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Driving Behavior And The Price Of Gasoline
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Book Synopsis Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets by : David Austin
Download or read book Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets written by David Austin and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2008 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline prices and driving behavior. Volume of traffic ; Speed of traffic ; Applicability of findings to other regions of the United States -- Gasoline prices and vehicle markets. Market shares for cars and light trucks ; Gasoline prices and vehicle market status ; Changes in new vehicle fuel economy and pricing ; Changes in the used vehicle market -- Study data -- Analytical approach and economic results.
Book Synopsis Reducing Gasoline Consumption by : Terry Dinan
Download or read book Reducing Gasoline Consumption written by Terry Dinan and published by Nova Biomedical Books. This book was released on 2003 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several Members of Congress and public interest groups have recently proposed policies that would reduce gasoline consumption in the United States. Such proposals stem primarily from a desire to enhance the nation's energy security and to decrease its emissions of carbon dioxide, a key greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's climate. This book compares three methods of reducing gasoline consumption: increasing the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards that govern passenger vehicles, raising the federal tax on gasoline, and setting a limit on carbon emissions from gasoline combustion and requiring gasoline producers to hold allowances for those emissions (a policy known as a cap-and-trade program). Also, the book weighs the relative merits of those policies against several major criteria: whether they would minimise costs to producers and consumers; how reliably they would achieve a given reduction in gasoline use; their implications for automobile safety; and their effects on such factors as traffic congestion, requirements for highway construction, and emissions of air pollutants other than carbon dioxide. In addition, the book examines two more policy implications that lawmakers may be concerned about: the impact on people at different income levels and in different regions, and the effects on federal revenue.
Book Synopsis The Consumer Response to Gasoline Price Changes by : Kenneth Thomas Gillingham
Download or read book The Consumer Response to Gasoline Price Changes written by Kenneth Thomas Gillingham and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When gasoline prices rise, people notice: the news is filled with reports of pinched household budgets and politicians feeling pressure to do something to ameliorate the burden. Yet, raising the gasoline tax to internalize externalities is widely considered by economists to be among the most economic efficiency-improving policies we could implement in the transportation sector. This dissertation brings new evidence to bear on quantifying the responsiveness to changing gasoline prices, both on the intensive margin (i.e., how much to drive) and the extensive margin (i.e., what vehicles to buy). I assemble a unique and extremely rich vehicle-level dataset that includes all new vehicle registrations in California 2001 to 2009, and all of the mandatory smog check program odometer readings for 2002 to 2009. The full dataset exceeds 49 million observations. Using this dataset, I quantify the responsiveness to gasoline price changes on both margins, as well as the heterogeneity in the responsiveness. I develop a novel structural model of vehicle choice and subsequent utilization, where consumer decisions are modeled in a dynamic setting that explicitly accounts for selection on unobserved driving preference at both the time of purchase and the time of driving. This utility-consistent model allows for the analysis of the welfare implications to consumers and government of a variety of different policies, including gasoline taxes and feebates. I find that consumers are responsive to changing gasoline prices in both vehicle choice and driving decisions, with more responsiveness than in many recent studies in the literature. I estimate a medium-run (i.e., roughly two-year) elasticity of fuel economy with respect to the price of gasoline for new vehicles around 0.1 for California, a response that varies by whether the vehicle manufacturer faces a tightly binding fuel economy standard. I estimate a medium-run elasticity of driving with respect to the price of gasoline around -0.15 for new personal vehicles in the first six years. Older vehicles are driven much less, but tend to be more responsive, with an elasticity of roughly -0.3. I find that the vehicle-level responsiveness in driving to gasoline price changes varies by vehicle class, income, geographic, and demographic groups. I also find that not including controls for economic conditions and not accounting for selection into different types of new vehicles based on unobserved driving preference tend to bias the elasticity of driving away from zero -- implying a greater responsiveness than the true responsiveness. This is an important methodological point, for much of the literature estimating similar elasticities ignores these two issues. These results have significant policy implications for policies to reduce gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. The relatively inelastic estimated responsiveness on both margins suggests that a gasoline tax policy may not lead to dramatic reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, but is a relatively non-distortionary policy instrument to raise revenue. When the externalities of driving are considered, an increased gasoline tax may not only be relatively non-distortionary, but even economic efficiency-improving. However, I find that the welfare changes from an increased gasoline tax vary significantly across counties in California, an important consideration for the political feasibility of the policy. Finally, I find suggestive evidence that the ``rebound effect'' of a policy that works only on the extensive margin, such as a feebate or CAFE standards, may be closer to zero than the elasticity of driving with respect to the price of gasoline. This suggestive finding is particularly important for the analysis of the welfare effects of any policy that focuses entirely on the extensive margin.
Book Synopsis Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles by : National Research Council
Download or read book Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Book Synopsis The Distributional Implications of the Impact of Fuel Price Increases on Inflation by : Mr. Kangni R Kpodar
Download or read book The Distributional Implications of the Impact of Fuel Price Increases on Inflation written by Mr. Kangni R Kpodar and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-11-12 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the response of consumer price inflation to changes in domestic fuel prices, looking at the different categories of the overall consumer price index (CPI). We then combine household survey data with the CPI components to construct a CPI index for the poorest and richest income quintiles with the view to assess the distributional impact of the pass-through. To undertake this analysis, the paper provides an update to the Global Monthly Retail Fuel Price Database, expanding the product coverage to premium and regular fuels, the time dimension to December 2020, and the sample to 190 countries. Three key findings stand out. First, the response of inflation to gasoline price shocks is smaller, but more persistent and broad-based in developing economies than in advanced economies. Second, we show that past studies using crude oil prices instead of retail fuel prices to estimate the pass-through to inflation significantly underestimate it. Third, while the purchasing power of all households declines as fuel prices increase, the distributional impact is progressive. But the progressivity phases out within 6 months after the shock in advanced economies, whereas it persists beyond a year in developing countries.
Book Synopsis Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets, January 2008 by :
Download or read book Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets, January 2008 written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preserving Democracy by : Elgin L Hushbeck, Jr
Download or read book Preserving Democracy written by Elgin L Hushbeck, Jr and published by Energion Publications. This book was released on 2024-05-21 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like an aging monument, democracy itself is crumbling. An ever-expanding government threatens both our freedom and a financial collapse. Increasing polarization makes the task of governing effectively difficult. ● Government's attempts to make people's lives better often have the opposite effect ● Differing views of the Constitution divide more than unify us. ● Both sides increasingly question elections if they don’t win. ● Even the concept of what an American is leads to division. ● Debate is often less about solving problems and more about political advantage and defeating the other side. Today, 15 years after the first edition of this book was published, these problems are growing worse, not better. But the solutions still remain in deeper understanding of the issues and in the ability to work together to produce effective solutions that are based on facts and evidence. We can learn a great deal about how to accomplish this by studying the history of American representative democracy. Preserving Democracy delves into areas such as taxation and the welfare state, planning versus competition, the rule of law, the breakdown of voting, the distortion of language, the importance of an informed electorate, and the loss of American values. It highlights how these factors have impacted the health of American democracy and government and outlines the long-term consequences. This book points the way to seriously studying American democratic traditions and the things that have made them function this long. It then talks about how we can get back onto the track of building and preserving a just society. Every American who plans to vote or otherwise participate in our government needs to read this book, not necessarily to agree with the author on each subject, but to find a way to better understand both the subject and the background of diverse views. Informed dialogue may be the key to preserving democracy in America.
Book Synopsis Paying for Pollution by : Gilbert E. Metcalf
Download or read book Paying for Pollution written by Gilbert E. Metcalf and published by Academic. This book was released on 2019 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows why a carbon tax is the most efficient and fair way to address the major cause of climate change. It explains how a carbon tax reform can help low-income households. And it argues that carbon tax is market based policy that should be supported across the political spectrum.
Book Synopsis Sustainability in the Gulf by : Elie Azar
Download or read book Sustainability in the Gulf written by Elie Azar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainability is a topic of great interest today, particularly for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, which have witnessed very rapid economic and demographic growth over the past decade. The observed growth has led to unsustainable consumption patterns of vital resources such as water, energy, and food, highlighting the need for an urgent shift towards green growth and sustainable development strategies. Sustainability in the Gulf covers the region’s contemporary development challenges through the lens of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which place sustainability at the centre of the solution to the current environmental, economic, and social imbalances facing GCC countries. The book presents multiple analyses of Gulf-specific sustainability topics, examining the current status, challenges, and opportunities, as well as identifying key lessons learned. Innovative and practical policy recommendations are provided, as well as new conceptual angles to the evolving academic debates on the post-oil era in the Gulf. Through chapters covering sector-related studies, as well as the socio-economic dimensions of the sustainability paradigm, this volume offers valuable insights into current research efforts made by the GCC states, proposing a way forward based on lessons learned. This is a valuable resource for students, academics, and researchers in the areas of Environmental Studies, Political Economy, and Economics of the GCC states.
