Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection

Download Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Eisenbrauns
ISBN 13 : 9781934309339
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection by : Miguel Civil

Download or read book Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection written by Miguel Civil and published by Eisenbrauns. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a collection of 107 new royal cuneiform sources that spans most of the written history of Mesopotamia, from the early Dynastic to the Achaemenid periods, and includes associated areas of Elam and Urartu. These are inscriptions on tablets, seals, and incantations bowls collected in the late 1980s and 1990s which derive from a great variety of collections. Each text is provided with full discussion of its contents accompanied by transliteration, translation, copy and photos. The photos are also available on the CDLI and Cornell University websites, where closer scrutiny of the individual tablets is possible.

Ur III Texts in the Schøyen Collection

Download Ur III Texts in the Schøyen Collection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646020774
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ur III Texts in the Schøyen Collection by : Jacob L. Dahl

Download or read book Ur III Texts in the Schøyen Collection written by Jacob L. Dahl and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2020-12-11 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Judging from the sheer amount of textual material left to us, the rulers of ancient Ur were above all else concerned with keeping track of their poorest subjects, who made up the majority of the population under their jurisdiction. Year after year, administrators recorded, in frightening detail, the whereabouts of the poorest individuals in monthly and yearly rosters, assigning tiny parcels of land to countless prebend holders and starvation rations to even more numerous estate slaves. The texts published in this volume—dating from the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur (ca. 2100–2000 BC)—attest to the immense investment of the ancient rulers in managing their subjects. This volume presents editions of two hundred and twenty-four cuneiform tablets selected from the Schøyen Collection, the vast majority of which have not been previously published. The ancient provenience for these texts is primarily Umma, with other core provinces represented in smaller numbers, such as notable contributions from ancient Adab, which is underrepresented in the published record. In order to provide a fuller picture of the administration of the Ur III state, a number of texts from other collections, both published and unpublished, have been integrated into this volume. Accompanied by Jacob L. Dahl’s precise translations, extensive commentary, and exhaustive indexes, this volume presents extensive new data on prosopography, economy, accounting procedures, letters, contracts, technical terminology, and agriculture that adds significantly to our knowledge of society and the economy during the Third Dynasty of Ur. An important contribution to the study of the Ur III period, in particular for Assyriology, this volume will serve as a useful handbook for scholars and students alike.

Manuscripts in the Schoyen collection. Cuneiform texts

Download Manuscripts in the Schoyen collection. Cuneiform texts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Manuscripts in the Schoyen collection. Cuneiform texts by :

Download or read book Manuscripts in the Schoyen collection. Cuneiform texts written by and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part Two

Download Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part Two PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646020146
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part Two by : A. R. George

Download or read book Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part Two written by A. R. George and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ancient Mesopotamia, men training to be scribes copied model letters in order to practice writing and familiarize themselves with epistolary forms and expressions. Similarly, model contracts were used to teach them how to draw up agreements for the transactions typical of everyday economic life. This volume makes available a trove of previously unknown tablets and fragments, now housed in the Shøyen Collection, that were produced in the training of scribes in Old Babylonian schools. Following on Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part One: Selected Letters, this volume publishes the contents of sixty-five tablets bearing Akkadian letters used to train scribes and twenty-six prisms and tablets carrying Sumerian legal texts copied in the same context. Each text is presented in transliterated form and in translation, with appropriate commentary and annotations and, at the end of the book, photographs of the cuneiform. The material is made easily navigable by a catalogue, bibliography, and indexes. This collection of previously unknown documents expands the extant corpus of educational texts, making an essential contribution to the study of the ancient world.

Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millenium B.C.

Download Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millenium B.C. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN 13 : 1575063271
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millenium B.C. by : Ira Spar

