion along with the potential moderation effect of team type and the changes in cohesion over time, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between previous season success, team tenure and group size and cohesion, see if team type moderates these relationships and explore how cohesion changes over time. It is hypothesized that the relationship between group size and cohesion will be negative while the relationships between previous success and cohesion along with tenure and cohesion will be positive. Additionally, the relationships between the three environmental variables of interest and cohesion will be stronger for those on coactive teams compared to interactive teams. A total of 118 current NCAA student-athletes partook in this study of which 57 were from coactive teams and 61 were from interactive teams. Participants completed an online Qualtrics composed of three sections: demographics, environmental inputs and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) to assess cohesion. At the end of this questionnaire, participants were asked if they were willing to partake in an additional questionnaire, containing only the GEQ, to contribute to the exploration of cohesion over time. Of the 118 total participants, 86 agreed to partake in the second questionnaire four weeks later with 37 responses recorded. Multiple regression analyses, the PROCESS macro and a paired samples t-test were conducted to see if there are any relationships between the environmental inputs and cohesion, if team type moderates these relationships and to explore changes in cohesion over four weeks respectively. Analyses found that previous success was a positive predictor for both Group Integration subscales of cohesion. Additionally, team type was found to moderate the relationship between tenure and both ATG cohesion subscales with tenure being found to be a significant predictor for the task cohesion subscales (ATG-T and GI-T) and team type being an additional predictor of ATG-T. While no significant relationships were found between tenure and ATG-S for both coactive and interactive teams along with the relationship between tenure and ATG-T for interactive teams, there was a significant negative relationship found between tenure and ATG-T for coactive teams. It was also found that cohesion did not significantly differ between the initial questionnaire and the second questionnaire administered four weeks later. Keywords: cohesion; NCAA; previous success; tenure; group size; moderation; team type; longitudinal; coactive; interactive

Exploring the Relationship Between Team Characteristics and Mental Health Symptoms Amongst Student Athletes

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Relationship Between Team Characteristics and Mental Health Symptoms Amongst Student Athletes by :

Download or read book Exploring the Relationship Between Team Characteristics and Mental Health Symptoms Amongst Student Athletes written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depression and anxiety are disabling conditions that are particularly prevalent amongst young adults (Wolanin, Hong, Marks, Panchoo, & Gross, 2016). Student athletes must cope with extensive time demands that go beyond those of ordinary young adults, consequently putting them at increased risk to experiencing mental health issues. Numerous factors may influence an athlete's well being, such as gender, injury, and type of sport. This study tests these various factors but also extends previous literature by analyzing the effects of team dynamics on student athlete mental health. An anonymous multi-part questionnaire was sent out to all JMU athletes in the Fall of 2017. Chi square statistical tests were used to determine whether there was a mathematical association between team characteristics and the presence or absence of mental health symptoms. There was a significant correlation between 'pressure' and anxiety (X2 = 13.403, p = .009). In addition, 'inability to trust teammates' and 'not sharing goals of personal improvement' also contributed to increased levels of anxiety. There was a significant correlation between serious injuries and depression (X2 = 4.325, p = .038). Lack of time for social life and inability to effectively manage conflicts within the team both contributed to increased levels of depression as well. Fortunately, the data showed that JMU's student athletes had higher mental health scores than American college students as a whole, according to prior research, and they do feel as though the resources available to them are adequate.

An Evaluation of Mental Health Needs of and Services Provided to Intercollegiate Athletes

Author : Steven Craig Caberto
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (219 download)

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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Mental Health Needs of and Services Provided to Intercollegiate Athletes by : Steven Craig Caberto

Download or read book An Evaluation of Mental Health Needs of and Services Provided to Intercollegiate Athletes written by Steven Craig Caberto and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mental Health in the Athlete

Author : Eugene Hong
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030447545
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Mental Health in the Athlete by : Eugene Hong

Download or read book Mental Health in the Athlete written by Eugene Hong and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-30 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book provides a practical framework for and coverage of a broad range of mental health concerns applicable to the care of athletes, including depression, suicide, mood disorders, substance abuse and risk-taking behaviors. To this end, it presents content relevant to the care of athletes, including doping and the use of performance-enhancing drugs, the mental health impact of concussion, bullying and hazing, the impact of social media and exercise addiction, among other pertinent topics. Current basic and translational research on behavioral health and the relationship of brain to behavior are reviewed, and current treatment approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological (including mindfulness training), are considered. This practical resource targets the stigma of mental in athletes in order to overcome barriers to care by presenting a definitive perspective of current concepts in the mental health care of athletes, provided by experts in the field and targeting sports medicine providers, mental health providers and primary care physicians involved in the direct care of recreational and competitive athletes at all levels.

