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Coral Records Of The El Nino Southern Oscillation And Tropical Pacific Climate Over The Last Millennium
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Book Synopsis Coral Records of the El Niño-southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific Climate Over the Last Millennium by : Kim M. Cobb
Download or read book Coral Records of the El Niño-southern Oscillation and Tropical Pacific Climate Over the Last Millennium written by Kim M. Cobb and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate by : Michael J. McPhaden
Download or read book El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate written by Michael J. McPhaden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and up-to-date information on Earth’s most dominant year-to-year climate variation The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO's dynamics and impacts. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate presents the latest theories, models, and observations, and explores the challenges of forecasting ENSO as the climate continues to change. Volume highlights include: Historical background on ENSO and its societal consequences Review of key El Niño (ENSO warm phase) and La Niña (ENSO cold phase) characteristics Mathematical description of the underlying physical processes that generate ENSO variations Conceptual framework for understanding ENSO changes on decadal and longer time scales, including the response to greenhouse gas forcing ENSO impacts on extreme ocean, weather, and climate events, including tropical cyclones, and how ENSO affects fisheries and the global carbon cycle Advances in modeling, paleo-reconstructions, and operational climate forecasting Future projections of ENSO and its impacts Factors influencing ENSO events, such as inter-basin climate interactions and volcanic eruptions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors.
Book Synopsis Coral Records of Central Tropical Pacific Sea-surface Temperature and Salinity Variability Over the 20th Century by : Intan Suci Nurhati
Download or read book Coral Records of Central Tropical Pacific Sea-surface Temperature and Salinity Variability Over the 20th Century written by Intan Suci Nurhati and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate forecasts of future regional temperature and rainfall patterns in many regions largely depend on characterizing anthropogenic trends in tropical Pacific climate. However, strong interannual to decadal-scale tropical Pacific climate variability, combined with sparse spatial and temporal coverage of instrumental climate datasets in this region, have obscured potential anthropogenic climate signals in the tropical Pacific. In this dissertation, I present sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity proxy records that span over the 20th century using living corals from several islands in the central tropical Pacific. I reconstruct the SST proxy records via coral Sr/Ca, that are combined with coral oxygen isotopic (d18O) records to quantify changes in seawater d18O (hereafter d18Osw) as a proxy for salinity. Chapter 2 investigates the spatial and temporal character of SST and d18Osw-based salinity trends in the central tropical Pacific from 1972-1998, as revealed by corals from Palmyra (6°N, 162°W), Fanning (4°N, 159°W) and Christmas (2°N, 157°W) Islands. The late 20th century SST proxy records exhibit warming trends that are larger towards the equator, in line with a weakening of equatorial Pacific upwelling over this period. Freshening trends revealed by the salinity proxy records are larger at those sites most affected by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), suggesting a strengthening and/or an equatorward shift of the ITCZ. Taken together, the late 20th century SST and salinity proxy records document warming and freshening trends that are consistent with a trend towards a weakened tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient under continued anthropogenic forcing. Chapter 3 characterizes the signatures of natural and anthropogenic variability in central tropical Pacific SST and d18Osw-based salinity over the course of 20th century using century-long coral proxy records from Palmyra. On interannual timescales, the SST proxy record from Palmyra tracks El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The salinity proxy record tracks eastern Pacific-centered ENSO events but is poorly correlated to central Pacific-centered ENSO events - the result of profound differences in precipitation and ocean advection that occur during the two types of ENSO. On decadal timescales, the coral SST proxy record is significantly correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), suggesting that strong dynamical links exist between the central tropical Pacific and the North Pacific. The salinity proxy record is significantly correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but poorly correlated to the NPGO, suggesting that, as was the case with ENSO, these two modes of Pacific decadal climate variability have unique impacts on equatorial precipitation and ocean advection. However, the most striking feature of the salinity proxy record is a prominent late 20th century freshening trend that is likely related to anthropogenic climate change. Taken together, the coral data provide key constraints on tropical Pacific climate trends, and when used in combination with model simulations of 21st century climate, can be used to improve projections of regional climate in areas affected by tropical Pacific climate variability.
Book Synopsis El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Pacific Climate Across the 4.2 Ka BP Climate Excursion by : Karen V. Gutierrez
Download or read book El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Pacific Climate Across the 4.2 Ka BP Climate Excursion written by Karen V. Gutierrez and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin and influence of the "4.2 kyr event"--a climate excursion characterized by century-long drought hypothesized to have affected civilizations throughout the northern subtropics--is uncertain, despite its registration in multiple paleoclimatic archives. As the dominant source of global interannual climate variability, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) might be expected to have shaped the expression of global precipitation and temperature across the 4.2 kyr event. However, the role of ENSO has not been explored, owing to a general lack of temporally extended observations in the tropical Pacific. Here I analyze a number of tropical Pacific Porites coral fossils spanning this interval, between ~4600 and 4100 years B.P., building on the previously published record of ENSO activity as well as the prevailing mean state of the tropical Pacific climate. Monthly resolved oxygen isotopic records of three corals from Fanning Island and one from Christmas Island overlap with and extend existing records to produce a nearly-continuous sequence that spans several hundred years. Oxygen isotopic values of the overlapping segments of the fossil corals strengthen the reliability of the paleoclimate record and the radiometric dating. The new coral data generated in this study confirm the previous inference of low ENSO activity over an extended time interval encompassing the 4.2 kyr event. Additionally, the new coral data show that the interannual variability, though reduced in amplitude relative to the modern climate, was expressed as repeated episodes of prolonged and intense La Niña conditions. This characterization stands in contrast with a single multi-decadal excursion, as initially hypothesized for the 4.2 kyr event. Finally, the mean values of overlapping coral segments from Fanning and Christmas Islands are similar, suggesting that the modern temperature and salinity gradient was not present during the interval of the 4.2 kyr event. The simplest explanation for this lack of temperature/salinity gradient is that the southern boundary of the North Equatorial Counter Current was shifted north of Fanning Island.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation by : Allan J. Clarke
Download or read book An Introduction to the Dynamics of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation written by Allan J. Clarke and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-01-28 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many scientists either working on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) problem or its many applications have not been trained in both the equatorial ocean and atmospheric dynamics necessary to understand it. This book seeks to overcome this difficulty by providing a step by step introduction to ENSO, helping the upper level graduate student or research scientist to learn quickly the ENSO basics and be up to date with the latest ENSO research. The text assumes that the reader has a knowledge of the equations of fluid mechanics on a rotating earth and emphasizes the observations and simple physical explanations of them. Following a history of ENSO and a discussion of ENSO observations in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapters 3-5 consider relevant equatorial ocean dynamics, Chapters 6 and 9 relevant atmospheric dynamics, and Chapters 7 and 8 the main paradigms for how the Pacific Ocean and atmosphere couple together to produce ENSO. Chapter 8 also discusses the old mystery of why ENSO tends to be locked in phase with the seasonal cycle. Successful dynamical and statistical approaches to ENSO prediction are discussed in Chapters 10 and 11 while Chapter 12 concludes the book with examples of how ENSO influences marine and bird life. Quick reference guide and step by step introduction to El Niño/Southern Oscillation dynamics Keep informed and up to date on El Niño/Southern Oscillation research and how El Niño and the Southern Oscillation can be predicted Understand how El Niño can affect marine and bird life
Book Synopsis Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific by : Peter W. Glynn
Download or read book Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific written by Peter W. Glynn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents and examines the state of health of coral reefs in the eastern tropical Pacific region. It touches on the occurrence of coral reefs in the waters of surrounding countries, and it explores their biogeography, biodiversity and condition relative to the El Niño southern oscillation and human impacts. Additionally contained within is a field that presents information on many of the species presented in the preceding chapters.
Book Synopsis Influence of Mean Climate Change on Climate Variability from a 155-Year Tropical Pacific Coral Record by :
Download or read book Influence of Mean Climate Change on Climate Variability from a 155-Year Tropical Pacific Coral Record written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) presents an abstract for the article entitled "Influence of Mean Climate Change on Climate Variability from a 155-Year Tropical Pacific Coral Record," by F.E. Urban, J.E. Cole, and J.T. Overpeck. The article was published in the October 2000 issue of "Nature." The article discusses the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system and the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on ENSO variability.
Book Synopsis Quaternary Coral Reef Systems by : Lucien F. Montaggioni
Download or read book Quaternary Coral Reef Systems written by Lucien F. Montaggioni and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-08-13 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents both state-of-the art knowledge from Recent coral reefs (1.8 million to a few centuries old) gained since the eighties, and introduces geologists, oceanographers and environmentalists to sedimentological and paleoecological studies of an ecosystem encompassing some of the world's richest biodiversity. Scleractinian reefs first appeared about 300 million years ago. Today coral reef systems provide some of the most sensitive gauges of environmental change, expressing the complex interplay of chemical, physical, geological and biological factors. The topics covered will include the evolutionary history of reef systems and some of the main reef builders since the Cenozoic, the effects of biological and environmental forces on the zonation of reef systems and the distribution of reef organisms and on reef community dynamics through time, changes in the geometry, anatomy and stratigraphy of reef bodies and systems in relation to changes in sea level and tectonics, the distribution patterns of sedimentary (framework or detrital) facies in relation to those of biological communities, the modes and rates of reef accretion (progradation, aggradation versus backstepping; coral growth versus reef growth), the hydrodynamic forces controlling water circulation through reef structures and their relationship to early diagenetic processes, the major diagenetic processes affecting reef bodies through time (replacement and diddolution, dolomitization, phosphatogenesis), and the record of climate change by both individual coral colonies and reef systems over the Quaternary. * state-of-the-art knowledge from Recent corals reefs* introduction to sedimentological and paleoecological studies of an ecosystems encompassing some of the world's richest biodiversity.* authors are internationally regarded authorities on the subject* trustworthy information
Book Synopsis The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon by : Edward S. Sarachik
Download or read book The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon written by Edward S. Sarachik and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-18 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward S. Sarachik and Mark A. Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. This book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts, introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.
Book Synopsis El Niño and the Southern Oscillation by : Henry F. Diaz
Download or read book El Niño and the Southern Oscillation written by Henry F. Diaz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-11-09 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is a recurrent feature of the climate in tropical regions. In this volume leading experts summarize information gained over the past decade concerning diverse aspects of ENSO, which have led to marked improvements in our ability to forecast its development months or seasons in advance. This volume compares ENSO's modern morphology and variability with its recent historic and prehistoric behaviour. It expands and updates Diaz and Markgraf's earlier volume El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation (1992, Cambridge University Press). The volume will be of importance to a broad range of scientists in meteorology, oceanography, hydrology, geosciences, ecology, public health, emergency management response and mitigation, and decision-making. It will also be used as a supplementary textbook and reference source in graduate courses in environmental studies.
