Computer-assisted Neuronavigation for Deep Brain Stimulation Using Susceptibility-weighted Imaging

Download Computer-assisted Neuronavigation for Deep Brain Stimulation Using Susceptibility-weighted Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computer-assisted Neuronavigation for Deep Brain Stimulation Using Susceptibility-weighted Imaging by : Silvain Bériault

Download or read book Computer-assisted Neuronavigation for Deep Brain Stimulation Using Susceptibility-weighted Imaging written by Silvain Bériault and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis describes a novel computer-assisted method for planning deep brain stimulation surgery. The technique combines the use of multiple MRI contrasts - T1- weighted anatomy, susceptibility-weighted venography and time-of-flight angiography (T1w-SWI-TOF) - and automated risk assessment for planning probe trajectories that avoid key structures including fine vessels that cannot be detected using a standard gadolinium-enhanced contrast MRI protocol.The first aim of this thesis is to simplify the use of multi-contrast T1w-SWI-TOF protocol with the creation of a novel path-planning algorithm that can automatically analyze, within few seconds, thousands of candidate trajectories from brain surface to subthalamic nuclei. This study demonstrates the high aggregative power of the automatic algorithm for simultaneously optimizing multiple surgical constraints and evaluates feasibility of the computed trajectories based on neurosurgeons' feedback. The second aim is to assess the clinical validity of the T1w-SWI-TOF protocol for deep brain stimulation purposes. Results show that trajectories planned by neurosurgeons using T1w-SWI-TOF do not intersect the vasculature visible on standard gadolinium-enhanced T1w MRI. This study also demonstrates that computer-assisted T1w-SWI-TOF path planning can significantly improve the avoidance of finer vessels, comes with minimal effects on the imaging and surgical workflow, and provides a safe cost-effective alternative to injection of gadolinium contrast. The third aim is to improve the segmentation and visualization of the dense vasculature obtained with susceptibility- weighted venography. A new method based on Conditional Random Field (CRF) theory is presented and combines different potentials: appearance, shape, location and data- dependent interaction. Results show that the proposed CRF model yields consistent segmentation of deep and sub-cortical veins, and significantly improves segmentation of superficial veins, which is critical for minimizing risks of post-operative deficits.Overall, this thesis addresses key methodological challenges that will facilitate the application of susceptibility-weighted venography contrast in deep brain stimulation neurosurgery. The computer-assisted planning framework is currently being evaluated prospectively on a small cohort of patients. New extensions to the framework are also being investigated for computer-assisted targeting with multiple active contacts." --

Advances in Invasive and non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: From Basic Science to New Technologies

Download Advances in Invasive and non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: From Basic Science to New Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889765652
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Invasive and non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: From Basic Science to New Technologies by : Maria Sheila Guimarães Rocha

Download or read book Advances in Invasive and non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: From Basic Science to New Technologies written by Maria Sheila Guimarães Rocha and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-14 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neurosurgical Operative Atlas

Download Neurosurgical Operative Atlas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 9781588903990
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neurosurgical Operative Atlas by : Philip A. Starr

Download or read book Neurosurgical Operative Atlas written by Philip A. Starr and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2009 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive coverage of the latest techniques in functional neurosurgery Part of the second edition of the classic Neurosurgical Operative Atlas series, Functional Neurosurgery provides step-by-step guidance on the innovative and established techniques for managing epilepsy, pain, and movement disorders. This atlas covers the current surgical procedures, providing concise descriptions of indications and surgical approaches, as well as recommendations for how to avoid and manage postoperative complications. The authors describe the underlying physiological principles and state-of-the art recording techniques that are used for brain localization. This edition addresses topics that are rarely covered in other texts, including motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain, novel technical approaches for insertion of deep brain stimulator electrodes, and radiosurgery for movement disorders. Highlights: New chapters on the evolving indications for deep brain stimulation, frameless neuronavigation techniques, and interventional MRI-guided treatments More than 650 high-quality images demonstrating anatomy and surgical steps Consistent format in all chapters to enhance ease of use Ideal for neurosurgeons and residents, this operative atlas is a practical surgical guide that will serve as both a reference and a refresher prior to performing a specific procedure. Series description The American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Thieme have collaborated to produce the second edition of the acclaimed Neurosurgical Operative Atlas series. Edited by leading experts in the field, the series covers the entire spectrum of neurosurgery in five volumes. In addition to Functional Neurosurgery, the series also features: Neuro-Oncology, edited by Behnam Badie Spine and Peripheral Nerves, edited by Christopher Wolfla and Daniel K. Resnick Pediatric Neurosurgery, edited by James Tait Goodrich Vascular Neurosurgery, edited by R. Loch Macdonald

