Composites Materials for Food Packaging

Download Composites Materials for Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119160219
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Composites Materials for Food Packaging by : Giuseppe Cirillo

Download or read book Composites Materials for Food Packaging written by Giuseppe Cirillo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel insights, as well as the main drawbacks of each engineered composites material is extensively evaluated taking into account the strong relationship between packaging materials, environmental and reusability concerns, food quality, and nutritional value. Composites, by matching the properties of different components, allow the development of innovative and performing strategies for intelligent food packaging, thus overcoming the limitations of using only a single material. The book starts with the description of montmorillonite and halloysite composites, subsequently moving to metal-based materials with special emphasis on silver, zinc, silicium and iron. After the discussion about how the biological influences of such materials can affect the performance of packaging, the investigation of superior properties of sp2 carbon nanostructures is reported. Here, carbon nanotubes and graphene are described as starting points for the preparation of highly engineered composites able to promote the enhancement of shelf-life by virtue of their mechanical and electrical features. Finally, in the effort to find innovative composites, the applicability of biodegradable materials from both natural (e.g. cellulose) and synthetic (e.g. polylactic acid – PLA) origins, with the aim to prove that polymer-based materials can overcome some key limitations such as environmental impact and waste disposal.

Sustainable Food Packaging Technology

Download Sustainable Food Packaging Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527345566
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Food Packaging Technology by : Athanassia Athanassiou

Download or read book Sustainable Food Packaging Technology written by Athanassia Athanassiou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Towards more sustainable packaging with biodegradable materials! The combination of the continuously increasing food packaging waste with the non-biodegradable nature of the plastic materials that have a big slice of the packaging market makes it necessary to move towards sustainable packaging for the benefit of the environment and human health. Sustainable packaging is the type of packaging that can provide to food the necessary protection conditions, but at the same type is biodegradable and can be disposed as organic waste to the landfills in order to biodegrade through a natural procedure. In this way, sustainable packaging becomes part of the circular economy. ?Sustainable Food Packaging Technology? deals with packaging solutions that use engineered biopolymers or biocomposites that have suitable physicochemical properties for food contact and protection and originate both from renewable or non-renewable resources, but in both cases are compostable or edible. Modified paper and cardboard with increased protective properties towards food while keeping their compostability are presented as well. The book also covers natural components that can make the packaging functional, e.g., by providing active protection to the food indicating food spoilage. * Addresses urgent problems: food packaging creates a lot of hard-to-recycle waste - this book puts forward more sustainable solutions using biodegradable materials * State-of-the-art: ?Sustainable Food Packaging Technology? provides knowledge on new developments in functional packaging * From lab to large-scale applications: expert authors report on the technology aspects of sustainable packaging

Bio-Based Packaging

Download Bio-Based Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111938107X
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bio-Based Packaging by : Salit Mohd Sapuan

Download or read book Bio-Based Packaging written by Salit Mohd Sapuan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-29 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-Based Packaging Bio-Based Packaging An authoritative and up-to-date review of sustainable packaging development and applications Bio-Based Packaging explores using renewable and biodegradable materials as sustainable alternatives to non-renewable, petroleum-based packaging. This comprehensive volume surveys the properties of biopolymers, the environmental and economic impact of bio-based packaging, and new and emerging technologies that are increasing the number of potential applications of green materials in the packaging industry. Contributions address the advantages and challenges of bio-based packaging, discuss new materials to be used for food packaging, and highlight cutting-edge research on polymers such as starch, protein, polylactic acid (PLA), pectin, nanocellulose, and their nanocomposites. In-depth yet accessible chapters provide balanced coverage of a broad range of practical topics, including life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-based packaging products, consumer perceptions and preferences, supply chains, business strategies and markets in biodegradable food packaging, manufacturing of bio-based packaging materials, and regulations for food packaging materials. Detailed discussions provide valuable insight into the opportunities for biopolymers in end-use sectors, the barriers to biopolymer-based concepts in the packaging market, recent advances made in the field of biopolymeric composite materials, the future of bio-plastics in commercial food packaging, and more. This book: Provides deep coverage of the bio-based packaging development, characterization, regulations and environmental and socio-economic impact Contains real-world case studies of bio-based packaging applications Includes an overview of recent advances and emerging aspects of nanotechnology for development of sustainable composites for packaging Discusses renewable sources for packaging material and the reuse and recycling of bio-based packaging products Bio-Based Packaging is essential reading for academics, researchers, and industry professionals working in packaging materials, renewable resources, sustainability, polymerization technology, food technology, material engineering, and related fields. For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications

Download Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100060277X
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications by : Arbind Prasad

Download or read book Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications written by Arbind Prasad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-21 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications" describes design, processing, and manufacturing of advanced biodegradable composites in packaging industry applications. It covers fundamentals of biodegradable polymers followed by introduction to biodegradable materials for food packaging industry and its processing mechanisms. Pertinent applications are explained across different chapters including intelligent packaging, applied technologies, degradation problems and its impact on environment and associated challenges. Features Covers biodegradable composites and targeted applications in packaging for industrial applications. Includes exhaustive processing and characterizations of biodegradable composites. Discusses innovative commodities packaging applications. Reviews advanced integrated design and fabrication problems for conductive and sensors applications. Explores various properties and functionalities through extensive theoretical and experimental modeling. This volume is aimed at researchers and graduate students in sustainable materials, composite technology, biodegradable plastics, and food technology and engineering.

Food Packaging

Download Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128043733
Total Pages : 798 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Packaging by : Alexandru Grumezescu

Download or read book Food Packaging written by Alexandru Grumezescu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-09-14 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food Packaging: Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Industry, Volume 7, focuses on the development of novel nanobiomaterials, the enhancement of barrier performance of non-degradable and biodegradable plastics, and their fabrication and application in food packaging. The book brings together fundamental information and the most recent advances in the synthesis, design, and impact of alternative food packaging. Special attention is offered on smart materials and nanodevices that are able to detect quality parameters in packaged food, such as freshness, degradation, and contamination, etc. In addition, ecological approaches aiming to obtain bioplastics packages from waste materials are highlighted and discussed as a novel approach in modern food packaging. Nonetheless, this volume presents the advances made in biodegradable and bioactive packaging utilized for preserving flavor, nutritious ingredients, and therapeutic food compounds. Includes fabrication techniques, such as nanofiber films, nanocoating, nanocompositing, multi-layered structures, and layer-by-layer nanoassemblies based on synthetic and bio-based polymers Presents the latest information on new biodegradeable materials using fabrication of new high barrier plastics to enhance research Provides examples of risk assessment for nanomaterials for food safety and the benefits of antimicrobial food packaging

Composites and Their Applications

Download Composites and Their Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IntechOpen
ISBN 13 : 9789535107064
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Composites and Their Applications by : Ning Hu

Download or read book Composites and Their Applications written by Ning Hu and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-08-22 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites are a class of material, which receives much attention not only because it is on the cutting edge of active material research fields due to appearance of many new types of composites, e.g., nanocomposites and bio-medical composites, but also because there are a great deal of promise for its potential applications in various industries ranging from aerospace to construction due to its various outstanding properties. This book mainly describes some potential applications and the related properties of various composites by focusing on the following several topics: health or integrity monitoring techniques of composites structures, bio-medical composites and their applications in dental or tissue materials, natural fiber or mineral filler reinforced composites and their property characterization, catalysts composites and their applications, and some other potential applications of fibers or composites as sensors, etc. This book has been divided into five sections to cover the above contents.

Composites Materials for Food Packaging

Download Composites Materials for Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119160235
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Composites Materials for Food Packaging by : Giuseppe Cirillo

Download or read book Composites Materials for Food Packaging written by Giuseppe Cirillo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The novel insights, as well as the main drawbacks of each engineered composites material is extensively evaluated taking into account the strong relationship between packaging materials, environmental and reusability concerns, food quality, and nutritional value. Composites, by matching the properties of different components, allow the development of innovative and performing strategies for intelligent food packaging, thus overcoming the limitations of using only a single material. The book starts with the description of montmorillonite and halloysite composites, subsequently moving to metal-based materials with special emphasis on silver, zinc, silicium and iron. After the discussion about how the biological influences of such materials can affect the performance of packaging, the investigation of superior properties of sp2 carbon nanostructures is reported. Here, carbon nanotubes and graphene are described as starting points for the preparation of highly engineered composites able to promote the enhancement of shelf-life by virtue of their mechanical and electrical features. Finally, in the effort to find innovative composites, the applicability of biodegradable materials from both natural (e.g. cellulose) and synthetic (e.g. polylactic acid – PLA) origins, with the aim to prove that polymer-based materials can overcome some key limitations such as environmental impact and waste disposal.

Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging

Download Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857092782
Total Pages : 729 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging by : José-María Lagarón

Download or read book Multifunctional and Nanoreinforced Polymers for Food Packaging written by José-María Lagarón and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-09 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers have provided the opportunity to produce high barrier, active and intelligent food packaging which can help ensure, or even enhance, the quality and safety of packaged foods. Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging provides a comprehensive review of novel polymers and polymer nanocomposites for use in food packaging. After an introductory chapter, Part one discusses nanofillers for plastics in food packaging. Chapters explore the use of passive and active nanoclays and hidrotalcites, cellulose nanofillers and electrospun nanofibers and nanocapsules. Part two investigates high barrier plastics for food packaging. Chapters assess the transport and high barrier properties of food packaging polymers such as ethylene-norbornene copolymers and advanced single-site polyolefins, nylon-MXD6 resins and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers before going on to explore recent advances in various plastic packaging technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), nanoscale inorganic coatings and functional barriers against migration. Part three reviews active and bioactive plastics in food packaging. Chapters investigate silver-based antimicrobial polymers, the incorporation of antimicrobial/antioxidant natural extracts into polymeric films, and biaoctive food packaging strategies. Part four examines nanotechnology in sustainable plastics with chapters examining the food packaging applications of polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), starch-based polymers, chitosan and carragenan polysaccharides and protein-based resins for packaging gluten (WG)-based materials. The final chapter presents the safety and regulatory aspects of plastics as food packaging materials. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging proves a valuable resource for researchers in packaging in the food industry and polymer scientists interested in multifunctional and nanoreinforced materials. Provides a comprehensive review of novel polymers and polymer nanocomposites for use in food packaging Discusses nanofillers for plastics in food packaging including the use of passive and active nanoclays and hidrotalcites and electrospun nanofibers Investigates high barrier plastics for food packaging assessing recent advances in various plastic packaging technologies such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

Bio-based Materials for Food Packaging

Download Bio-based Materials for Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981131909X
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bio-based Materials for Food Packaging by : Shakeel Ahmed

Download or read book Bio-based Materials for Food Packaging written by Shakeel Ahmed and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the lastest developments in biobased materials and their applications in food packaging. Written by experts in their respective research domain, its thirteen chapters discuss in detail fundamental knowledge on bio based materials. It is intended as a reference book for researchers, students, research scholars, academicians and scientists seeking biobased materials for food packaging applications.

Emerging Sustainable and Renewable Composites

Download Emerging Sustainable and Renewable Composites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040048935
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Sustainable and Renewable Composites by : A. Atiqah

Download or read book Emerging Sustainable and Renewable Composites written by A. Atiqah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-07-03 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume presents a comprehensive discussion of emerging sustainable and renewable composites from tropical fibres and provides an in-depth analysis of their prospective applications as replacements for conventional petroleum-based packaging and the challenges regarding this. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the development and characterization of sustainable and renewable composites from fibres such as sugar palm, kenaf, sisal, curau, and coir. They will also learn about new potential materials from such fibres and their potential use in various nanoelectronics applications. Each chapter provides recent insight from some of the field’s most prominent industry and academic professionals. Chapter contributors present valuable case studies and describe related environmental issues, environmental advantages, and challenges. Topics include biodegradability, tensile and other physical properties, and applications. Consequently, readers can apply this knowledge to the further development of sustainable and renewable composites toward their global use in place of petroleum-based materials and in new electronics products. This book is an invaluable and accessible guide for researchers and postgraduate students of composites engineering and nanotechnology who wish to learn more about composites from tropical fibres and their applications. The practical information will benefit those who wish to advance research in this field and promote the adoption of these materials in areas including packaging and nanoelectronics.

Plastic Films in Food Packaging

Download Plastic Films in Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1455731153
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plastic Films in Food Packaging by : Sina Ebnesajjad

Download or read book Plastic Films in Food Packaging written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in decreasing the proportion of the food supply lost to spoilage. This new handbook is a combination of new material and updated chapters, chosen by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad, from recently published books on this subject. Plastic Films in Food Packaging offers a practical handbook for engineers, scientists and managers working in the food packaging industry, providing a tailor-made package of science and engineering fundamentals, best practice techniques and guidance on new and emerging technologies. By covering materials, design, packaging processes, machinery and waste management together in one book, the authors enable the reader to take a lifecycle approach to food packaging. The Handbook addresses questions related to film grades, types of packages for different types of foods, packaging technologies, machinery and waste management. Additionally the book provides a review of new and emerging technologies. Two chapters cover the development of barrier films for food packaging and the regulatory and safety aspects of food packaging. Essential information and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working at all stages of the food packaging lifecycle: from design through manufacture to recycling Includes key published material on plastic films in food packaging, updated specifically for this Handbook, and new material on the regulatory framework and safety aspects Coverage of materials and applications together in one handbook enables engineers and scientists to make informed design and manufacturing decisions