Book Synopsis Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles by : National Research Council
Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.
Download or read book EPA/420-R written by and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 37 by : Robert A. Moffitt
Download or read book Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 37 written by Robert A. Moffitt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2023-06-19 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timely and authoritative research on the latest issues in tax policy. Tax Policy and the Economy publishes current academic research on taxation and government spending with both immediate bearing on policy debates and longer-term interest. This volume of Tax Policy and the Economy presents new research on important issues concerning US taxation and transfers. First, Edward L. Glaeser, Caitlin S. Gorback, and James M. Poterba examine the distribution of burdens associated with taxes on transportation. Replacing the gasoline tax with a vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) tax would increase the burden on higher-income households, who drive more fuel-efficient cars and are more likely to own electric vehicles. User charges for airports, subways, and commuter rail are progressive, while the burden of bus fees is larger for lower-income households than for their higher-income counterparts. Next, Katarzyna Bilicka, Michael Devereux, and Irem Güçeri investigate tax shifting by multinational companies (MNCs) and the implications of a potential Global Minimum Tax (GMT). They find that MNCs shift intellectual property to tax havens, and that a large share of patenting activity takes place in tax havens where little or no R&D occurs. Tax havens are particularly important for MNCs with large subsidiary networks; such firms would likely be subject to a GMT. Mark Duggan, Audrey Guo, and Andrew C. Johnston study the role of experience rating in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) system and find that the current structure stabilizes the labor market because it penalizes firms with high rates of UI-eligible layoffs. In the fourth paper, David Altig, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and Victor Yifan Ye calculate how retiring at different ages will affect Social Security benefit amounts, taking into account taxation and other benefits. They find that virtually all individuals aged 45 to 62 should wait until age 65 or later to maximize their Social Security benefits. Indeed, 90 percent would benefit from waiting until age 70, but only 10 percent do so. Finally, Jonathan Meer and Joshua Witter examine the potential impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on the labor force decisions of childless adults who are eligible for a small credit after they reach age 25. Comparing labor force attachment changes just before and after this age suggests that the EITC has little impact on the labor force participation of this group.
Book Synopsis Reducing Gasoline Consumption by : Terry Dinan
Download or read book Reducing Gasoline Consumption written by Terry Dinan and published by Congressional Budget Office. This book was released on 2002 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compares 3 methods of reducing gasoline comsumption in the United States: setting higher Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for passenger vehicles; raising the Federal tax on gasoline; and setting a limit on carbon emissions from gasoline combustion and requiring gasoline producers to hold allowances for those emissions, known as a cap-and-trade program.
Book Synopsis Essays on Market Response to Changes in Costs and Price Transparency by : Anna Olga Smolnik
Download or read book Essays on Market Response to Changes in Costs and Price Transparency written by Anna Olga Smolnik and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2017-01-25 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation consists of three empirical studies and takes a closer look at price fluctuations using German gasoline prices as an example for a homogenous good. It analyzes consumers’ reaction to price fluctuations and respectively the pricing behavior of firms. The first paper, which was developed with co-authorship, explores consumers’ online price search effects on the pricing behavior of firms (gasoline price level and price dispersion). As regulators have recently implemented a mechanism for reporting all price changes to a central data base, the core assumption of this price reporting scheme is that the increase in price transparency will lead to a decline in the price level and a reduction in price dispersion. The second study addresses the question whether German gas stations adjust their retail prices asymmetrically in response to crude oil price changes, i.e., whether gas stations react quicker to crude oil price increases than to crude oil price decreases. The third study aims to analyze whether consumers react more strongly to gasoline price increases or to price decreases when considering buying a new vehicle.