Functional Neuroradiology

Download Functional Neuroradiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031109090
Total Pages : 1502 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Functional Neuroradiology by : Scott H. Faro

Download or read book Functional Neuroradiology written by Scott H. Faro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-23 with total page 1502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition fully updates and expands Faro and Mohamed’s Functional Neuroradiology, a gold standard, comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art functional imaging in neuroradiology, including the physical principles and clinical applications of Diffusion, Perfusion, Permeability, MR spectroscopy, Positron Emission Tomography, BOLD fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging. With chapters written by internationally distinguished neuroradiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, cognitive neuroscientists, and physicists, Functional Neuroradiology is divided into 12 major sections, including: Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging, Multi-Modality Functional Neuroradiology, BOLD Functional MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Presurgical Brain Tumor Mapping, Emerging neuroimaging techniques, Functional Spine and Hydrocephalus imaging, and Neuroanatomical Gray and White matter Brain Atlases. This second edition is fully updated throughout and includes more than 15 new chapters on topics such as: Brain tumor Radiogenomics, CNS Tumor Surveillance and Functional MR Perfusion Imaging, CNS Machine Learning, Focused Ultrasound therapy, TBI Sports Related Injury, and CNS Lymphatic system. By offering readers a complete overview of functional imaging modalities and techniques currently used in patient diagnosis and management, as well as emerging technology, Functional Neuroradiology is a vital information source for physicians and cognitive neuroscientists involved in daily practice and research.

Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery E-Book

Download Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323674992
Total Pages : 7439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery E-Book by : H. Richard Winn

Download or read book Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery E-Book written by H. Richard Winn and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-01-21 with total page 7439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widely regarded as the definitive reference in the field, Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery offers unparalleled, multimedia coverage of the entirety of this complex specialty. Fully updated to reflect recent advances in the basic and clinical neurosciences, the 8th Edition covers everything you need to know about functional and restorative neurosurgery, deep brain stimulation, stem cell biology, radiological and nuclear imaging, and neuro-oncology, as well as minimally invasive surgeries in spine and peripheral nerve surgery, and endoscopic and other approaches for cranial procedures and cerebrovascular diseases. In four comprehensive volumes, Dr. H. Richard Winn and his expert team of editors and authors provide updated content, a significantly expanded video library, and hundreds of new video lectures that help you master new procedures, new technologies, and essential anatomic knowledge in neurosurgery. - Discusses current topics such as diffusion tensor imaging, brain and spine robotic surgery, augmented reality as an aid in neurosurgery, AI and big data in neurosurgery, and neuroimaging in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. - 55 new chapters provide cutting-edge information on Surgical Anatomy of the Spine, Precision Medicine in Neurosurgery, The Geriatric Patient, Neuroanesthesia During Pregnancy, Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy, Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele, Rehabilitation of Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Surgical Considerations for Patients with Polytrauma, Endovascular Approaches to Intracranial Aneurysms, and much more. - Hundreds of all-new video lectures clarify key concepts in techniques, cases, and surgical management and evaluation. Notable lecture videos include multiple videos on Thalamotomy for Focal Hand Dystonia and a video to accompany a new chapter on the Basic Science of Brain Metastases. - An extensive video library contains stunning anatomy videos and videos demonstrating intraoperative procedures with more than 800 videos in all. - Each clinical section contains chapters on technology specific to a clinical area. - Each section contains a chapter providing an overview from experienced Section Editors, including a report on ongoing controversies within that subspecialty. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery

Download Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319549189
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery by : Sandro M. Krieg

Download or read book Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurosurgery written by Sandro M. Krieg and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-03 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first comprehensive work summarizing the advances that have been made in the neurosurgical use of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) over the past ten years. Having increasingly gained acceptance as a presurgical mapping modality in neurosurgery, today it is widely used for preoperative mapping of cortical motor and language function, risk stratification and improving the accuracy of subcortical fiber bundle visualization. This unique work will provide neurosurgeons and neuroscientists who are starting their nTMS program essential and detailed information on the technique and protocols, as well as the current clinical evidence on and limitations of the various applications of nTMS. At the same time, more experienced nTMS users looking for deeper insights into nTMS mapping and treatment in neurosurgery will find clearly structured, accessible information. The book was prepared by an international mix of authors, each of which was chosen for their status as a respected expert on the respective subtopic, as evinced by their landmark publications on nTMS.

Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Download Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387496483
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging by : Pierre-Marie Robitaille

Download or read book Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Pierre-Marie Robitaille and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-31 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foundation for understanding the function and dynamics of biological systems is not only knowledge of their structure, but the new methodologies and applications used to determine that structure. This volume in Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasizes the methods that involve Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It will interest researchers working in the field of imaging.

Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation

Download Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3036503366
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation by : Marcus L. F. Janssen

Download or read book Trends in Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation written by Marcus L. F. Janssen and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-17 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the current trends in clinical deep brain stimulation (DBS) research. This collection of papers from experts in the field provides state of the art knowledge and future perspectives in clinical DBS research. A range of topics involved in DBS is presented, ranging from high resolution imaging, electrophysiology and personalized medicine, in a broad range of brain disorders.

MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery

Download MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420019937
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery by : Ferenc A. Jolesz

Download or read book MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery written by Ferenc A. Jolesz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-26 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery will be the first publication on this new technology, and will present a variety of current and future clinical applications in tumor ablation treatment. This source helps surgeons and specialists evaluate, analyze, and utilize MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery - bridging the gap between phase 3 clinical tr

Intraoperative Imaging

Download Intraoperative Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3211996516
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intraoperative Imaging by : M. Necmettin Pamir

Download or read book Intraoperative Imaging written by M. Necmettin Pamir and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-20 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intraoperative imaging technologies have taken an ever-increasing role in the daily practice of neurosurgeons and the increasing attention and interest necessitated international interaction and collaboration. The Intraoperative Imaging Society was formed in 2007. This book brings together highlights from the second meeting of the Intraoperative Imaging Society, which took place in Istanbul-Turkey from June 14 to 17, 2009. Included within the contents of the book is an overview of the emergence and development of the intraoperative imaging technology as well as a glimpse on where the technology is heading. This is followed by in detail coverage of intraoperative MRI technology and sections on intraoperative CT and ultrasonography. There are also sections on multimodality integration, intraoperative robotics and other intraoperative technologies. We believe that this book will provide an up-to date and comprehensive general overview of the current intraoperative imaging technology as well as detailed discussions on individual techniques and clinical results.

Gupta and Gelb's Essentials of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care

Download Gupta and Gelb's Essentials of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316602524
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gupta and Gelb's Essentials of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care by : Arun Gupta

Download or read book Gupta and Gelb's Essentials of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care written by Arun Gupta and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-21 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition presents core clinical neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care knowledge in a practical, user-friendly format.

Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine

Download Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107033888
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine by : Robert F. Spetzler

Download or read book Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine written by Robert F. Spetzler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-08 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vascular malformations of the brain and spine pose many management challenges. This text provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of the natural history, treatment options, and outcomes of patients with these conditions. Despite their relative rarity, these lesions are responsible for devastating injury to individuals and can cause an enduring physical, psychological, and economic burden on patients and families. Many new therapeutic options are now available with the advent of novel surgical, endovascular, and radiosurgical techniques. The basic sciences have fuelled development of small molecule and biologic therapies targeting the molecular basis of disease. Authored by international experts in the fields of neurosurgery, neurology, radiology, and radiation oncology, this book provides state-of-the-art treatment plans and discussions of ideal therapy. This text is aimed at practitioners in the fields of neurology, neurosurgery, neuroradiology, radiation oncology, rehabilitation medicine and allied fields who care for patients with brain and spinal vascular malformations.

Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation

Download Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128218622
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation by : Andreas Horn

Download or read book Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation written by Andreas Horn and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Connectomic Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) covers this highly efficacious treatment option for movement disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor and Dystonia. The book examines its impact on distributed brain networks that span across the human brain in parallel with modern-day neuroimaging concepts and the connectomics of the brain. It asks several questions, including which cortical areas should DBS electrodes be connected in order to generate the highest possible clinical improvement? Which connections should be avoided? Could these connectomic insights be used to better understand the mechanism of action of DBS? How can they be transferred to individual patients, and more. This book is suitable for neuroscientists, neurologists and functional surgeons studying DBS. It provides practical advice on processing strategies and theoretical background, highlighting and reviewing the current state-of-the-art in connectomic surgery. - Written to provide a "hands-on" approach for neuroscience graduate students, as well as medical personnel from the fields of neurology and neurosurgery - Includes preprocessing strategies (such as co-registration, normalization, lead localization, VTA estimation and fiber-tracking approaches) - Presents references (key articles, books and protocols) for additional detailed study - Provides data analysis boxes in each chapter to help with data interpretation

CT- and MR-Guided Interventions in Radiology

Download CT- and MR-Guided Interventions in Radiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642335810
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CT- and MR-Guided Interventions in Radiology by : Andreas H. Mahnken

Download or read book CT- and MR-Guided Interventions in Radiology written by Andreas H. Mahnken and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-14 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interventional radiology is an indispensable and still expanding area of modern medicine that encompasses numerous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The revised and extended second edition of this volume covers a broad range of non-vascular interventions guided by CT or MR imaging. Indications, materials, techniques, and results are all carefully discussed. A particularly comprehensive section is devoted to interventional oncology as the most rapidly growing branch of interventional radiology. In addition, detailed information is provided that will assist in establishing and developing an interventional service. This richly illustrated book will be a most valuable source of information and guidance for all radiologists who deal with non-vascular procedures.

Clinical Functional MRI

Download Clinical Functional MRI PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662451239
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Functional MRI by : Christoph Stippich

Download or read book Clinical Functional MRI written by Christoph Stippich and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-02-27 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second, revised edition of this successful textbook provides an up-to-date description of the use of preoperative fMRI in patients with brain tumors and epilepsies. State of the art fMRI procedures are presented, with detailed consideration of practical aspects, imaging and data processing, normal and pathological findings, and diagnostic possibilities and limitations. Relevant information on brain physiology, functional neuroanatomy, imaging technique, and methodology is provided by recognized experts in these fields. Compared with the first edition, chapters have been updated to reflect the latest developments and in particular the current use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state fMRI. Entirely new chapters are included on resting-state presurgical fMRI and the role of DTI and tractography in brain tumor surgery. Further chapters address multimodality functional neuroimaging, brain plasticity, and pitfalls, tips, and tricks.

Critical Care of the Stroke Patient

Download Critical Care of the Stroke Patient PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139991558
Total Pages : 579 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (399 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Care of the Stroke Patient by : Stefan Schwab

Download or read book Critical Care of the Stroke Patient written by Stefan Schwab and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-05 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and groundbreaking therapeutic options for the critical care of patients with cerebrovascular disease have improved patient management, minimized morbidity, reduced in-patient care, improved quality of life, and had a positive economic impact on health service provision. This volume integrates these approaches and suggests the best therapy option for all cerebrovascular conditions. The early chapters of the book focus on monitoring techniques and interventions. Subsequent sections address the critical care of a wide range of cerebrovascular diseases: ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations, cerebral venous thrombosis and traumatic injury. The editors and authors are internationally recognized experts in their field, and the text is supplemented by tables and illustrations to demonstrate important clinical findings. This book will meet the needs of stroke physicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons, neurointensivists and interventional neuroradiologists seeking to maximize positive outcomes for their patients.

Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book

Download Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323374816
Total Pages : 2955 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book by : Kenneth F. Swaiman

Download or read book Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book written by Kenneth F. Swaiman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 2955 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1975, Dr. Kenneth Swaiman's classic text has been the reference of choice for authoritative guidance in pediatric neurology, and the 6th Edition continues this tradition of excellence with thorough revisions that bring you fully up to date with all that's new in the field. Five new sections, 62 new chapters, 4 new editors, and a reconfigured format make this a comprehensive and clearly-written resource for the experienced clinician as well as the physician-in-training. - Nearly 3,000 line drawings, photographs, tables, and boxes highlight the text, clarify key concepts, and make it easy to find information quickly.