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Author : Mattia Sacher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Comparing the Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners, Using Advanced Micro Computed Tomography written by Mattia Sacher and published by . This book was released on 2020* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nakul H. Rathi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)
Download or read book Comparing the Accuracy of Intra-oral Scanners for Implant Level Impressions Using Different Scanable Abutments written by Nakul H. Rathi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The calculated differences (mm3) were analyzed using a repeated-measures muiltifactorial ANOVA and Tukey-test, with an alpha level=0.05, with a non-directional alpha risk of 0.05. Post-hoc comparison was done showing all the possible combination of the variable types. Four actual CAD bars were milled through the CAM process and compared to the digital analysis.
Author : Jelena Dujoviu0107
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)
Download or read book Accuracy and Precision of Two Intraoral Scanners in Oral Implantology- in Vitro Analysis of the Lower Jaw Model with 4 Scan Bodies written by Jelena Dujoviu0107 and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limited informations are available about the accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners when they are applied in implantology, especially by edentulous jaws. Compare the accuracy and precision of two intraoral scanner and determine the impact of dentist's skills on scanning results were the golas of stady. Stone model with four implant analogues (Straumannu00ae) and polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) scan bodies was digitized with: industrial scanner (Atos Core 135 - used as a reference) and with two intraoral scanners (Triosu00ae; Omnicamu00ae).Four dentists scanned stone model in accordance with recommended scan protocol. Intraoral scans were superimposed on the reference model, to evaluate accuracy. All scanns superimposed on each other within groups, to evaluate precision.Triosu00ae has a higher degree of precision and accuracy compared to Omnicamu00ae.The study indicate that the dentist's skill has important impact on the measurement results.
Author : Carlesi Gian Luca
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)
Download or read book Digital Intraoral Scanners Vs Traditional Impressions- Fitting Accuracy of Screwed Mesostructures written by Carlesi Gian Luca and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TitleDigital intraoral scanners vs traditional impressions: Fitting accuracy of screwed mesostructuresBackgroundPassive fit and marginal precision of prosthetic structures on osteointegrated implants are a requirement to minimize tensions and to avoid loss of marginal bone and finally lack of osteointegration. The impression process is a primary step to obtain sufficient accuracy.We use daily intraoral scanners for impressions to made implant restorations from several years and we appreciate the clinical outcomes for passive fitting (cemented sovrastructures) and precision of screwed ones.AimThe aim of this job is to investigate the marginal accuracy of custom CoCr milled mesostructures on implants acquiring impressions by intraoral digital scanners and compare them to ones obtained bytraditional impressions systems and to evaluate if the misfit is within the optimal measure of 25-50u00b5m.Material and methodsTwo pair of implants were rigidly fixed in maxilla resin models. The first two implant were internal hexagonal flat connection implants made by Winsix implant system ( Biosaf In srl). The second two were internal octagonal conical connection implants made by Geass (Geass srl). Three impressions were took of each model. The first one was a traditional impression made by polyether material with the single impression technique. The other two impression was acquired using CS3500 Carestream Intraoral Scanner and Trios3 intraoral scanner. The digital impressions were made following factory recommendations for implant cases workflow.Milled CoCr screwed mesostructures were commissioned on the three impressions of each model.The aim was to analyze the misfit of the three mesostructures obtained using Sheffield test. The misfit was evaluated by a radiograph taken perpendicularly to the long axis of the implants. ImageJu00ae software was used to digitally process the radiographic images and perform the measurements. ResultsWe eliminate, using an artificial model some intraoral variables as blood, saliva, patient movements but we simulate the natural architecture of mouth maintaining crestal anatomy, gum, implant distance. We investigate the misfit radiographically performing the Scheffield test: in this way we screwed firmly only one screw of the mesostructure and we observe the matching of the other implant-structure connection.The bigger misfit was appreciate on the two mesostructures obtained by traditional impressions, one of them has failed to comply with the established gap limit of 50 u00b5m.Very good fitting, within the limit of 50 u00b5m was found on three mesostructures: The one made by impression with Carestream intraoral scanner CS3500 on winsix implantsand the two performed by Trios3 intraoral scanner 3Shapedental on Winsix implants and Geass Way implantsThe fitting accuracy of the last mesostructure made by impression performed on Geass Way implants with CS3500 scanner looks a middle way.ConclusionsThe misfit of all the mesostructures obtained by digital intraoral scanners seems to be in the safety range, avoiding structural tensions involving implant after screwing.This study confirm the fitting accuracy of milled mesostructures obtainable by digital intraoral impressions.We expected a more homogeneous results in the group of mesostructures obtained by digital impressions, poor number of mesostructures investigated may be the reason of the discrepancy.More data are indispensable to complete the results obtained and to investigate the real accuracy obtainable .
Author : L. Qin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 354045456X
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)
Download or read book Advanced Bioimaging Technologies in Assessment of the Quality of Bone and Scaffold Materials written by L. Qin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-28 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a perspective on the current status of bioimaging technologies developed to assess the quality of musculoskeletal tissue with an emphasis on bone and cartilage. It offers evaluations of scaffold biomaterials developed for enhancing the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. These bioimaging techniques include micro-CT, nano-CT, pQCT/QCT, MRI, and ultrasound.
Author : Shanon Patel
Publisher : Quintessenz Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3868673334
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (686 download)
Download or read book Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics written by Shanon Patel and published by Quintessenz Verlag. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become much more widely available and utilised in all aspects of dentistry, including endodontics. Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics is designed to inform readers about the appropriate use of CBCT in endodontics, and enhance their clinical practice with this exciting imaging modality.
Author : William C. Scarfe
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319620614
Total Pages : 1241 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)
Download or read book Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography written by William C. