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Download or read book Essays in the Economics of Crime and Discrimination written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Together these essays highlight how public institutions and social systems influence lifecycle outcomes in the population, particularly among minority and other vulnerable groups.
Author : National Bureau of Economic Research
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment written by National Bureau of Economic Research and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1974 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a giant invades the peaceful kingdom of the Tatrajanni and takes the different-looking girl prisoner, it takes the combined efforts of the wise woman of the mountain, the Prince, and the girl herself to rid the kingdom of the intruder.
Author : Justin Reed McCrary
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (34 download)
Download or read book Policing, Discrimination, and Crime written by Justin Reed McCrary and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gary Stanley Becker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780608108247
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (82 download)
Download or read book Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment written by Gary Stanley Becker and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Timothy Young
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (114 download)
Download or read book Essays in Labor and Experimental Economics with a Focus on Crime and Discrimination written by Timothy Young and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David S. Abrams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (78 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Law, Crime and Discrimination written by David S. Abrams and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) I take advantage of the temporal variation in the passage of these laws in different states to identify the causal impact of the law change. I find that add-on gun laws result in a significant reduction in gun robberies, approximately 5% within the first three years of passage, for the average add-on gun law. The results are robust to a number of tests, and do not appear to be due to a large spillover to other types of crime.
Author : Samuel L. Myers Jr
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000679659
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)
Download or read book The Economics of Race and Crime written by Samuel L. Myers Jr and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between crime and the economy has received too little attention from researchers. This volume remedies that deficit, resurrecting several classic writings on this elusive topic by and about blacks, and presenting new contributions by researchers at the frontier of work on the subject. Among the landmark articles included are W.E.B. Dubois' famous examination of crime in Philadelphia, an analysis of black criminal behavior by Walter Willcox, who was chief statistician of the Census Bureau at the time he wrote this essay, and excerpts from the ninth Atlanta Conference on Negro Crime. The frontier articles use quality microdata to understand particular aspects of criminal justice processes. They address the relationship between employment and criminal behavior, trade-offs among education, employment, and crime, and the link between overall economic conditions and rates of incarceration. Among the authors represented in the landmark research articles are Harold Votey and Llad Phillips, Richard Freeman, David Good and Maureen Pirog-Good, Dario Melossi, and Samuel Meyers and William Sabol. Richard MaGahey concludes the volume with comments on the current status of research in the field. This volume captures the emerging tension within scholarship on race and crime, and provides both a reflective vision of work in this area as well as state-of-the-art research by leading scholars.
Author : Elisabeth Lång
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176854639
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)
Download or read book Short- and Long-Term Influences of Education, Health Indicators, and Crime on Labor Market Outcomes: Five Essays in Empirical Labor Economics written by Elisabeth Lång and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-09-11 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
Author : Garrett Scott Summers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (265 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime and Criminal Justice written by Garrett Scott Summers and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second essay examines the relationship between the gender of the defendant or the victim and judicial outcomes. Comparing outcomes in homicide cases between early Chicago (1870-1930) and a national sample in 1988, this essay shows that the gender gap in trial outcomes has narrowed, but the gender gap in sentence length has not. I find that black women were largely treated similarly to white women in either time period. I also show that the gender gap is the largest in cases where defendants or victims are 20 to 40 years old. The third essay evaluates the determinants of crime by analyzing data over long time horizons and across countries. There is little evidence that either policy variables or less conventional factors, such as abortion, have large effects on crime. On the other hand, this essay presents evidence that drug prohibition enforcement generates violent crime. The results indicate that government policies which affect the nature of dispute resolution play an important role in determining violence.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (935 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first chapter of my dissertation, I study the effects of time in prison and time on parole on recidivism. The empirical challenge is that both time in prison and time on parole are subject to omitted variable bias. Relying on two instrumental variables that provide independent variation in both sentence length and time served in prison, I do not find evidence that parole time affects recidivism. However, I find that one month in prison decreases the probability of repeat offending by 1.12 percentage points. In addition, I explore the interaction between the sentencing authority (judges) and the prison release authority (parole boards) in determining punishment in the criminal justice system. In the second chapter of my dissertation, Kegon Teng Kok Tan and I study the relative importance of prison composition (peer effects within a facility) and various prison characteristics (programs offered, type of accommodation, etc.). We draw data on almost 80,000 individuals serving time in the Georgia Department of Correction System between 1995 and 2005. Using only within-prison variation, we find evidence of peer effects for violent, property, and drug possession offenders. We also find that the presence of educational or counseling programs plays a role in reducing drug-related recidivism rates; other prison characteristics seem to play a smaller role and are less precisely estimated. The third chapter of my dissertation contributes to the understanding of criminals' decision making by building on Becker's (1968) seminal work. In my model, I allow darkness and clock time to influence crime levels by affecting the suitability and accessibility of potential victims. I test the predictions of the model by examining the link between crime rates and daylight using the discontinuity in daytime sunlight along the strips of counties adjacent to the ET/CT time zone line in the state of Tennessee. Controlling for various county and day specific characteristics, I find that crossing the time zone line from east to west inflates crime rates for offenses such as car theft and burglary, and has no effect on crimes that are less likely to be opportunity-driven, such as embezzlement and fraud.
Author : Sandra Viviana Rozo Villarraga
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by Sandra Viviana Rozo Villarraga and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays contribute towards our understanding of the consequences of illegal behavior on economic outcomes and of the role of public policy in addressing and containing those consequences more effectively. This dissertation is composed of three chapters. Chapter 1 -- Is murder bad for business and real income? The effects of violent crime on local economic activity: studies the channels through which violence (measured by the homicide rate) impacts economic outcomes, and thus whether investments in violence reduction have significant economic returns. I estimate the effects of violent crime on local wages, prices, and production using unique firm-level panel data and rich information on consumer prices in Colombia. To estimate causal effects, I exploit exogenous reductions in violent crime driven by U.S. international anti-drug expenditures; these resulted in greater violence reductions in municipalities with higher political competition (namely closely contested elections) in the past. I find that higher homicide rates lower housing rents and increase prices. Wages also increase, but only for white-collar workers. Putting all these forces together, real wages fall for both types of worker, but more so for blue-collar workers. These estimates, in combination with a theoretical model, allow me to compute that when homicide rates increase 10%, white- and blue-collar workers' welfare (measured as utility of consumption) is reduced 2.8% and 6.3%, respectively. Consequently, violent crime increases inequality as measured by real incomes or by welfare. Aggregate production also falls 2.1%, mostly because firms reduce production, although there is also a small decrease in the number of firms. Chapter 2-- On the consequences of enforcement on illegal drug production: investigates the effects of the biggest antidrug program ever applied in a drug producing country. I use satellite information on the exact location of coca crops between 2000 and 2010 in Colombia to identify the effects of spraying herbicides on coca production. I exploit the variation created by restrictions to spraying in protected areas (i.e., indigenous territories and natural parks) and the time variation of U.S. international antidrug expenditures to identify the effects of the program. My results suggest that coca cultivation is reduced by 0.07 hectares per additional hectare sprayed. However, spraying induces unintended negative effects on the welfare conditions of the treated areas and spillover effects in neighboring countries. Despite the reduction under coca cultivation, cocaine production remains steady due to a sharp increase on cocaine yields. In sum, the program's costs are by far higher than its potential benefits. Chapter 3 -- On the effects of enforcement on illegal markets: evidence from a quasi-experiment: studies the effects of enforcement on illegal behavior in the context of a large aerial spraying program designed to curb coca cultivation in Colombia. In 2006, Colombia pledged not to spray a 10km band around the frontier with Ecuador due to diplomatic frictions. We exploit this variation to estimate the effect of spraying on cultivation by regression discontinuity around the 10 km threshold and conditional differences in differences, using satellite data. Our results suggest that spraying one hectare reduces coca cultivation by 0.018 to 0.034 hectares, but these effects are too small to make spraying a cost-effective policy.
