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Diseases Of Field Crops And Their Integrated Management
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Book Synopsis Diseases Of Field Crops And Their Integrated Management by : Sanjeev Kumar
Download or read book Diseases Of Field Crops And Their Integrated Management written by Sanjeev Kumar and published by New India Publishing Agency. This book was released on 2016-05-30 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each chapter has further been divided into sub-heads such as introduction and economic importance, symptoms on different parts, causal organism, disease cycle and favorable conditions. o Symptoms of important diseases have been illustrated with colored photographs which will help in their correct and easy diagnosis. o Management practices including, cultural, physical, biological, host resistance leading to integrated disease management. o This book will serve immensely for teachers and students in the field of plant pathology.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management by : T. S. Thind
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management written by T. S. Thind and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To Meet The Food Demands Of Ever Increasing Human Population, Agricultural Production Is Being Augmented Through The Use Of New Crop Varieties And Changed Agronomic Practices. These Practices Have Enormously Increased The Incidence Of Several Pests And Diseases. Plant Diseases Cause Serious Threats To The Successful Cultivation Of Agricultural Crops Resulting In Huge Losses In Their Yields. In The Recent Past, Certain Diseases Have Appeared In Epidemic From Endangering Sustainability In Agriculture. The Destructive Potential Of Plant Diseases In Modern Day Agriculture Has Increased Due To The Use Of Cultivars Having Narrow Genetic Base Over Large Areas. Correct Disease Diagnosis Is The Prime Requirement For Recommending Preventive Or Curative Measures For Effective Disease Management. Knowledge Of Perpetuation And Spread Of The Pathogens And Various Factors Affecting Disease Development Is Necessary. All The Available Strategies Must Be Used In An Integrated Manner And A Holistic Approach Needs To Be Developed For The Management Of Major Diseases Of A Crop. Information On Latest Developments In The Understanding And Management Of Plant Diseases Has Been Compiled In This Publication. The Book Deals With Diseases Of Important Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds, Sugar Crops, Cotton And Fodder Crops Through 23 Chapters. Nematode Problems Of These Crops Have Been Exclusively Discussed In One Chapter While Another Deals With Mycotoxin Contamination In Stored Grains. Coloured Photographs Showing Symptoms Of Important Diseases Are Given To Help In Disease Diagnosis. It Is Hoped That The Book Will Cater To The Needs Of Research Workers, Teachers And Students Not Only In The Discipline Of Plant Patholgy But Also In Other Areas Of Agriculture. Contents Chapter 1: Disease Of Wheat And Their Management By D V Singh, S K Jain, K D Srivastava And R Aggarwal; Chapter 2: Diseases Of Maize And Their Management By R C Sharma; Chapter 3: Diseases Of Rice And Their Management By B Padhi And S Gangopadhyay; Chapter 4: Diseases Of Pearl Millet And Their Management By R P Thakur; Chapter 5: Diseases Of Sorghum And Their Management By S Pande, P S Marley And J M Lenne; Chapter 6: Diseases Of Rapeseed And Mustard And Their Management By G S Saharan; Chapter 7: Diseases Of Groundnut And Their Management By C D Mayee; Chapter 8: Diseases Of Linseed And Sesame And Their Management By Reeti Singh, U C Singh, R K Khare And B L Sharma; Chapter 9: Diseases Of Chickpea And Their Management By Gurdip Singh And Y R Sharma; Chapter 10: Diseases Of Mungbean And Urdbean And Their Management By R A Singh, S N Gurha And A Ghosh; Chapter 11: Diseases Of French Bean And Their Management By A Ghosh, R A Singh And S N Gurha; Chapter 12: Diseases Of Pigeonpea And Fieldpea And Their Management By Vishwa Dhar And R G Chaudhary; Chapter 13: Diseases Of Cowpea And Their Management By Moly Saxena, D R Saxena, M S Bhale And M N Khare; Chapter 14: Diseases Of Soybean And Their Management By D S Singh And K K Pandey; Chapter 15: Diseases Of Lentil And Their Management By D R Saxena, Moly Saxena And M N Khare; Chapter 16: Diseases Of Cotton And Their Management By O M Bambawale, S Raj, M K Meshram And N K Taneja; Chapter 17: Diseases Of Sugarcane And Their Management By Satyavir, Anil Kumar And S K Khirbat; Chapter 18: Diseases Of Sugarbeet And Their Management By S N Srivastava; Chapter 19: Diseases Of Rabi Fodder Crops And Their Management By P P Gupta, Rakesh Kumar, S K Gandhi And R N Arora; Chapter 20: Diseases Of Kharif Fodder Crops And Their Management By P P Gupta, R N Arora And S K Gandhi; Chapter 21: Microbial Spoilage Of Stored Grains And Its Management By R C Sharma And T S Thind; Chapter 22: Mycotoxins In Foodgrains And Their Management By P P Singh, T S Thind, V K Mehan; Chapter 23: Nematode Diseases Of Field Crops And Their Management By H S Gaur And Inderjit Singh.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management by : J. N. Srivastava
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management written by J. N. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-05-16 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases cause yield loss in crop production, poor quality of produce, and great economic losses as well. Knowledge of the perpetuation and spread of the pathogens and various factors affecting disease development is an important need. Disease diagnosis is the prime requirement for determining preventive or curative measures for effective disease management. This new 2-volume set, Diseases of Field Crops, helps to fill the need for research on plant diseases, their effects, how they spread, and effective management measures to mitigate their harmful consequences. The volumes in this set showcase recent advances in molecular plant pathology and discuss appropriate diagnostic techniques for identification of causal agents and diseases, providing the information necessary to establish management strategies. The chapters in these two volumes include detailed description of symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management techniques of economically important diseases. The volumes explore existing strategies and offer new methods that can be used in an integrated manner and with a comprehensive approach for the management of major diseases of the field crops. Also taken into consideration is the impact of global climate change on the spread and severity of plant diseases. This volume focuses on a selection of cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food and the diseases that affect them. The crops include rice, maize, wheat, millet, sorghum, jute, and more. Volume 2 covers pulses, oil seeds, narcotics, and sugar crops.
Download or read book Crop Diseases written by Darwin Henry and published by New India Publishing Agency. This book was released on 2011-01-11 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases are among the important factors that are responsible for causing yield loss in crop production. The loss due to diseases alone is estimated to be around 26 per cent. Diseases may attack at any stage of the standing crop, from seedlings till maturity of the crop. They may affect different parts of the plants, such as foliage, stem, root, flowers or seed and cause various types of symptoms, while the diseases such as wilt affect the entire plant. All these ultimately result in the reduction of yield and poor quality of the produce. Further, many pathogens continue to attack the stored grains and stored produce, and cause spoilage. To save the crops from diseases caused by pathogens and thereby to increase crop production, it is imminent that diseases have to be controlled by any means. To adopt various strategies for the control of pathogens, one should have some basic knowledge about the symptoms produced by the pathogens, their life cycle, mode of survival and spread, and the stage at which the host is most vulnerable to attack by the pathogens. Most of the cultivated varieties of different crops are susceptible to one disease or another, while some others are susceptible to many diseases. Even resistant cultivars of some of the crop species may become susceptible to some specific diseases in course of time as a result of development of new physiologic races of the pathogen by hybridization or natural mutation or when the environmental conditions are highly favorable for the pathogen and not quite favorable for the host. In this book the authors have given a detailed account of the major diseases of important field crops and horticultural crops, and their management. The text is substantiated with many hand-drawn illustrations, which are of excellent quality and in fact it is the highlight of the book. A on important edible mushrooms commonly grown in India, methods of cultivation of different mushrooms, diseases and pests attacking mushroom beds and mushrooms is also included in the book. This may be quite useful to emerging entrepreneur The book, which has been compiled as per the undergraduate syllabus of agricultural institutions, will also be of use to postgraduate students and to those working in the department of agriculture.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Commercial Crops and Their Integrated Management by : Amar Bahadur
Download or read book Diseases of Commercial Crops and Their Integrated Management written by Amar Bahadur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume compiles information on different aspects of diseases of commercial crops and their management. It contains 17 chapters based on different crops contributed by various authors. The book will be helpful for the students pursuing their degree in Agricultural Sciences, growers, teachers, extension personnel, and fellow researchers in their respective fields.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops by : Vinod Kumar Gupta
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops written by Vinod Kumar Gupta and published by Indus Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributed articles.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management by : J. N. Srivastava
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management written by J. N. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-05-16 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases cause yield loss in crop production, poor quality of produce, and great economic losses as well. Knowledge of the perpetuation and spread of the pathogens and various factors affecting disease development is an important need. Disease diagnosis is the prime requirement for determining preventive or curative measures for effective disease management. This new 2-volume set, Diseases of Field Crops, helps to fill the need for research on plant diseases, their effects, how they spread, and effective management measures to mitigate their harmful consequences. The volumes in this set showcase recent advances in molecular plant pathology and discuss appropriate diagnostic techniques for identification of causal agents and diseases, providing the information necessary to establish management strategies. The chapters in these two volumes include detailed description of symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management techniques of economically important diseases. The volumes explore existing strategies and offer new methods that can be used in an integrated manner and with a comprehensive approach for the management of major diseases of the field crops. Also taken into consideration is the impact of global climate change on the spread and severity of plant diseases. This volume covers pulses, oil seeds, narcotics, and sugar crops. Each of the chapters focuses on one crop, with a detailed account of symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management of the diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Some crops discussed include green gram, chickpeas and peas, lentils, soybeans, groundnuts, sunflowers, sugarcane, tobacco, and others. Volume 1 focuses on cereals, small millets, and fiber crops.
Book Synopsis Field Crop Diseases Handbook by : Robert F. Nyvall
Download or read book Field Crop Diseases Handbook written by Robert F. Nyvall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A text and reference for students and professionals, this volume discusses the causes, distribution, symptoms, and control of the diseases of many of the world's important field crops. It covers approximately1,200 diseases on 25 plants grown throughout the world. Diseases are listed alphabetically by crop name under each type of causal organism, with each disease discussed by causes, distribution, symptoms, and control. Synonyms and common names for each disease are also included to aid in diagnosis.
Book Synopsis Crop Diseases and Their Management by : Gireesh Chand
Download or read book Crop Diseases and Their Management written by Gireesh Chand and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important and comprehensive book is designed to provide information on crop diseases and how to manage those diseases. Covering a multitude of crops and diseases, the book presents integrated approaches on managing diseases that affect such crops as: Cereal and crop plants, such as maize, pigeon pea, chickpeas, and urd/mung beans Oil seed crops, such as groundnut, soybeans, and linseed Horticultural crops, such as citrus, onions, garlic, cucurbitaceae, Colocasia, roses, Stevia rebaudiana, betelvine, jute, and sunhemp The book thoroughly covers the symptoms, causes, disease cycles, and management approaches for many diseases that affect useful agricultural crops. Edited by two professors and researchers with years of experience in teaching on crop diseases, this book is suitable for students in agricultural sciences and helps to cover the recently modified course curricula in India that increases coverage of crop diseases. Crop Diseases and Their Management is also a handy reference for plant protection experts, vegetable specialists, horticultural officers, and extension workers.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops by : James Geere Dickson
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops written by James Geere Dickson and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 1. General introduction; Section 2. Diseases of cereals and grasses; Soybean diseases; Section 4. Diseases of fiber and other field crops.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management by : J. N. Srivastava
Download or read book Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management written by J. N. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-04-28 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases cause serious threats to the successful cultivation of horticultural crops, resulting in huge losses in their yields. These plant diseases are known to affect horticultural crops at various growth stages and reduce the yield as well as quality of fruits and vegetables. Diseases also cause subsequent postharvest transit and storage losses. This 4-volume set provides the latest diagnostic information along with effective management solutions to the problems of diseases of field crop plants caused by phytopathogens. In volume 1, each chapter includes an introduction, disease symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management of economically important plants. With contributions from national scientists who are engaged in teaching, research, and extension services who share their experiences here, the chapters explore apples, amla (or Indian gooseberry), avocado, Indian bael, banana, Indian jujube, citrus, grapes, guava, hazelnut, and more. The volumes provide an abundance of information for understanding and managing plant diseases, with emphasis on diagnostic techniques. The collection includes: Volume 1: Fruit Crops Volume 2: Vegetable Crops Volume 3: Ornamental Plants and Spice Crops Volume 4: Important Plantation Crops, Medicinal Crops, and Mushrooms
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops by : Clayton Hollier
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops written by Clayton Hollier and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seed-Borne Diseases Objectionable in Seed Production and Their Management by : M.S. Bhale