Download or read book Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millenium B.C. written by Ira Spar and published by Metropolitan Museum of Art. This book was released on 2014-08-01 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated work is the final volume of the CTMMA series and completes the publication of all the cuneiform-inscribed tablets and inscriptions (excluding those on sculptures, reliefs, and seals) in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Published are 183 texts that include 154 cuneiform tablets and tablet fragments, one inscribed clay bulla, fourteen clay cylinders, five clay prisms, and four stone inscriptions. Economic and Administrative texts are from Sippar, Babylon, Kish, Dilbat, Nippur, Drehem, Uruk, and other sites in Babylonia and ancient Iran. First millennium B.C. royal inscriptions date to the reigns of Ashurnasirpal, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal, Nebuchadnezzar, and Nabonidus. The texts are organized in five parts: Part One contains Neo- and Late Babylonian economic and administrative tablets and fragments from the archives of the Ebabbar temple in Sippar. Part Two includes Neo- and Late Babylonian period economic and administrative tablets from Babylonia and other sites. Part Three includes Late Babylonian administrative and archival tablets from Babylon. Part Four contains royal and non-royal brick, stone, bulla, cylinder, and prism inscriptions from the second and first millennia B.C. A final section (Part Five) includes three proto-cuneiform archaic tablets and two Ur III administrative tablets. Professors Ira Spar (Professor of Ancient Studies at Ramapo College of New Jersey and Research Assyriologist at The Metropolitan Museum of Art) and Michael Jursa (University Professor of Assyriology, University of Vienna) were assisted by a team of distinguished scholars and conservators who provided valuable insights into the preparation of scholarly editions of the texts, seal impressions, and technical analysis published in this volume. Ira Spar hand copied and made facsimile drawings of the Museum’s texts with the assistance of Charles H. Wood. Jo Ann Wood-Brown and Charles H. Wood prepared drawings of seal impressions and divine symbols. This four-volume series of publications reaffirms the Museum’s ongoing commitment to promoting wider knowledge of ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Volume one documents 120 tablets, cones, and bricks from the third and second millennia B.C. Volume two publishes 106 religious, scientific, scholastic, and literary texts written in Akkadian and Sumerian that primarily date to the later part of the first millennium B.C. Volume three includes 164 private archival texts and fragments from the first millennium B.C. 442 pages, 174 plates, including drawings of 183 texts and photographs of selected tablets.

Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection

Download Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646020111
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection by : Christopher Metcalf

Download or read book Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection written by Christopher Metcalf and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first in a series of volumes publishing the Sumerian literary texts in the Schøyen Collection, this book makes available, for the first time, editions of seventeen cuneiform tablets, dating to ca. 2000 BCE and containing works of Sumerian religious poetry. Edited, translated, and annotated by Christopher Metcalf, these poems shed light on the interaction between cult, scholarship, and scribal culture in Mesopotamia in the early second millennium BCE. The present volume contains fourteen songs composed in praise of the various gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon; it is believed that these songs were typically performed in temple cults. Among them are a song in praise of Sud, goddess of the ancient Mesopotamian city Shuruppak; a song describing the statue of the protective goddess Lamma-saga in the “Sacred City” temple complex at Girsu; and a previously unknown hymn dedicated to the creator god Enki. Each text is provided in transliteration and translation and accompanied by hand-copies and images of the tablets themselves. Expertly contextualizing each song in Babylonian religious and literary history, this thoroughly competent editio princeps will prove a valuable tool for scholars interested in the literary and religious traditions of ancient Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem

Download Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047408381
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem by : Joan Goodnick Westenholz

Download or read book Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem written by Joan Goodnick Westenholz and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2006-09-01 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cuneiform inscriptions in this volume illuminate the political, juridical, economical, and religious conditions in Babylonia around 1800 B.C.E. In particular, the large document on the daily cult in Larsa (no. 1) is unique.

The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar

Download The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 1614513554
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar by : Rocío Da Riva

Download or read book The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar written by Rocío Da Riva and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will include critical and collated editions of all the inscriptions of the 1st-millennium Babylonian kings Nabopolassar (626–605), Amel-Marduk (biblical Evil-Merodach, 561–560), and Neriglissar (559–556). The editions will be preceded by an in-depth study and followed by a glossary and concordance of the inscriptions as well as complete indexes of toponyms, anthroponyms, and theonyms. The volume includes a CD-ROM with high-definition full-color digital images of the inscriptions.

Disputation Literature in the Near East and Beyond

Download Disputation Literature in the Near East and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501510274
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Disputation Literature in the Near East and Beyond by : Enrique Jiménez

Download or read book Disputation Literature in the Near East and Beyond written by Enrique Jiménez and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disputation literature is a type of text in which usually two non-human entities (such as trees, animals, drinks, or seasons) try to establish their superiority over each other by means of a series of speeches written in an elaborate, flowery register. As opposed to other dialogue literature, in disputation texts there is no serious matter at stake only the preeminence of one of the litigants over its rival. These light-hearted texts are known in virtually every culture that flourished in the Middle East from Antiquity to the present day, and they constitute one of the most enduring genres in world literature. The present volume collects over twenty contributions on disputation literature by a diverse group of world-renowned scholars. From ancient Sumer to modern-day Bahrain, from Egyptian to Neo-Aramaic, including Latin, French, Middle English, Armenian, Chinese and Japanese, the chapters of this book study the multiple avatars of this venerable text type.