Author : Aaron James Chalfin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (858 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by Aaron James Chalfin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation considers the role that of various inputs in informing the market for crimes. Chapter 1 considers the "national" effect of immigration. Using panel data on U.S. cities and an instrument that leverages temporal variation in rainfall in different regions of Mexico and persistence in regional Mexico-U.S. migration networks, my findings indicate that Mexican immigration is associated with no appreciable change in the rate of either violent or property crimes in U.S. cities. Chapter 2 leverages a natural experiment created by recent legislation in Arizona to estimate the impact on crime of an extremely large and discrete decline in the state's foreign-born Mexican population. I show that Arizona's foreign-born Mexican population decreased by as much as 20 percent in the wake of the state's 2008 implementation of the Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA), a broad-based E-Verify law requiring employers to verify the immigration status of new employees, coupled with severe sanctions for employer noncompliance. In order to isolate the causal effect of the passage and implementation of LAWA on crime, I leverage a synthetic "differences-in-differences" estimator, using a new method of counterfactual estimation proposed by Abadie, Diamond and Hainmuller (2010). In contrast to previous literature, I find significant and large effects of Mexican immigration on Arizona's property crime rate. Results are driven, in large part, by the fact that LAWA resulted in especially disproportionate declines among Mexican migrants who are young and male and, as such, the effects are predominantly compositional. The final chapter, coauthored with Justin McCrary, considers the responsiveness of crime to police manpower. Using a new panel data set on crime in medium to large U.S. cities over 1960- 2010, we show that (1) year-over-year changes in police per capita are largely idiosyncratic to demographic factors, the local economy, city budgets, measures of social disorganization, and recent changes in crime rates, (2) year-over-year changes in police per capita are mismeasured, leading many estimates in the literature to be too small by a factor of 5, and (3) after correcting for measurement error bias and controlling for population growth, a regression of within-state differences in year-over-year changes in city crimes on within-state differences in year-over-year changes in police yields economically large point estimates. Our estimates imply that each dollar spent on police is associated with approximately $1.60 in reduced victimization costs, suggesting that U.S. cities employ too few police.
Author : Sarath Sanga
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)
Download or read book Essays in Law and Economics written by Sarath Sanga and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Dissertation consists of three empirical applications on the economics of crime and law enforcement. Chapter 1 uses over 200,000 patrol stops conducted by the Oakland Police Department to estimate differences in policing behavior among black, white, Hispanic, and Asian officers. In contrast to previous studies which consider average differences at the city or state level, this study uses individual officers' patrol assignments and the exact date, time, and geographic coordinates of each stop to identify between-officer differences. The data indicate little to no differences across officer race on average, but substantial differences within neighborhoods. In general, minority officers less intensely police all races in minority neighborhoods, but more intensely police all races in white neighborhoods relative to their white officer peers. A model of police behavior with imperfect information offers one explanation for this result. In the model, an unbiased officer with relatively high ability to interpret suspect behavior polices with relatively low intensity. The observed outcomes are then consistent with officers possessing neighborhood-specific informational advantages in policing, particularly with respect to their own race. That is, minority officers better interpret suspect behavior in minority neighborhoods, while white officers better interpret suspect behavior in white neighborhoods. Simulation results suggest that small differences in interpretative ability (modeled as noise in signals observed by the officer) can generate the observed magnitudes. Chapter 2, which is coauthored with Justin McCrary, presents evidence from six data sets on the participation of youth in crime near the age of criminal majority. The evidence suggests smooth behavior through the transition to adulthood, despite substantial changes in punitiveness, and is consistent with small deterrence effects of long prisons sentences for young offenders. Chapter 3 reconsiders the empirical analysis of Knowles, Persico, and Todd (2001). Knowles, Persico, and Todd (2001) presents a model of police and motorist behavior in the context of vehicle searches, and tests it using data from Maryland. The main implication of the Knowles et al. model is that in the absence of racial discrimination, the proportion of searches yielding drugs (or ''hit rate'') will be equated across races. A relatively low hit rate for any group suggests that police may improve their overall hit rate by shifting resources away from that group, and is thus evidence toward discrimination. Using data on vehicle searches by Maryland State Police, they find no bias against blacks relative to whites, but significant bias against white females and particularly Hispanics. However, while their study focused on searches occurring along Interstate 95, this study considers all vehicle searches in Maryland, both for the time period studied in Knowles, Persico, and Todd (2001) (1995--1999) and in more recent years (1995--2006). The main results suggest substantially lower hit rates for blacks for searches occurring off Interstate 95, though almost no difference for searches on Interstate 95.
Author : Peter Michael Bearse
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (312 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by Peter Michael Bearse and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Matteo Pazzona
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by Matteo Pazzona and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joseph Naddeo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Essays in Political Economics and Crime written by Joseph Naddeo and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the third chapter, "Decomposing Racial Disparities in Incarceration: Evidence from a Southern U.S. Jurisdiction" I utilize high quality data developed from an almost two year relationship with a prosecutor's office located in a medium-sized jurisdiction in the southern United States. These data were carefully curated by a team of data scientists and engineers with institutional knowledge from prosecutors within the office. We first documents large raw racial disparities in incarceration and then decompose this raw disparity into systemic and direct components. We find that the systemic component vastly outweighs the direct component, implying that upstream racial differences drive the raw disparity.
Author : Duha Tore Altindag
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (767 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Crime written by Duha Tore Altindag and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
