Author : Noushin Fallahpour
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Book Synopsis Effect of Natural Organic Matter, Metal Ions, and Nitrate on Electrochemical Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene by : Noushin Fallahpour
Download or read book Effect of Natural Organic Matter, Metal Ions, and Nitrate on Electrochemical Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene written by Noushin Fallahpour and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is susceptible to pollution due to improper waste disposal. Groundwater contamination continues to be a problem in areas where population relies on groundwater as a major source of drinking water. Development of technologies, such as in situ electrochemical transformation to clean contaminated groundwater is of great importance. Electrochemical systems, which mainly consist of two or more arranged electrodes that are immersed in wells in groundwater, are of interest because of their ability to manipulate redox conditions to transform contaminants into non-toxic forms. Aquifers in karst regions are very susceptible to contamination and present a significant exposure routes due to presence of fissures and channels that facilitate contaminant transport under high flow rate. Trichloroethylene (TCE), a toxic chlorinated solvent that causes major health problems, is present in many contaminated aquifers including many that reside in karst regions. Treatment of aquifers contaminated with TCE is difficult in the presence of other contaminants, such as chromate, selenate, and nitrate, which interfere with TCE transformation and degradation mechanisms. Moreover, presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in the groundwater can influence transformation of TCE and other contaminants. Therefore, it is important to evaluate transformation of TCE in the presence of contaminant mixtures in groundwater. In this study, a series of experiments are conducted to (1) evaluate of the effect of co-existing organic and inorganic compounds on the electrochemical dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) in simulated karst media; and (2) assessment of the impacts of high groundwater flow rates in the presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst on TCE transformation rate and the accumulation of precipitates. A small-scale flow-through limestone column is used to simulate a karst aquifer media to evaluate dechlorination of TCE in the presence of organic and inorganic compounds. Iron anode was used to produce ferrous ions and promote reducing conditions in the column. Various current intensities (30, 60, and 90 mA) were applied under the flow rate of 1 mL min−1 and initial TCE concentration of 1 mg L−1. Under the same testing conditions, presence of chromate has the highest influence on TCE removal followed by selenate and then nitrate. The reduction of TCE under 90 mA current, 1 mL min−1 flow rate, and 1 mg L−1 initial TCE concentration, was inhibited in the presence of humic acids due to competition for direct electron transfer and/or reaction with atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode surface by water electrolysis. The use of iron anode creates favorable conditions for TCE reduction but produces aggregates in combination with ferrous ions, which may impact the long-term performance of the remedial system. A vertical acrylic column, with Pd pellets placed on the cathode surface, was used to investigate the impacts of Pd-based catalysis for the removal of TCE under high flow rate (1 L min−1). The effects of electrode materials and current intensities on precipitation, pH and ORP are assessed. The following electrode materials and arrangements were tested: (a) two MMO electrodes as an anode and a cathode, (b) a cast-iron anode and a MMO cathode, and (c) a cast-iron anode and a copper foam cathode. Current intensities of 500, 250, 125, and 62 mA were tested under the flow rate of 1 L min−1 and 5 mg L−1 of initial concentration of TCE. Under the conditions of 1 L min−1 flow, 500 mA current, and 5 mg L−1 initial concentration of TCE, removal efficacy using iron anodes (96%) is significantly higher than that of mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes (66%) because the iron anode supports reduction conditions by electrolysis. Two types of cathodes (MMO and copper foam) in the presence of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst under various currents (250, 125, and 62 mA) were used to evaluate the effect of cathode materials on TCE removal efficacy. The similar removal efficiencies were achieved for both cathodes, but more precipitation generated with copper foam cathode. Palladium improved TCE degradation by 120% for 250 mA, 100% for 125 mA, 100% for 62 mA, under the conditions of using an iron anode followed by a copper foam cathode with 1 L min−1 flow rate. The high velocities of groundwater flow can have important implications since the groundwater flow rate can significantly fluctuate, especially in karst aquifers. The optimization of the electrochemical systems for successful operation under high flow rates allows the robustness and great flexibility for the application. It is assumed that the high flow rate would favor the transformation of contaminants since it would flush out precipitates and prevent clogging.