Fostering the Mental Health of Athletes, Coaches, and Staff

Author : Charles A. Maher
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000632245
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Fostering the Mental Health of Athletes, Coaches, and Staff by : Charles A. Maher

Download or read book Fostering the Mental Health of Athletes, Coaches, and Staff written by Charles A. Maher and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-28 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a systems approach for fostering the mental health of athletes, coaches, and staff in sport organizations at professional, collegiate, and secondary school levels. Through this approach, readers can collaborate effectively with a range of professionals in sport organizations, helping to create a mentally healthy entity. Fostering the Mental Health of Athletes, Coaches, and Staff includes a set of sequential, interrelated chapters that detail precise steps along with practitioner exercises. Following an introductory chapter about the evolution of mental health in sport organizations, the systems approach is overviewed in terms of its constituent dimensions. Chapter-by-chapter guidance then is provided about the following activities: Creating a vision and direction for mental health in a sport organization Assessing the readiness of a sport organization for mental health initiatives Identifying and involving people as key contributors to mental health Assessing the mental and emotional development of athletes, coaches, and staff Designing and implementing mental health programs and services Educating and training coaches, staff, and administrators about mental health Establishing a team environment conducive to mental health Formulating and enacting mental health policies, plans, and procedures Coordinating mental skills, life skills, and mental health Evaluating mental health programs and services Making decisions about improving mental health initiatives Through its unique and important nature and scope, as well as being the first of its kind to discuss athlete mental health through this specific lens, this book is essential for licensed sport, clinical, and counseling psychologists, as well as other professionals who communicate and collaborate regarding mental health, including mental performance consultants, athletic trainers, and administrators.

Factors Influencing and Predicting the Likelihood of Seeking Mental Health Help

Author : Matthew David Bird
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Factors Influencing and Predicting the Likelihood of Seeking Mental Health Help by : Matthew David Bird

Download or read book Factors Influencing and Predicting the Likelihood of Seeking Mental Health Help written by Matthew David Bird and published by . This book was released on 2023-11-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collegiate athletes experience mental health concerns at similar rates to non-athlete students, however, the student-athlete population underutilizes professional mental health help with only 10% of those in need seeking services. Criticisms of the extant research on studentathlete mental health help-seeking include studies that lack theoretical guidance, and convenience samples who are not experiencing a mental health issue. The aim of this study was to conduct a theoretically driven investigation assessing factors of help-seeking associated with the Health Belief Model and Reasoned Action Approach while sampling student-athletes who identified as currently experiencing a personal or emotional health concern. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to investigate which factors of help-seeking behavior predict the likelihood that a student-athlete will seek professional help, and to identify the differences in help-seeking factors between student-athletes with a lower likelihood of seeking help compared to those with a higher likelihood of seeking help. Participants were 269 NCAA student-athletes who completed an online survey assessing factors related to their help-seeking behavior. A multiple liner regression reveled that perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility, and perceived attitudes factors were significant predictors of the likelihood that a student-athlete would seek treatment. Results from a one-way MANOVA showed significant differences between the lower likelihood and the higher likelihood of seeking help group on the perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, instrumental barriers, stigma-related barriers, and the perceived attitudes factors. Additional information gathered in this study suggests the most frequently reported factors which prevented student-athletes from seeking help include a belief the issues they are experiencing is not that serious, or a desire to seek help from a source other than a mental health professional. Findings from this study have implications for athletic departments, campus counseling centers, and future interventions designed to enhance mental health help-seeking.

Group Dynamics in Sport

Author : Albert V. Carron
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Group Dynamics in Sport by : Albert V. Carron

Download or read book Group Dynamics in Sport written by Albert V. Carron and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the definitive textbook on the practical and theoretical significance of the group in sport and exercise settings. With new and updated chapters, the third edition presents the most current analyses and information on collective efficacy, team goal setting, the nature of status in sport teams, team building, and a host of other group factors critical to sport performance and exercise participation. The lead author, Dr Bert Carron, is recognised as the worlds foremost authority on group dynamics in sport. This textbook is essential reading for students enrolled in sport psychology and sport sociology courses.