Download or read book Seed-Borne Diseases Objectionable in Seed Production and Their Management written by M.S. Bhale and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of an improved agriculture is an indispensable step towards better living standards. It depends upon improved inputs of which seed is the most significant. Seed has always been regarded as the most vital, basic and critical input. Sage Parashara (circa 400 BC) had said, "the origin of plentiful yield is the seed". Today, more than two millennia later, the statement holds true and it will be hold true as long as humans inhabit the earth. Seed health is a priority area in seed production programme. In recent years, the awareness for seed health has increased among the growers, traders, consumers and policy makers. In post -GATT era and with the emergence of WTO concerns regarding the seed health have acquired high importance. In seed production programme, seed certification standards have been worked out. Several diseases have been designated objectionable at field and seed levels. The book provides comprehensive and integrated information on 57 seed-borne diseases covering about 40 major field and vegetable crops. The information is supplemented with about 127 photographs, explanation of technical words in glossary and further readings. The book will be of great help to the people engaged in seed production (fields and vegetable crops), seed certification, agricultural extension workers, field workers and seed industry. It will be of immense use for all the teachers, students and researchers of seed science and technology. Feature: sRole of seed-borne pathogens. Significance of seed health testing. Seed health testing for seed-borne fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens. Protocols for some common methods employed in seed health testing. Integrated management of seed-borne diseases. Indian seed certification standards for Field and Vegetable crops. Identification and management of objectionable seed-borne diseases. Information on pathogens, location in seeds, disease-cycle and spread, nature, losses, detection techniques and certification standards of 57 seed-borne diseases, supplemented with 127 black and white photographs. Explanation of about 160 technical words in glossary.
Book Synopsis Biotechnological Approaches for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases by : L. V. Gangawane
Download or read book Biotechnological Approaches for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases written by L. V. Gangawane and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 2004 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Management Of Crop Diseases Has Become Important Throughout The World. Various Methods Have Been Advocated To Manage Viral, Bacterial, Fungal And Nematode Diseases Of Various Crops. The Emphasis And Prime Importance Is Given On The Development Of Resistant Varieties And Now It Has Been Possible To Manage The Various Diseases In Integrated Manner. But The Failure Of Resistant Gene In A Variety Sometimes Has Been Observed And Hence The Scientists Are Busy To Manage The Diseases In Biotechnological Manners. The Biotechnology And Molecular Biology Has Found To Be Of Great Help And Developing Transgenic Varieties In Addition To Regular Hybridzations. The Volume On Biotechnological Approaches For The Integrated Management Of Crop Diseases Will Be Great Help To Solve The Problems Of Crop Disease Management. The Volume Consists Of 26 Review Articles On Biotechnological Approaches By Very Well Known International Scientists Throughtout The India On Different Crops. Almost All The Renowened Institutes Of Icar, Iari, Icrisat And Other Universities Have Contributed To Make This Volume Sucess In The Supplying The Biotechnological Approaches For The Management Of Crop Diseases. This Volume Is Published In The Honour Of Prof L V Gangawane Who Has Contributed Much In The Management Of Various Crop Diseases. Contents Chapter 1: Biotechnological Approach For The Integrated Management Of Crop Diseases By Amerika Singh, O P Sharma, O M Bambawale & S K Singh; Chapter 2: Use Of Indirect Competitive Elisa Technique For Detection Of Aflatoxinb1 Contaminated In Chilli By K Ajitkumar, M K Naik, F Waliygai & S V Reddy; Chapter 3: Studies On In Vitro And In Vivo Synthesis Of Pectolytic And Cellulolytic Enzymes By The Leaf Spot And Fruit Rot Pathogen Of Banana By M M V Baig & D S Mukadam; Chapter 4: Strategies For The Management Of Groundnut Diseases By M P Ghewande & Vinod Kumar; Chapter 5: Biotechnological Approaches For Integrated Management Of Plant Diseases By C D Mayee & P K Chakrabarty; Chapter 6: Integrated Plant Disease Management: Recent Approaches By Myank U Charaya & R S Mehrotra; Chapter 7: Biocontrol Potential Of Microorganisms-An Overview: Focus On Trichoderma As Biofungicide For The Management Of Plant Diseases By N Mathivanan, V R Prabavathy & K Murugesan; Chapter 8: Effect Of Sphacelia Culture Filtrate On Callus And Cell Suspension Cultures Of Sorghum By Nicky Johnson & A H Rajasab; Chapter 9: Molecular Basis Of Plant Disease Resistance By S M Paul Khurana, Swarup K Chakrabarti & Debasis Pattanayak; Chapter 10: Entomogenous Fungi And Their Further Prospects As Mycoinsecticides By M S Patil; Chapter 11: Integrated Disease Management In Rice By C S Reddy; Chapter 12: Management Of Charcoal Rot Of Soybean By Sudha Mall; Chapter 13: Application Of Genetic Engineering For Disease Management In Vegetable Crops By T S Thind, J K Arora, H J S Dhaliwal, Prem Raj, C Mohan & M I S Gill; Chapter 14: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria To Augment Crop Production By K V B R Tilak & C Manoharachary; Chapter 