English As A Medium Of Instruction On The Arabian Peninsula

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English as a Medium of Instruction on the Arabian Peninsula

Author : Mark Wyatt
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000868001
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis English as a Medium of Instruction on the Arabian Peninsula by : Mark Wyatt

Download or read book English as a Medium of Instruction on the Arabian Peninsula written by Mark Wyatt and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-03-15 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) in the Arab Gulf states, the authors consider both sociolinguistic and pedagogical perspectives, and explore practical implications. This edited volume features chapters covering how teachers are negotiating the linguistic challenges posed by EMI; issues of ownership, choice and agency; the scaffolding of academic literacies; how to support the development of content teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in EMI settings as well as the benefits of a bilingual education. Chapter authors all have extensive local experience that they draw upon reflectively in their writing. Policy-makers, teachers and teacher educators wondering how they can best balance the need to develop competence in English in students of all ages on the Arabian Peninsula in a globalizing world, together with the concern to nurture Arabic language, culture and identity, will gain rich insights from this book. Postgraduates and researchers exploring issues surrounding EMI, both locally and internationally, will benefit from the arguments presented in this volume.

Language, Identity and Education on the Arabian Peninsula

Author : Louisa Buckingham
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 1783096616
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Language, Identity and Education on the Arabian Peninsula by : Louisa Buckingham

Download or read book Language, Identity and Education on the Arabian Peninsula written by Louisa Buckingham and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection examines the urban multilingual realities of inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula in the early 21st century from the perspectives of learners, teachers and researchers. Focusing on both public and private spheres, it considers the importance of both English and immigrants’ languages in a context of rapid socioeconomic development. Extending beyond English–Arabic societal bilingualism, the language practices of the Peninsula’s citizens and residents serve multiple purposes in their daily lived realities. Chapters on home and heritage languages, identity, ELT, commercial signage and academic publishing contribute to a deepening understanding of the inherent linguistic diversity in these dynamic societies.

Plurilingual Pedagogy in the Arabian Peninsula

Author : Daniela Coelho
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000822443
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Plurilingual Pedagogy in the Arabian Peninsula by : Daniela Coelho

Download or read book Plurilingual Pedagogy in the Arabian Peninsula written by Daniela Coelho and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection explores plurilingual education in the unique English medium instruction (EMI) context of the Arabian Peninsula. The book argues that integrating a plurilingual pedagogy alongside current EMI in the region could enhance students’ learning and contribute to a language policy that embraces linguistic diversity while fostering regional identity. It brings together the work of experts in Arabic and English language policy and planning, presenting empirical research relating to plurilingual pedagogical practices within the region. The book offers a range of recommendations for educators on how to integrate plurilingual pedagogies in classroom teaching. This becomes more important since many educators in the region are non-Arabic speakers and are teaching students with diverse linguistic backgrounds through English. With a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the linguistic landscape in the Arabian region, this book will be of great interest to researchers, scholars, and students in the fields of applied linguistics, language education, teacher education, and EMI.

Multilingual and Translingual Practices in English-Medium Instruction

Author : Dogan Yuksel
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350373265
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Multilingual and Translingual Practices in English-Medium Instruction by : Dogan Yuksel

Download or read book Multilingual and Translingual Practices in English-Medium Instruction written by Dogan Yuksel and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-01-25 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: English Medium Instruction (EMI) refers to the use of the English language to teach academic subjects where first language of the majority of the population is not English. One popular implementation of EMI, the Multilingual Model, would imply that some aspects (e.g. courses, sessions in some courses, and/or assessment) are taught through English, whereas the first language of the students is used in some other respects. This volume explores context-related ways in which the multilingual EMI model and translingual practices are seen and enacted in higher education contexts across the globe. Research on this topic is not only timely but also very much needed, particularly in contexts that are relatively new to EMI, as well as in contexts where monolingual forms of teaching and monolingual institutional policies still prevail. Empirical, research-based studies as well as theoretical reviews that centre around multilingual and translingual practices in partial and full (i.e. English-only) EMI settings are elaborated, with case studies from Colombia, Indonesia, Iraq, Norway, Qatar, Spain, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the UK and the USA.