Team Psychology in Sports

Author : Stewart Cotterill
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136475907
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis Team Psychology in Sports by : Stewart Cotterill

Download or read book Team Psychology in Sports written by Stewart Cotterill and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-21 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to mould a group of talented individual athletes into an effective team takes effort and skill. Team Psychology in Sports examines the crucial factors in the development of an effective team, introducing important psychological and organizational concepts and offering evidence-based interventions for enhancing the performance of any sports team. The book neatly bridges the gap between theory and practice, with real sporting case studies, examples and practical tools included in each chapter. It covers the full range of issues in team sport, including: planning communication cohesion motivation emotions momentum leadership recovery. No other book offers such an up-to-date, relevant and applied guide to working with sports teams. It is essential reading for all students and practitioners working in sport psychology or sports coaching.

An Educator’s Guide to Assessing Threats in Student Writing

Author : Brian Van Brunt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000198197
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis An Educator’s Guide to Assessing Threats in Student Writing by : Brian Van Brunt

Download or read book An Educator’s Guide to Assessing Threats in Student Writing written by Brian Van Brunt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on research from the threat-assessment community, this important resource addresses the challenge of assessing concerning online communication, written narratives, and artistic works at schools, colleges, and universities. Drawing from the collective fields of law enforcement, law, and psychology, the authors expand on evidence-based practices to help student affairs staff and K-12 educators best assess the validity of these communications and develop intervention and management plans. Concepts are supported through numerous examples of social media posts, written fiction work, emails and examples from past attacks, as well as averted plans. Appropriate for the classroom, Behavioral Intervention Teams, frontline teaching staff and administrators, this new resource will ensure an evidence-based approach to early assessment and intervention.

Mental Health and Well-being Interventions in Sport

Author : Gavin Breslin
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351375709
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Mental Health and Well-being Interventions in Sport by : Gavin Breslin

Download or read book Mental Health and Well-being Interventions in Sport written by Gavin Breslin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-14 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mental health within elite sport has traditionally been ignored, but recent research has shown that competitive sport can at times seriously undermine mental health and that athletes are exposed to specific stressors that hinder their mental health optimisation. Mental Health and Well-being Interventions in Sport provides an indispensable guide for researchers and practitioners wanting to understand and implement sport-based intervention processes. This important book adopts an evidenced based approach, discussing the context of the intervention, its design and implementation, and its evaluation and legacy. With cases on depression, eating disorders, and athletic burnout, the book is designed to provide practitioners, policy makers and researchers with a cutting-edge overview of the key issues involved in this burgeoning area, while also including cases on how sport itself has been used as a method to improve mental health. Written for newcomers and established practitioners alike, the text is an essential read for researchers and practitioners in better understanding the sport setting-based intervention processes through presenting current research, theory and practice, applicable in a variety of sports settings and contexts.

Understanding the Influence of the Coach and Team Relationships on Sport Motivation in Collegiate Student-Athletes

Author : Lindsey Swanson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (971 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Influence of the Coach and Team Relationships on Sport Motivation in Collegiate Student-Athletes by : Lindsey Swanson

Download or read book Understanding the Influence of the Coach and Team Relationships on Sport Motivation in Collegiate Student-Athletes written by Lindsey Swanson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National College Athlete Association (NCAA) reports ever-increasing numbers of students participating in collegiate sports. As the demand for and intensity of collegiate sports continue to grow, there is a need to understand the sport enviornment and assist in the development of environments conducive to the well-being of student-athletes. This study used the vocational and industrial-organizational theory of person-environment fit to concptualize the collegiate sport environment as it shares numerous characteristics with a work environment. This study examined the relationships between the perceived cohesion student-athletes experience with their coaches and teammates and their motivation to perform. The impact of three moderators (athletic identity, sex, and sport type) on the cohesion - motivation relationship was also examined. Using data collected from 219 male and female collegiate student-athletes, hierarchical multiple regressions tested the effects of the perceived coach-athlete relationship and team-athlete relationship on predicting athletes' motivation to perform as well as the moderating effects of athletic identity, sex, and sport type. The athletes' perceived coach-athlete cohesion, team-athlete cohesion, and athletic identity (i.e., the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role) predicted the intrinsic and self-determined motivation levels of student-athletes. Athletic identity moderated the relationship between perceived team-athlete cohesion and motivation; sport type moderated the relationship between perceived coach-athlete cohesion and motivation. For student-athletes who reported a low athletic identity, perceived cohesion with their team was more predictive of their motivation levels than it was for those who had higher athletic identity. The degree to which they perceived cohesion with coach was more strongly predictive of self-determined motivation levels for student-athletes of individual sports compared to student-athletes involved in team sports. Clinical implications of the findings and future research are discussed.