15: Role Of 2,4-Diacetyphloroglucinol (Dapg) For Plant Disease Control: Its Importance To Rice Bacterial Blight Suppression In India By P Velusamy, G Defago, L S Thomashow & S S Gnanamanickam; Chapter 16: Heart Rot And Root Rot Diseases Of Trees: A Case Study From The Campus Of Pune University By J G Vaidya & G G Deshpande; Chapter 17: Va Mycorrhiza A New Biotechnological Tool As Biocontrol Agent: Indian Scenario By Sudhir Chandra & Harbans Kaur Kehri; Chapter 18: Microbial Management Of Plant Diseases: An Overview By R C Rajak, A K Pandey, A K Singh & Rohit Sharma; Chapter 19: Waste Management: An Environmental Biotechnology Way By Onkar J Chakre; Chapter 20: Problems In Management Of Apple Scab In Kashmir: A Case Study By B L Putto; Chapter 21: Impact Of Biotechnology On Crop Improvement With Special Reference To Biotic And Abiotic Stresses By M N Khare & M Shrimali; Chapter 22: Biotechnology In The Management Of Pearl Millet Downy Mildew By R P Thakur & C T Hash; Chapter 23: Indian Contributions To Aerobiology Of Fungal Plant Pathogens: An Overview By B P R Vittal; Chapter 24: Trees Of Religious Importance From Amarakosha By Brahmanand Deshpande; Chapter 25: Viruses Infecting Chilli/Capsicum In India By Satya Prakash & S P S Tomer; Chapter 26: Epidemiology And Integrated Management Of Fruit-Rot Diseases Of Trichosanthes Dioica By A K Roy & Anjan Krishna.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management, 2-Volume Set by : J. N. Srivastava
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops Diagnosis and Management, 2-Volume Set written by J. N. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new 2-volume set, Diseases of Field Crops: Diagnosis and Management, helps to fill the need for research on plant diseases, their effects, how they spread, and effective management measures to mitigate their harmful effects. The volumes in this set showcase recent advances in molecular plant pathology and discuss appropriate diagnostic techniques for identification of causal agents and diseases, providing the information necessary to establish management strategies. The chapters in these two volumes include detailed description of symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management techniques of economically important diseases. The volumes explore existing strategies and offer new methods that can be used in an integrated manner and with a comprehensive approach for the management of major diseases of the field crops. Also taken into consideration is the impact of global climate change on the spread and severity of plant diseases.
Book Synopsis Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management by : S. Parthasarathy (Plant pathologist)
Download or read book Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management written by S. Parthasarathy (Plant pathologist) and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book entitled Diseases of Field Crops and their Management provides most recent information about major diseases of cultivation field crops, their symptoms, pathogen characters, epidemiology, and management. In order to make the book all in one, the importance of major diseases has also been dealt with in brief. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Book Synopsis Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops by : L. P. Awasthi
Download or read book Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops written by L. P. Awasthi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-09-20 with total page 990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops details the fundamental and applied aspects of the viral diseases of field and horticultural crops. The book opens with a historical introduction to plant virology, important plant virologists, and landmarks. It continues with systematic coverage of viral diseases, their economic significance, disease symptoms, host range, mode of transmission, diagnostic techniques, geographic distribution, epidemiology, yield losses, and control and management of the disease. Contributions from an international group of virologists with a wide range of academic, research, professional, and specialized backgrounds in plant virology makes Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops a comprehensive and must-have resource for those engaged in the study and research of plant virology, microbiology, and plant pathology particularly viral diseases and their impact on field and horticultural crops. Provides virus characterization according to the disease pattern and symptoms they cause Covers viral diseases of cereals, oil seeds, legumes, commercial crops, spices and condiments, medicinal and aromatic crops, forage crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, tree nuts, among others Discusses advances like applications in nanotechnology, molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of plant viruses, and the development of technologies for detecting plant viruses