The Routledge Handbook of English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education

Author : Kingsley Bolton
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003847706
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education by : Kingsley Bolton

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education written by Kingsley Bolton and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-03-21 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook discusses the theoretical and disciplinary background to the study of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education worldwide. It highlights issues relating to EMI pedagogy, varying motivations for EMI education, and the delivery of EMI in diverse contexts across the world. The spread of English as a teaching medium and the lingua franca of the academic world has been the subject of various debates in recent years on the perceived hegemony of the English language and the ‘domain loss’ of non-English languages in academic communication. Encompassing a wide range of contributions to the field of EMI, the chapters of this Handbook are arranged in four distinct parts: Part I provides an overview of English-medium instruction in higher education worldwide; Part II focusses on EMI in Europe; Part III on EMI in the Middle East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa; and Part IV on EMI in the Asian region. The overall scope and level of expertise of this Handbook provides an unrivalled overview of this field of education. It serves as an essential reference for many courses dealing with applied linguistics, English language education, multilingualism, sociolinguistics, and related subjects at many levels of education, including Master’s and PhD-level studies. This Handbook serves as a valuable edition for university libraries across the world and an essential read for many faculty, undergraduate and postgraduate students, educators, and policymakers.

English Medium Instruction in Secondary Education

Author : Jack Pun
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003857140
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis English Medium Instruction in Secondary Education by : Jack Pun

Download or read book English Medium Instruction in Secondary Education written by Jack Pun and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-19 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jack Pun presents best practices in pedagogy and teaching to facilitate effective content-subject learning at the secondary school level. Increasingly, parents are sending their children to English Medium Instruction (EMI) secondary schools in their home countries, to prepare them for full immersion in EMI in English native-speaking countries. The book explores the teaching and learning processes in EMI senior secondary science classrooms based in thirty secondary schools in Hong Kong. Conducting analyses of classroom, teacher and student perception data, the author discusses the issues of teaching science through the medium of English in secondary schools, the implications and applications for professional development of science teachers and other content-subject teachers, and suggests strategies for teaching science in different EMI contexts. This volume is highly relevant to scholars in the field of educational linguistics, particularly in English language teaching, content-based instruction, content and language integrated learning, and English as a medium of instruction. It is also useful to education policymakers, school teachers, research students, English and education majors.

English-Medium Instruction Pedagogies in Multilingual Universities in Asia

Author : Fan Fang
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000900290
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis English-Medium Instruction Pedagogies in Multilingual Universities in Asia by : Fan Fang

Download or read book English-Medium Instruction Pedagogies in Multilingual Universities in Asia written by Fan Fang and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection brings together perspectives from emerging and established scholars, working from empirical data from real-life classroom experiences, to investigate pedagogical issues in the application of EMI across a range of educational contexts in Asia. Drawing on research across different levels of education covering institutions across various contexts across Asia, the book engages in key questions around power, marginalization, attitudes, intercultural communication, and identity construction as they unfold in classrooms in which a plurality of languages and varieties of English collide and are mediated, appropriated, and accommodated. The volume explores the pedagogical challenges, policies, and practices of EMI which emerge in these settings, highlighting real-life problems in EMI program development and the wider pedagogical implications for EMI implementation in varied educational environments. Taken together, the chapters offer opportunities for further research toward challenging traditionally held beliefs and blind implementation of EMI and encouraging critical perspectives from both researchers and policymakers alike. Pedagogies of English-Medium Instruction Programs in Asian Universities will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in English-medium instruction, English language teaching, TESOL, and applied linguistics.