Mental Health in Collegiate Athletics

Author : Sara Smith
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Mental Health in Collegiate Athletics by : Sara Smith

Download or read book Mental Health in Collegiate Athletics written by Sara Smith and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess collegiate student-athlete perception of mental health. A secondary purpose was to develop a list of attitudes and behaviors toward athletes seeking help, and university perception. Methods. Alcorn State University student-athletes were given a survey about mental health in collegiate athletics. One-hundred and ninety student athletes submitted a complete response. Results. There was no significant relationship between the number of barriers and seeking help. There was an overwhelming number of student-athletes that do not believe that Alcorn is prepared to help with a mental health crisis. There was no significant difference between male and female participants for willingness to seek help. Discussion. The number of barriers data was skewed due to the high number of responses for zero and one barrier, but questions could be used for future studies. Many of the student-athletes feel that Alcorn is not prepared and provided several qualitative responses that could benefit the athletic department. Lastly, even though there was no significance between the sexes, it shows that the gap between them is starting to decrease. Conclusion. There are a lot of improvements that could be made to the mental health crisis response. Student-athlete opinions are important and should be used to develop protocols and policies.

Advancements in Mental Skills Training

Author : Maurizio Bertollo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429655835
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Advancements in Mental Skills Training by : Maurizio Bertollo

Download or read book Advancements in Mental Skills Training written by Maurizio Bertollo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-07-22 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in Mental Skills Training presents contemporary evidence-based intervention approaches from leading sport psychology researchers and practitioners. The book comprehensively examines the use of mental skills training for athletic performance and well-being from a cross-cultural perspective. It begins by introducing theoretical advancements related to mental toughness, cultural factors, performance optimisation and mindfulness. It goes on to examine the technological advancements related to mental skills training, outlining how mobile technologies can be used to measure and train perceptual-cognitive skills, and the effectiveness of virtual reality in mental training. The book concludes by discussing emerging topics, such as how sports psychology can incorporate spirituality, minority groups in sport and the impact of prejudice, and referee career development. This insightful text introduces the potential for sport psychology to be integrated into our daily functioning and provides strategies for athletes to optimize their performance and bolster their mental health. It will be an essential read for all sport psychology researchers as well as professionals working in the field.

Relationships Among Team Cohesion and Performance, Anxiety, Retention, and Satisfaction

Author : Arden Anderson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Relationships Among Team Cohesion and Performance, Anxiety, Retention, and Satisfaction by : Arden Anderson

Download or read book Relationships Among Team Cohesion and Performance, Anxiety, Retention, and Satisfaction written by Arden Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), Social Networking Analysis (SNA) has recently emerged as a promising research approach to measuring team cohesion. However, little to no research has simultaneously used both measures to compare and contrast their unique benefits. Thus, the present study sought to examine the relationship between SNA (friendship and efficacy) and the GEQ, as well as their relationships with team performance, anxiety, retention, and satisfaction. Players and coaches from four NCAA Division-I Women's Volleyball teams (N = 49) completed an online survey at preseason, midseason, and postseason. Findings indicated that the GEQ and SNA are likely measuring different constructs. While the GEQ was a better global measure of team cohesion, SNA was able to offer unique contributions in exploring how specific dyadic relationships among team members evolve over the course of the season and contribute to performance, anxiety, retention, and satisfaction. Visual inspections of the SNA networks revealed that the team with fewer friendship connections was more successful in terms of team performance. In addition, SNA efficacy was associated with lower levels of competitive somatic anxiety. The GEQ subscales that focused on individual attractions to the group (ATG-T and ATG-S) and SNA friendship and efficacy were moderately related to later intentions of returning to the team the following season. Finally, lower levels of cohesion, as measured by both the GEQ and SNA, were associated with lower levels of satisfaction later in the season. The results of this study help to highlight the positive outcomes variables associated with team cohesion, while also further positioning SNA and the GEQ as important, yet unique, tools for athletic administrators and coaches to use to better understand the functioning, or lack thereof, of their teams. Acknowledgements of practical applications and recommendations for future research are provided.