Book Synopsis Coral [delta] 18 O Records from Palau and Eastern Island by : Michael Cleveland Osborne
Download or read book Coral [delta] 18 O Records from Palau and Eastern Island written by Michael Cleveland Osborne and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral-based proxy records are one of the most powerful tools for extending our understanding of interannual to centennial modes associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. Such records are also crucial for constraining forecasts under various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. In this dissertation I present an examination of records obtained from two study sites: The Republic of Palau (7.5°N 134.5°E) and Easter Island (27°S 109°W). This dissertation is organized into five chapters and an appendix. Chapter 1 is an introduction to paleoclimate, ENSO, and coral-based proxy records. In Chapter 2, I present the analysis of four records from Palau that were sampled from diverse localities within this study region. We take advantage of the multiple instrumental products and previously published results in our evaluation of the Palau coral [delta] 18O ([delta] 18OCRL) signal. Our primary conclusion in Chapter 2 is that Palau [delta] 18OCRL is well suited to capture ENSO, regardless of the coral environmental setting. We also show that Palau [delta] 18OCRL is primarily related to salinity, with temperature exerting a secondary influence. In Chapter 3 we apply our [delta] 18OCRL calibration results from Palau to the pre-instrumental period. Our records exhibit excellent reproducibility over the 20th century, and show strong coherence with other tropical Pacific [delta] 18OCRL records. We identify a 23/24 year cycle which is robust throughout the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) following the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA). The Palau records show a long-term trend indicative of warming and/or freshening. Chapter 4 presents the results of three previously unpublished [delta] 18OCRL records from Easter Island, which resides in a region that is particularly devoid of high-resolution paleoclimate observations. All of the Easter Island corals display complex growth morphology. As a result, we deploy a range of techniques to develop age models. Our chief conclusion is that the Easter Island [delta] 18OCRL records closely follow hemispheric and global scale temperature trends over the 20th century. We also observe unique seasonal trends, which are likely attributable biases in seasonal carbonate precipitation and our age model schemes. Our analyses of the Easter Island [delta] 18OCRL records support the assertion that decadal variability across the Pacific basin originates in the tropics. All of the [delta] 18OCRL records presented in this dissertation represent significant contributions our understanding of Pan-Pacific climate variability over the past two centuries.
Book Synopsis The SAGE Handbook of Environmental Change by : John A Matthews
Download or read book The SAGE Handbook of Environmental Change written by John A Matthews and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 1059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The SAGE Handbook of Environmental Change is an extensive survey of the interdisciplinary science of environmental change, including recent debates on climate change and the full range of other natural and anthropogenic changes affecting the Earth-ocean-atmosphere system in the past, present and future. It examines the historic importance, present status and future prospects of the field over two volumes. With more than 40 chapters, the books situate the defining characteristics and key paradigms within a state-of-the-art review of the field, including its changing nature and diversity of approaches, evidence base, key theoretical arguments, resonances with other disciplines and relationships between theory, research and practice. Opening with a detailed, contextualizing essay by the editors, the work is arranged into six parts: Part One: Approaches to Understanding Environmental Change Part Two: Evidence of Environmental Change and the Geo-ecological Response Part Three: Causes, Mechanisms and Dynamics of Environmental Change Part Four: Key Issues of Human-induced Environmental Changes and Their Impacts Part Five: Patterns, Processes and Impacts of Environmental Change at the Regional Scale Part Six: Responses of People to Environmental Change and Implications for Society Global in its coverage, scientific and theoretical in its approach, the books bring together an international set of respected editors and contributors to provide an exciting, timely addition to the literature on climate change. With the subjects′ interdisciplinary framework, this book will appeal to academics, researchers, postgraduates and practitioners in a variety of disciplines including, geography, geology, ecology, environmental science, archaeology, anthropology, politics and sociology.
Book Synopsis Reconstructing Past Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation Variability Using Geochemical Proxies from Corals by : Allison E. Lawman
Download or read book Reconstructing Past Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation Variability Using Geochemical Proxies from Corals written by Allison E. Lawman and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the leading mode of interannual (>1-9 year) climate variability and has far-reaching impacts on global temperature and rainfall patterns. That said, the instrumental record of ENSO does not have the temporal coverage necessary to characterize the full range of natural variability. Uncertainties about how ENSO variability may change in the future with anthropogenic warming motivates the study of past climate conditions when the Earth experienced different climate conditions compared to the warm, rapidly changing climate of today. Climate scientists use two primary tools to study past climate. First, general circulation models use mathematical equations based on physical principles to simulate different aspects of the climate system, including the ocean, atmosphere, land, and ice sheets. Second, various geological archives like corals, cave stalagmites and lake and ocean sediment also provide clues about how the climate varied in the past. The paleoclimate proxy records generated from geological archives