Policies, Politics, and Ideologies of English-Medium Instruction in Asian Universities

Author : Pramod K. Sah
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000893006
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Policies, Politics, and Ideologies of English-Medium Instruction in Asian Universities by : Pramod K. Sah

Download or read book Policies, Politics, and Ideologies of English-Medium Instruction in Asian Universities written by Pramod K. Sah and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-29 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Against the backdrop of uncritical promotions of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education globally, this edited volume maps out the political, ideological, and policy-related issues of EMI programs in multilingual and multicultural universities in Asia. In this volume, EMI researchers and practitioners involved in different Asian countries and regions have collaboratively unpacked the critical dimensions of EMI programs in higher education, with a goal to provide must-needed resources for researchers, graduate students, higher education leaders, and policymakers. This volume is the first of its kind in that it provides an exclusive and critical tapestry of EMI at multilingual universities from all parts of Asia, including Central Asia (Kazakhstan), East Asia (Mainland China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan), South Asia (Bangladesh and Nepal), Southeast Asia (Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam), and Western Asia (United Arab Emirates). The key takeaway for the reader is to not only understand the current phenomenon of EMI in Asian universities but to also learn the dark side of its policies, programs, and practices that have led to unequal teaching and learning spaces in diverse societies. This collection will be of interest to scholars and policymakers in English-medium instruction, English language teaching, TESOL, and applied linguistics.

Improving Literacy Through Home, School, and Community Partnerships

Author : Gatcho, Al Ryanne Gabonada
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Literacy Through Home, School, and Community Partnerships by : Gatcho, Al Ryanne Gabonada

Download or read book Improving Literacy Through Home, School, and Community Partnerships written by Gatcho, Al Ryanne Gabonada and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The underappreciation of the pivotal roles played by home, school, and community in shaping the literacy journey of individuals. While the mantra "Literacy begins at home" resonates, it often remains a mere platitude rather than a transformative force. The synergy between these three pillars is essential, yet gaps persist, hindering the development of a truly literate society. As children tread the academic path, the home lays the foundation, and schools amplify these efforts. However, the holistic nature of learning, encompassing life experiences, demands a collaborative approach from families, educators, and communities. This is the crux of the problem – a disjointed system that impedes the seamless development of literacy across diverse backgrounds. Improving Literacy Through Home, School, and Community Partnerships is a groundbreaking book that unravels the complexities of this challenge and illuminates the transformative potential within collaborative efforts. By delving into the dynamic interplay between home, school, and community, the book offers a roadmap to bridge existing gaps and forge a path toward a more literate society. Early-career researchers will find this a valuable resource to identify and address these gaps, while families, educators, community leaders, and policymakers will gain invaluable perspectives to inform their practices, policies, and research initiatives.

English as a Foreign Language in Saudi Arabia

Author : Christo Moskovsky
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317421213
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis English as a Foreign Language in Saudi Arabia by : Christo Moskovsky

Download or read book English as a Foreign Language in Saudi Arabia written by Christo Moskovsky and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: English as a Foreign Language in Saudi Arabia: New Insights into Teaching and Learning English offers a detailed discussion of key aspects of teaching and learning English in the Saudi context and offers a comprehensive overview of related research authored or co-authored by Saudi researchers. It provides readers with an understanding of the unique cultural, linguistic, and historical context of English in Saudi Arabia—with a focus on the principal factors that may influence successful teaching and learning of English in this country. Uniquely, the book looks separately at issues pertaining to in-country English learning and learners, and those pertaining to in-country English teaching and teachers. The volume also explores issues concerning Saudi learners and teachers in overseas contexts. Lastly, the book touches on the future of English as a Foreign Language and TESOL in Saudi Arabia and its implications for the field.

The Impact of Global English on Cultural Identities in the United Arab Emirates

Author : Sarah Hopkyns
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000059618
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Global English on Cultural Identities in the United Arab Emirates by : Sarah Hopkyns

Download or read book The Impact of Global English on Cultural Identities in the United Arab Emirates written by Sarah Hopkyns and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-18 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a nuanced portrait of the complexities found within the cultural and linguistic landscape of the United Arab Emirates, unpacking the ever-shifting dynamics between English and Arabic in today’s era of superdiversity. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach which draws on a rich set of data from questionnaires to focus groups with Emirati students, Emirati schoolteachers, and expatriate university teachers, Hopkyns problematizes the common binary East-West paradigm focused on the tension between the use of English and Arabic in the UAE. Key issues emerging from the resulting analysis include the differing attitudes towards English and in particular, English Medium Instruction, the impact of this tension on identities, and the ways in which the two languages are employed in distinct ways on an everyday scale. The volume will particularly appeal to students and scholars interested in issues around language and identity, language policy and planning, multilingualism, translanguaging, and language in education.