Biopolymer-Based Composites

Download Biopolymer-Based Composites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081019157
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biopolymer-Based Composites by : Sougata Jana

Download or read book Biopolymer-Based Composites written by Sougata Jana and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-15 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biopolymer-Based Composites: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications presents a comprehensive review on recent developments in biopolymer-based composites and their use in drug delivery and biomedical applications. The information contained in this book is critical for the more efficient use of composites, as detailed up-to-date information is a pre-requirement. The information provided brings cutting-edge developments to the attention of young investigators to encourage further advances in the field of bio-composite research. Currently, biopolymers are being investigated for the design of various drug delivery and biomedical devices due to their non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible nature. Mostly, biopolymer-based solid orals, gels, hydrogel beads, and transdermal matrices have been designed in order to control drug/protein release in simulated bio-fluids. Presents the most updated information in the field of pharmaceutical and biological sciences Contains color figures and illustrations to help users understand key topics Useful guide for young researchers working towards new innovations Includes chapters covered by eminent scientists in the field

Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging Applications

Download Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000025195
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging Applications by : Jissy Jacob

Download or read book Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging Applications written by Jissy Jacob and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chitin is one of the most important biopolymers, synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms and is a promising bioactive polymer for food packaging applications due to its functional properties. This book focuses on composition, properties, characterization, and theoretical approach of chitin and chitosan bio-composites. It describes the most recent studies concerning chitin and chitosan-based films and gives an overview about future trends regarding the industrial applications of chitin and chitosan for food packaging purposes. This book is especially useful for researchers in the fields of bionanocomposites, especially those with an interest in packaging applications.

Introduction to Composite Materials

Download Introduction to Composite Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351437119
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Composite Materials by : StephenW. Tsai

Download or read book Introduction to Composite Materials written by StephenW. Tsai and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A widely used basic text by two recognized authorities. A unified and disciplined approach; advanced concepts reduced to easy-to-use charts, formulas and numerical examples.

Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials

Download Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DEStech Publications, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1932078266
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials by : Suong V. Hoa

Download or read book Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials written by Suong V. Hoa and published by DEStech Publications, Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on 15 years of composites manufacturing instruction, the Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials is the first text to offer both a practical and analytic approach to composite manufacturing processes. It ties together key tools for analyzing the mechanics of composites with the processes whereby composite products are fabricated, whether by hand lay-up or through automated processes. The book outlines the principles of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering and shows how these are connected to the design and production of a variety of composites, primarily polymeric. It thus provides analytic, quantitative tools to answer the questions of why certain materials are linked with specific processes, and why products are manufactured by one process rather than another. All phases of matrix material formation are explained, as are practical design details for fabrics, autoclaving, filament winding, pultrusion, liquid composite molding, hand techniques, joints and joint bonding, and more. A special section is devoted to nanocomposites. The book includes exercises for university students and practitioners.

Food Packaging

Download Food Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100019437X
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Packaging by : Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa

Download or read book Food Packaging written by Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-20 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food Packaging: Advanced Materials, Technologies, and Innovations is a one-stop reference for packaging materials researchers working across various industries. With chapters written by leading international researchers from industry, academia, government, and private research institutions, this book offers a broad view of important developments in food packaging. Presents an extensive survey of food packaging materials and modern technologies Demonstrates the potential of various materials for use in demanding applications Discusses the use of polymers, composites, nanotechnology, hybrid materials, coatings, wood-based, and other materials in packaging Describes biodegradable packaging, antimicrobial studies, and environmental issues related to packaging materials Offers current status, trends, opportunities, and future directions Aimed at advanced students, research scholars, and professionals in food packaging development, this application-oriented book will help expand the reader’s knowledge of advanced materials and their use of innovation in food packaging.

Polymers for Food Applications

Download Polymers for Food Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319946250
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polymers for Food Applications by : Tomy J. Gutiérrez

Download or read book Polymers for Food Applications written by Tomy J. Gutiérrez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an exhaustive review on the use of polymers for food applications. Polymer-based systems for food applications such as: films, foams, nano- and micro-encapsulated, emulsions, hydrogels, prebiotics, 3D food printing, edible polymers for the development of foods for people with special feeding regimes, sensors, among others, have been analyzed in this work.