Genesis 1-11

Download Genesis 1-11 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300149735
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Genesis 1-11 by : Ronald Hendel

Download or read book Genesis 1-11 written by Ronald Hendel and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2024-09-03 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of a groundbreaking two-part commentary on the book of Genesis by leading biblical scholar Ronald Hendel The first eleven chapters of Genesis narrate the origin of the universe; the creation of the first human beings; the beginnings of moral reasoning, society, and culture; and the cataclysmic global flood. By showing how life and civilization came into being, Genesis 1-11 offers a richly drawn map for understanding the world as a meaningful cosmos and an ethical guide for human purpose and responsibility within it. The culmination of over thirty years of research, this long-awaited study by leading Genesis scholar Ronald Hendel is the first comprehensive scholarly commentary on Genesis 1-11 in a generation. Drawing on archaeological discoveries from Israel and the ancient Near East as well as contemporary methods of scholarship, it presents a multilayered view of the classic text. The extensive introduction, notes, and comments explore ancient textual versions and editions, historical contexts, literary style and design, compositional history, cosmology, ethics, and the book's interpretive life in Judaism and Christianity. Featuring numerous illustrations, this engagingly written commentary is an indispensable, field-defining guide to the first eleven chapters of the Bible.

Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age

Download Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN 13 : 0300208081
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age by : Joan Aruz

Download or read book Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age written by Joan Aruz and published by Metropolitan Museum of Art. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the research of internationally renowned scholars, Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age contributes significantly to our understanding of the epoch-making artistic and cultural exchanges that took place across the Near East and Mediterranean in the early first millennium B.C. This was the world of Odysseus, in which seafaring Phoenician merchants charted new nautical trade routes and established prosperous trading posts and colonies on the shores of three continents; of kings Midas and Croesus, legendary for their wealth; and of the Hebrew Bible, whose stories are brought vividly to life by archaeological discoveries. Objects drawn from collections in the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and the United States, reproduced here in sumptuous detail, reflect the cultural encounters of diverse populations interacting through trade, travel, and migration as well as war and displacement. Together, they tell a compelling story of the origins and development of Western artistic traditions that trace their roots to the ancient Near East and across the Mediterranean world. Among the masterpieces brought together in this volume are stone reliefs that adorned the majestic palaces of ancient Assyria; expertly crafted Phonecian and Syrian bronzes and worked ivories that were stored in the treasuries of Assyria and deposited in tombs and sanctuaries in regions far to the west; and lavish personal adornments and other luxury goods, some imported and others inspired by Near Eastern craftsmanship. Accompanying texts by leading scholars position each object in cultural and historical context, weaving a narrative of crisis and conquest, worship and warfare, and epic and empire that spans both continents and millennia. Writing another chapter in the story begun in Art of the First Cities (2003) and Beyond Babylon (2008), Assyria to Iberia offers a comprehensive overview of art, diplomacy, and cultural exchange in an age of imperial and mercantile expansion in the ancient Near East and across the Mediterranean in the first millennium B.C.—the dawn of the Classical age.

The Imperialisation of Assyria

Download The Imperialisation of Assyria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108478743
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Imperialisation of Assyria by : Bleda S. Düring

Download or read book The Imperialisation of Assyria written by Bleda S. Düring and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can we understand the remarkable success of the Assyrian Empire? This book provides an agent-centred explanation using archaeological data.

From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.