Linguistic Identities in the Arab Gulf States

Author : Sarah Hopkyns
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000595897
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Linguistic Identities in the Arab Gulf States by : Sarah Hopkyns

Download or read book Linguistic Identities in the Arab Gulf States written by Sarah Hopkyns and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-03 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining empirical and theoretical approaches from a range of disciplines, Linguistic Identities in the Arab Gulf States examines current issues surrounding language and identity in the Arab Gulf states. Organized in four parts, the book addresses the overarching theme of ‘waves of change’ in relation to language and power, linguistic identities in the media, identities in transition, and language in education. The authors of each chapter are renowned experts in their field and contribute to furthering our understanding of the dynamic, changeable, and socially constructed nature of identities and how identities are often intricately woven into and impacted by local and global developments. Although the book geographically covers Gulf region contexts, many of the concepts and dilemmas discussed are relevant to other highly diverse nations globally. For example, debates surrounding tolerance, diversity, neoliberal ideologies in English-medium instruction (EMI), media representation of language varieties, and sociolinguistic inequalities during coronavirus communication are pertinent to regions outside the Gulf, too. This volume will particularly appeal to students and scholars interested in issues around language and identity, gender, language policy and planning, multilingualism, translingual practice, language in education, and language ideologies.

The Practice of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) Around the World

Author : Carol Griffiths
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031306139
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis The Practice of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) Around the World by : Carol Griffiths

Download or read book The Practice of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) Around the World written by Carol Griffiths and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-09 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume presents eleven empirical papers reporting the existing literature and the results of an original study focusing on EMI (English as a medium of instruction) in a particular area (Central and Eastern Europe, Western and Southern Europe, Nordic/Baltic countries, Central Asia, the Middle East, East Asia, South-East Asia, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America). Each of these different areas tends to have its own ways of dealing with the EMI issue, and these are brought together in a meta-analysis in the final chapter. Implications for the conduct of English as a medium of instruction are drawn, both on a chapter-by-chapter basis and also in the meta-analysis. The examination of EMI on a contextual basis is a unique feature of this book, setting it apart from others in the field, which almost all deal with a single or limited context. The volume will be of interest to policymakers, institutional heads, graduate students and their teachers, and to thesis writers and researchers.

The Influence of English Language in the Arab World

Author : Yacoub Aljaffery
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656892601
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (568 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of English Language in the Arab World by : Yacoub Aljaffery

Download or read book The Influence of English Language in the Arab World written by Yacoub Aljaffery and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-02-09 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, grade: College, , language: English, abstract: Sometimes during the fifth century, the Quran that’s written in Arabic introduced the Arabic language to be the language of the Muslim empire that spread around the world: Nadvi (2003) “Arabic became the official language of a world empire whose boundaries stretched from the Oxus River in Central Asia to the Atlantic Ocean, and even northward into the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. As Islam continued to spread through the world, Arabic inherently followed.”(P. 2). Arabic became prestige because of the variety of sciences that were invented by Arabs like Chemistry, Algebra and Astronomy. Things have changed today, and the language that is mostly used around the world is the English language due to the advanced technology and the political power that USA, and the English speaking countries has in the world. Hollywood movies and pop culture have a big impact in spreading English language throughout the world. Middle Eastern countries, especially gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait and Iraq have been heavily influenced by English Language in the last few years. Since Islam has urged people to learn other nations’ language for security purposes, English language has been taking big part of the Arabic speaking countries. That desire to learn other languages has increased since the second Gulf war in 2003.

