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Ethiopia Urban Labor Markets
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Download or read book Ethiopia written by Weltbank and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report focuses on a central element of Ethiopia's challenge: the urban labor market. The headlines, which are detailed in the report, are dramatic, and include the following: open unemployment has been persistently high and average duration is long, though recent trends suggest improved performance. There is a significant segmentation-two relatively privileged sector in the public and formal private sectors, a massive informal sector and a large stock of unemployed. Individual transitions across these states have increased over time, but remain relatively limited. Formal sector employment in urban areas is dominated by the state and manufacturing sector employment remains among the lowest in the world. The majority of those who are working in urban areas are engaged in informal sector activity, typically as a last resort but also as a persistent state. Average wages are low, especially for the unskilled and in the informal sector, but productivity is also very low. Women are especially disadvantaged in the labor market-and typically face worse outcomes with higher levels of unemployment, lower wages, and a greater concentration in the informal sector. Many youth seem to enter the labor market through low quality jobs in the informal sector or into unemployment. The structure of this report is as follows. Volume I synthesizes the emerging findings and policy implications while Volume 2 presents a series of thematic chapters which summarize the underlying background work. In this volume the next chapter sets the stage for the analysis by clarifying the metrics of the key labor market indicators. Chapter 3 looks at the structure of urban labor markets and what has hindered their ability to generate jobs despite the acceleration of growth in the last few years. Chapter 4 focuses on the challenge of urban unemployment, while Chapter 5 looks at the effects of migration on urban labor markets. The final chapter in this volume reviews the emerging policy agenda.
Book Synopsis Ethiopia - Urban Labor Markets by : Weltbank
Download or read book Ethiopia - Urban Labor Markets written by Weltbank and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report focuses on a central element of Ethiopia's challenge: the urban labor market. The headlines, which are detailed in the report, are dramatic, and include the following: open unemployment has been persistently high and average duration is long, though recent trends suggest improved performance. There is a significant segmentation-two relatively privileged sector in the public and formal private sectors, a massive informal sector and a large stock of unemployed. Individual transitions across these states have increased over time, but remain relatively limited. Formal sector employment in urban areas is dominated by the state and manufacturing sector employment remains among the lowest in the world. The majority of those who are working in urban areas are engaged in informal sector activity, typically as a last resort but also as a persistent state. Average wages are low, especially for the unskilled and in the informal sector, but productivity is also very low. Women are especially disadvantaged in the labor market-and typically face worse outcomes with higher levels of unemployment, lower wages, and a greater concentration in the informal sector. Many youth seem to enter the labor market through low quality jobs in the informal sector or into unemployment. The structure of this report is as follows. Volume I synthesizes the emerging findings and policy implications while Volume 2 presents a series of thematic chapters which summarize the underlying background work. In this volume the next chapter sets the stage for the analysis by clarifying the metrics of the key labor market indicators. Chapter 3 looks at the structure of urban labor markets and what has hindered their ability to generate jobs despite the acceleration of growth in the last few years. Chapter 4 focuses on the challenge of urban unemployment, while Chapter 5 looks at the effects of migration on urban labor markets. The final chapter in this volume reviews the emerging policy agenda.
Book Synopsis Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets by : Arne Bigsten
Download or read book Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets written by Arne Bigsten and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of panel data on individuals in a random selection of urban households in Ethiopia reveals large, sustained, and unexplained earnings gaps between public and private, and formal and informal sectors over the period 1994-2004. The authors have no formal evidence whether these gaps reflect segmentation of the labor market along either of these divides. In other words, they cannot show whether they are at least in part due to impediments to entry in the higher wage sector. But they do have evidence that, if segmentation explains any part of the observed earnings gaps, then it could only have weakened over the survey decade. The authors find, first, that the rate of mobility increased between the two pairs of sectors. Sample transition rates grew across survey waves, while state dependence in sector choice decreased. Second, the sensitivity of sector choice to earnings gaps increased over the same period. In particular, the role of comparative earnings in selection into the informal sector was evident throughout the survey decade and increased in magnitude over the second half of the period.
Download or read book Ethiopia written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ethiopia - Urban Labor Markets written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets by : Arne Bigsten
Download or read book Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets written by Arne Bigsten and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of panel data on individuals in a random selection of urban households in Ethiopia reveals large, sustained, and unexplained earnings gaps between public and private, and formal and informal sectors over the period 1994-2004. The authors have no formal evidence whether these gaps reflect segmentation of the labor market along either of these divides. In other words, they cannot show whether they are at least in part due to impediments to entry in the higher wage sector. But they do have evidence that, if segmentation explains any part of the observed earnings gaps, then it could only have weakened over the survey decade. The authors find, first, that the rate of mobility increased between the two pairs of sectors. Sample transition rates grew across survey waves, while state dependence in sector choice decreased. Second, the sensitivity of sector choice to earnings gaps increased over the same period. In particular, the role of comparative earnings in selection into the informal sector was evident throughout the survey decade and increased in magnitude over the second half of the period.