Download From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575068710
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D. by : Steven J. Garfinkle

Download or read book From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D. written by Steven J. Garfinkle and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume collects the proceedings of a three-day conference held in Madrid in July 2010, and it highlights the vitality of the study of late-third-millennium B.C. Mesopotamia. Workshops devoted to the Ur III period have been a feature of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale roughly every other year, beginning in London in 2003. In 2009, Steve Garfinkle and Manuel Molina asked the community of Neo-Sumerian scholars to convene the following year in Madrid before the Rencontre in Barcelona. The meeting had more than 50 participants and included 8 topical sessions and 27 papers. The 21 contributions included in this volume cover a broad range of topics: new texts, new interpretations, and new understandings of the language, culture, and history of the Ur III period (2112–2004 B.C.). The present and future of Neo-Sumerian studies are important not only for the field of Assyriology but also for wider inquiries into the ancient world. The extant archives offer insight into some of the earliest cities and one of the earliest kingdoms in the historical record. The era of the Third Dynasty of Ur is also probably the best-attested century in antiquity. This imposes a responsibility on the small community of scholars who work on the Neo-Sumerian materials to make this it accessible to a broad, interdisciplinary audience in the humanities and related fields. This volume is a solid step in this direction.

Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology

Download Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mohr Siebeck
ISBN 13 : 9783161536748
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology by : W.G. Lambert

Download or read book Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology written by W.G. Lambert and published by Mohr Siebeck. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The late W.G. Lambert (1926-2011) was one of the foremost Assyriologists of the latter part of the twentieth century. His principle legacy is a large number of superb critical editions of Babylonian literary compositions. Many of the texts he edited were on religious and mythological subjects. He will always be remembered as the editor of the Babylonian Job (Ludlul bel nemeqi, also known as the Poem of the Righteous Sufferer), the Babylonian Flood Story (Atra-hasis) and the Babylonian Creation Epic (Enuma elish). The present book is a collection of twenty-three essays Lambert published between the years 1958 and 2004. These endure not only as the legacy of one of the greatest authorities on ancient Mesopotamian religion and mythology, but also because each makes statements of considerable validity and importance. As such, many are milestones in the fields of Mesopotamian religion and mythology.

The City of Babylon

Download The City of Babylon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009038710
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The City of Babylon by : Stephanie Dalley

Download or read book The City of Babylon written by Stephanie Dalley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-08 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2000-year story of Babylon sees it moving from a city-state to the centre of a great empire of the ancient world. It remained a centre of kingship under the empires of Assyria, Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Alexander the Great, the Seleucids and the Parthians. Its city walls were declared to be a Wonder of the World while its ziggurat won fame as the Tower of Babel. Visitors to Berlin can admire its Ishtar Gate, and the supposed location of its elusive Hanging Garden is explained. Worship of its patron god Marduk spread widely while its well-trained scholars communicated legal, administrative and literary works throughout the ancient world, some of which provide a backdrop to Old Testament and Hittite texts. Its science also laid the foundations for Greek and Arab astronomy through a millennium of continuous astronomical observations. This accessible and up-to-date account is by one of the world's leading authorities.

Fighting for the King and the Gods

Download Fighting for the King and the Gods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SBL Press
ISBN 13 : 088414237X
Total Pages : 751 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (841 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fighting for the King and the Gods by : Charlie Trimm

Download or read book Fighting for the King and the Gods written by Charlie Trimm and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 751 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most up-to-date sourcebook on warfare in the ancient Near East Fighting for the King and the Gods provides an introduction to the topic of war and the variety of texts concerning many aspects of warfare in the ancient Near East. These texts illustrate various viewpoints of war and show how warfare was an integral part of life. Trimm examines not only the victors and the famous battles, but also the hardship that war brought to many. While several of these texts treated here are well known (i.e., Ramses II's battle against the Hittites at Qadesh), others are known only to specialists. This work will allow a broader audience to access and appreciate these important texts as they relate to the history and ideology of warfare. Features References to recent secondary literature for further study Early Greek and Chinese illustrative texts for comparisons with other cultures Indices to help guide the reader

Being a Man

Download Being a Man PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317280539
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being a Man by : Ilona Zsolnay

Download or read book Being a Man written by Ilona Zsolnay and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Being a Man is a formative work which reveals the myriad and complex negotiations for constructions of masculine identities in the greater ancient Near East and beyond. Through a juxtaposition of studies into Neo-Assyrian artistic representations and omens, biblical hymns and narrative, Hittite, Akkadian, and Indian epic, as well as detailed linguistic studies on gender and sex in the Sumerian and Hebrew languages, the book challenges traditional understandings and assumed homogeneity for what it meant "to be a man" in antiquity. Being a Man is an indispensable resource for students of the ancient Near East, and a fascinating study for anyone with an interest in gender and sexuality throughout history.