Book Synopsis State and Local Public Finance by : Ronald C. Fisher
Download or read book State and Local Public Finance written by Ronald C. Fisher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its 4th edition, State and Local Public Finance provides a comprehensive and sophisticated analysis of state and local government public finance practices and issues, using the basic tools of economics. For this new edition, there is a focus on the most important services provided in the state-local sector: education, health and welfare, public safety, and transportation. This textbook provides an examination and analysis of public finance practices and problems in a federal fiscal system, focusing on the fiscal behaviour and policies of state and local governments. The author presents detailed descriptions of significant institutions. Modern economic theory is applied to examine the way these institutions are used to produce and finance services, and to provide evaluation of alternative policies. Although the emphasis is on U.S. institutions and issues, much of the economic analysis can be applied to any federal system or to fiscal decentralization. This fully revised new edition sees updates throughout to data, topics, and applications. The Headlines and Applications sections reflect the most current policy issues affecting state and local governments. These include the effects of the Great Recession on state and local governments, changes in the tax treatment of internet purchases, the Affordable Care Act and implications for Medicaid spending by state governments, demographic changes and the implications for state-local finances, the implications of changes in automobile technology for transportation financing, and the potential for increased gambling activity. This text will continue to be invaluable reading for those who study public finance, local government finance, urban economics and public policy and public administration.
Book Synopsis Lifestyle Is Driving Us Toward Impending Demise by : A. Cyrus Tahernia
Download or read book Lifestyle Is Driving Us Toward Impending Demise written by A. Cyrus Tahernia and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lifestyle Is Driving Us toward Impending Demise General: This book is comprised of fifteen up-to-date chapters, prologue, epilogue, and appendix. This manuscript discusses many important and contemporary hot topics, such as obesity, dietary regimen, exercise, health-care system, texting while driving, immigration, and airport dilemmas. This book also entails topics, such as insomnia, sleep deprivation, somnambulism, sex, and money. Chapter 1: Obesity. This chapter entitled "Obesity" covers extensively the epidemiology, prevalence in the USA, classification, and identification of obesity in children and adults. It describes primary obesity vs. secondary, lifelong obesity vs. adult-onset obesity and gradual weight reduction via behavior changes, diet, and exercise. This book also illustrates the differential diagnosis of childhood's obesity and its dire consequences. The role of genetic, central nervous system, and endocrine gland deficiencies is discussed. The problem of obesity epidemic with its catastrophic consequences is displayed. The strong behavior changes (willpower) are discussed in detail. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis of obesity, and deleterious effect of sedentary life are described thoroughly. The importance of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference size is described in detail. Waist reflects the amount of visceral fat each individual carries and may be a better prediction of obesity than BMI. The important cause of obesity in the USA, such as sedentary life, excessive caloric intake, and lack of willpower, is discussed in detail. Finally, the prevention and management of obesity are explored. Chapter 2: Food and Dietary Regimen. This chapter discusses the benefit of Mediterranean diet including olive oil. In this chapter, the good, the bad cholesterol, triglyceride, organic vs. genetic engineering food as well as antioxidant foods are discussed in detail. This chapter also describes in detail the role of saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats on our health. The consistency and moderation are emphasized. The importance and deleterious effect of high- caloric intake and loaded good fats is illustrated. The size of daily food matters greatly. The role of fiber and the presence of toxic substance in processed food and harmfulness of fried food are described. The difference between vegan vs. vegetarian diets and its pros and cons are discussed. The role and importance of guidelines on healthier meals in school cafeteria are emphasized. The advantageous role of nuts and berry families is explored. This chapter also describes the daily amount of caloric intake, calcium, vitamin D, salt, and percentage of daily caloric intake of protein, carbohydrate, and fat are discussed. The daily percentage of different fats in diet is also described. The deleterious effect of sugary and salty food is emphasized. The amount of daily caloric intake in different race, ethnicity, and gender groups is illustrated. This chapter also entails a description of trans fat, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid and its effect on our health. Finally, this chapter concludes with "Eat less, Live Longer" and "Eat to Live, Not Live to Eat." Chapter 3: Exercise. This chapter illustrates the importance of physical activity and exercise as well as deleterious effect of sectary life and sitting. It describes isometric (resistance) and dynamic (aerobic) exercises. The beneficial effect of aerobic exercise for cardiovascular system health and resistance exercise in older population are discussed. The different physical activity vs. caloric expenditure is illustrated. Lifestyle interventions and physical activity are elucidated. This chapter, via some tables, describes the intensity, time spent, and different physical activity exclusively. The value of target heart rate in adolescents and adult exercises are delineated. The critical importance of physical acti
Book Synopsis Moving Los Angeles by : Paul Sorensen
Download or read book Moving Los Angeles written by Paul Sorensen and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2008-10-02 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Angeles has the worst traffic congestion in the country. Excessive traffic congestion detracts from quality of life, is economically wasteful and environmentally damaging, and exacerbates social-justice concerns. The authors of this book recommend strategies for reducing congestion in Los Angeles County that could be implemented and produce significant improvements within about five years.