Book Synopsis Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets, 1994-2004 by : Arne Bigsten
Download or read book Mobility and Earnings in Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets, 1994-2004 written by Arne Bigsten and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of panel data on individuals in a random selection of urban households in Ethiopia reveals large, sustained, and unexplained earnings gaps between public and private, and formal and informal sectors over the period 1994-2004. The authors have no formal evidence whether these gaps reflect segmentation of the labor market along either of these divides. In other words, they cannot show whether they are at least in part due to impediments to entry in the higher wage sector. But they do have evidence that, if segmentation explains any part of the observed earnings gaps, then it could only have weakened over the survey decade. The authors find, first, that the rate of mobility increased between the two pairs of sectors. Sample transition rates grew across survey waves, while state dependence in sector choice decreased. Second, the sensitivity of sector choice to earnings gaps increased over the same period. In particular, the role of comparative earnings in selection into the informal sector was evident throughout the survey decade and increased in magnitude over the second half of the period.
Book Synopsis Fifth Ethiopia Economic Update by : Weltbankgruppe
Download or read book Fifth Ethiopia Economic Update written by Weltbankgruppe and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strong economic growth continued in 2014-15, but the drought slowed down Ethiopia's growth to 8 percent in 2015-16. Exports have had their worst performance in the last decade and the current account balance remained large. Inflation is remarkable stable given the recent drought and even declining; it stood at 5.6 percent in October 2016. Understanding the nature of urban labor markets is important for a successful transition to a manufacturing and service-oriented economy and to further reduce poverty. Many urban labor market trends are moving in the right direction although there has been little change in the structure of urban labor markets over time. Although jobs are being created faster than growth in the urban workforce, not enough jobs are being created for those with primary and secondary education. This economic update offers five policy recommendations to enhance urban labor markets: encourage firm creation and firm growth that creates jobs for non-graduates; increase labor productivity in the low-skill population segment by addressing constraints faced by firms in accessing capital (financial and physical) to ensure that the marginal product of labor increases above the nutrition-based wage; invest further in job training and technical training programs to build the skills of those in the job market: both for low-skilled workers to increase their productivity and for those with higher levels of education to increase their skill base; introduce targeted urban safety nets and labor market programs to invest in skills of low skilled employees and the unemployed, and provide financial support to enable their job search; and enhance the use of information communication and technology (ICT) to provide information on job vacancies throughout the city and reduce the cost of job search.
Book Synopsis Fifth Ethiopia Economic Update by : World Bank Group
Download or read book Fifth Ethiopia Economic Update written by World Bank Group and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Non-farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopia by : Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane
Download or read book Non-farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopia written by Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethiopia’s economy is rapidly transforming. However, the extent to which this is affecting off-farm income and labor markets in rural areas is not well understood. Based on a large-scale household survey in high potential agricultural areas, we find that total off-farm income (defined as wage and enterprise income) makes up 18 percent of total rural income. Wage income in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors accounts for 10 percent of total household income, equating in importance to livestock income. We show off-farm income and wage income to be relatively more important for the poor and female and youth-headed households. We further find that real rural wages increased by 54 percent over the last decade, mostly driven by high agricultural growth. While this wage increase is good news for the poor, it also induces adjustments in agricultural production practices, including increased adoption of labor-substituting technologies such as herbicides and mechanization. However, it also relaxes liquidity constraints in the off-season for some households, consequently leading to higher productivity.
Book Synopsis What Explains Wage Differentials for the Urban Wage Earners? by : Shanjukta Nath
Download or read book What Explains Wage Differentials for the Urban Wage Earners? written by Shanjukta Nath and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ethiopian labor market is facing the dual challenge of creating new employment opportunities for the rapidly expanding labor force and improving the quality of existing jobs in the labor market. In this paper, the authors estimate an earnings function for the urban wage-employed to understand how investment in human capital shapes labor market outcomes and to what extent human capital returns have been realized. Their key findings show that there are significant gains associated with acquiring higher levels of education in the urban labor market. Interestingly, the authors also find that the margin of completed primary compared to incomplete primary education is critical in explaining earning gains. This finding has important implications for education policies in Ethiopia, a country in which about five percent of gross domestic product (GDP) is invested on education annually with nearly half of the budget ear-marked for tertiary level education. Understanding the returns from various levels of education, in different sectors, regions, as well as gender gaps in earning are critical to think about public investment choices and labor market policies that can support nudging market inclusiveness, equity, and efficiency. Investments by the government aimed at incentivizing completion of primary education can go a long way in ensuing higher wages and improving standards of living in Ethiopia.