The Past, Present, and Future of Higher Education in the Arabian Gulf Region

Author : Awad Ibrahim
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000644111
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Past, Present, and Future of Higher Education in the Arabian Gulf Region by : Awad Ibrahim

Download or read book The Past, Present, and Future of Higher Education in the Arabian Gulf Region written by Awad Ibrahim and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-29 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume contributes a novel understanding of the past, present and future of higher education across the six countries that make up the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Against the backdrop of intense political, ideological and epistemological disruptions across the Arabian Gulf Region over the last two decades, this volume adopts critical comparative perspectives in order to chart the history, present-day and future realities of higher education in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait. By focusing on dynamics relating to neoliberalism, and using the notions of ‘tensionality’ and ‘locality’ to situate topics such as curricula, policies, practices, the volume engages with current discourses, controversies and themes such as the internationalization and marketization of higher education in these countries. In doing so, the book offers a theoretical framework to enable greater understanding of the contemporary functioning of higher education in the Arabian Gulf Region. This text will benefit scholars, academics and students in the fields of higher education and international and comparative education more broadly. Those involved with educational policy and politics, and Middle Eastern studies in general, will also benefit from this volume.

English as a language in Arab-speaking Countires

Author : Bharat Koirala
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668323941
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis English as a language in Arab-speaking Countires by : Bharat Koirala

Download or read book English as a language in Arab-speaking Countires written by Bharat Koirala and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-10-20 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, , language: English, abstract: The use of English as a language within the Arab-speaking countries gained significant attraction at the turn of the millennium. In most of the schools and Universities, the official language has been Arabic while English has always been taught as a secondary language or a foreign language. This is mostly true in the gulf countries. Each year, the assessment of English language to various cohorts of students involves a complex social phenomenon that has a very deep impact on both the students and the stakeholders within the education sector. Although most of the students pass these assessment tests in their foundational years, they still fail to cope with the enormous amount of academic requirements within the departments in which they are admitted. This is because of their lower understanding levels of the English Language. The main aim of this chapter is to explore the role played by the education stakeholders, more so focusing on teachers and instructors, in the assessment of the English language in the Arab Gulf countries and the North Africa; specifically in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The chapter examines the beliefs and role of instructors and teachers towards the assessment of the English Language in Saudi Arabia’s learning institutions. The assessment is based on two primary research questions: 1. What roles do the teachers and tutors offering English language assessment play in the implementation of practices at the foundation? and 2. How do the teachers and instructors perceive English language assessment program? The research methodology included the use of both primary data and secondary data. Based on the findings of the study in this chapter, there is a need for further research into the beliefs and practices of teachers in the assessment of specific language skills within the various contexts. The research in this area is found to be very limited.

Sustainable English Language Teacher Development at Scale

Author : Ian Eyres
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350043486
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable English Language Teacher Development at Scale by : Ian Eyres

Download or read book Sustainable English Language Teacher Development at Scale written by Ian Eyres and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-09-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a thorough and comprehensive review of the lessons learnt from the award-winning 'English in Action' English language teacher development programme, which ran in government primary and secondary schools across Bangladesh from 2008 to 2017. Over the course of nine years the programme involved 51,000 teachers and 20 million school students, demonstrably raising standards of teachers' classroom practice and students' English language attainment, and won the British Council ELTON Award for Local innovation (2013) and Times Higher Education Award for International Impact (2107). The sixteen chapters explore the programme in detail, looking at both the successes and the challenges encountered throughout its course, including the strategies used to address the challenges. The key innovative factors of the programme include: · a positive choice to build on the existing context, such as the lives and experiences of local teachers and the demands of a nationally determined curriculum; · teacher learning taking place in the teachers' own classrooms; · a focus on learning the 'how' of communicative language teaching through reflective practice and peer support; · the use - within a carefully constructed pedagogy - of affordable, readily-available mobile phone technology; · the use of mediated authentic video · a model of teacher development at very large scale that provided a successful alternative to the'cascade'model; · a partnership with government institutions to ensure that improved practices are maintained beyond the life of the Programme.