thus provide independent validation of paleoclimate model simulations. Geochemical proxy records from corals are particularly well-suited for investigating past (paleo) ENSO variability as corals can provide decades to hundreds of years of climate information from the tropics at sub-annual resolution. This dissertation seeks to quantify changes in paleo-ENSO variability using geochemical proxies from corals. I first generate replicated coral records from Vanuatu in the southwest Pacific to investigate the range of ENSO variability during the 20th century and ~900 years during a time interval called the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The paleo-temperature records are based on the ratio of strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) of massive Porites corals from Vanuatu. Next, I develop various computational algorithms to investigate how different uncertainties inherent to the coral archive impact the ability of a coral to capture changes in ENSO variability. The algorithms incorporate the impact of variable growth rates, analytical and calibration errors, and age model assumptions, and are collectively referred to a coral proxy system model (PSM). The utility of the coral PSM is demonstrated using unforced climate model output for the last millennium. I then use the PSM and apply the analytical techniques developed in the first two projects to investigate simulated and coral proxy-inferred changes in paleo-ENSO variability during the Holocene (11.65 thousand years ago to the present). The resulting model-data comparison provides a new perspective on long-term changes in ENSO variability
Book Synopsis Variability and Trends in the Tropical Pacific and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Inferred from Coral and Lake Archives by : Diane Marie Thompson
Download or read book Variability and Trends in the Tropical Pacific and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Inferred from Coral and Lake Archives written by Diane Marie Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Physics of Energy by : Robert L. Jaffe
Download or read book The Physics of Energy written by Robert L. Jaffe and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-25 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and unified introduction to the science of energy sources, uses, and systems for students, scientists, engineers, and professionals.
Book Synopsis Global Climate Change and Response of Carbon Cycle in the Equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans and Adjacent Landmasses by : Hodaka Kawahata
Download or read book Global Climate Change and Response of Carbon Cycle in the Equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans and Adjacent Landmasses written by Hodaka Kawahata and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-12-08 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand the global warming mechanism, global mapping of primary production was carried out under the GCMAPS program. The program was concerned with marine and terrestrial environmental changes, which affect carbon cycle on the regional and global scales. On the regional scale, warm phase of ENSO (El Niño / Southern Oscillation) has been shown to affect economic activities in many countries. The keyword for understanding mechanism of global warming is ‘primary productivity’. The earth observation satellites (EOS) like the ADEOS of Japan, and the SeaWiFS, Sea Star and Terra of the U.S.A. provided much required data for modeling and verification of primary production estimates on both land and ocean. The knowledge gained during the GCMAPS program has been documented in this book. Interpretation of the data suggests that global warming, which causes temperature and sea level rise, and changes in climate and ecosystems, is likely to have the largest influence on mankind. The first half of this book discuss changes in marine environments. Physical and chemical oceanographic properties of the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans are presented. Changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, flux and composition of settling particles and biological communities in the surface ocean have also been discussed. In addition to this, over hundred years of environmental records based upon coral skeletons are presented. Estimations of primary production and its utilization in validating satellite imagery data were conducted in the western North Pacific. Primary productivity estimates based upon the validated satellite imagery are presented on the global scale. Climate change modeling of primary production in global oceans is also presented. The latter half of this book deals with changes in terrestrial environments. Primary productivity estimates for different types of ecosystems (e.g., forest, grassland) are presented together with soil carbon dynamics. Also, biomass and productivity estimation and environmental monitoring based upon remote sensing techniques are presented with a model analysis of the relationship between climate perturbations and carbon budget anomalies in global terrestrial ecosystems. This book elucidates integrated aspects of the global carbon cycle involving marine and terrestrial environments. Discusses a current understanding of the biogeochemical processes on land and ocean Provides global mapping of primary production based on satellite imagery data and modelling Presents the latest interpretations of relationships between carbon cycle and climatic change
Book Synopsis Global Change and the Earth System by : Will Steffen
Download or read book Global Change and the Earth System written by Will Steffen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-29 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Change and the Earth System describes what is known about the Earth system and the impact of changes caused by humans. It considers the consequences of these changes with respect to the stability of the Earth system and the well-being of humankind; as well as exploring future paths towards Earth-system science in support of global sustainability. The results presented here are based on 10 years of research on global change by many of the world's most eminent scholars. This valuable volume achieves a new level of integration and interdisciplinarity in treating global change.
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