Book Synopsis Incentives and Dynamics in the Ethiopian Health Worker Labor Market by : William Jack
Download or read book Incentives and Dynamics in the Ethiopian Health Worker Labor Market written by William Jack and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-07-07 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By international standards, health workers in Ethiopia are in short supply. In addition, those who do enter the health fields and remain in the country disproportionately live and work in the capital, Addis Ababa. This paper uses detailed data gathered from nearly 1,000 health workers to examine the incentives and constraints that health workers face when choosing where to work, the likely responses of workers to alternative incentive packages, and the longer term performance of the health worker labor market. This working paper was produced as part of the World Bank s Africa Region Health Systems for Outcomes (HSO) Program. The Program, funded by the World Bank, the Government of Norway, the Government of the United Kingdom and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), focuses on strengthening health systems in Africa to reach the poor and achieve tangible results related to Health, Nutrition and Population. The main pillars and focus of the program center on knowledge and capacity building related to Human Resources for Health, Health Financing, Pharmaceuticals, Governance and Service Delivery, and Infrastructure and ICT.
Book Synopsis How Fair is Workfare? by : Maria Agnes R. Quisumbing
Download or read book How Fair is Workfare? written by Maria Agnes R. Quisumbing and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Men's and women's participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women's participation relative to men's"--Abstract
Book Synopsis Urban Labor Economics by : Yves Zenou
Download or read book Urban Labor Economics written by Yves Zenou and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simple models of urban search matching -- Extensions of urban search-matching models -- Non-monocentric cities and search-matching -- Simple models of urban efficiency wages -- Extensions of urban efficiency wage models -- Non-monocentric cities and efficiency wages -- The spatial mismatch hypothesis : a search-matching approach -- The spatial mismatch hypothesis : an efficiency-wage approach -- Peer effects, social networks, and labor market outcomes in cities -- General conclusion -- Appendix A: basic urban economics -- Appendix B: Poisson process and derivation of Bellman equations -- Appendix C: The Harris-Todaro model.
Book Synopsis The Formation of Job Referral Networks by : Antonio Stefano Caria
Download or read book The Formation of Job Referral Networks written by Antonio Stefano Caria and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Small Scale Labour Market Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Case of Selected WISE Implementing Area by : Megersa Tolera
Download or read book Small Scale Labour Market Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Case of Selected WISE Implementing Area written by Megersa Tolera and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic Paper from the year 2022 in the subject Economics - Job market economics, Haramaya University (Peace and Development Studies), language: English, abstract: Understanding the labor market and company opportunities is critical for connecting job searchers to the workplace. As a result, the purpose of this survey was to evaluate the small-scale labor market in Addis Ababa's Lideta and Akaki sub-cities. The study's findings will include a detailed description of the main characteristics of Addis Ababa's labor market, including women's, men's, and returnees. The study will detail the structure and trends of employment and unemployment in Addis Ababa, with a focus on women and men who are unemployed. It will serve as a foundation for future programming in various intervention areas and will aid knowledge of critical aspects of the broader labor market situation, ranging from skill areas with market demand to the types of jobs available. The study aimed to identify key inputs for designing WISE initiatives in the labor market, capacity building, poverty reduction, and future employment, as well as an assessment of economic, social, and technical market growth factors. Finally, WISE expects the findings to serve as the cornerstone for the creation of market-relevant skill training provisions. The study has the following specific objectives: to provide a reliable overview of current labour market trends and a snapshot of business, as well as an overview assessment of economic, social, and technical drivers of market growth, to determine the relevance of skills training courses offered in WISE to market needs and to assess immediate needs of unemployed youth and/or graduate.
Book Synopsis Rural youth and employment in Ethiopia by : Schmidt, Emily
Download or read book Rural youth and employment in Ethiopia written by Schmidt, Emily and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-12-22 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines labor diversification in Ethiopia, focusing on youth, and explores current conditions that youth face in both the agricultural and non-farm labor markets. Using data from the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) and the National Labor Force Survey (NLFS), we explore current trends in labor diversification, along with youth non-farm engagement in rural and small towns. We find that youth (ages 25 to 34 years) have a greater probability of working in non-farm enterprises compared to mature individuals (age 35-64). However, wage labor opportunities remain scant in rural Ethiopia. The majority of individuals working in non-farm employment are engaged in small-scale trade activities.
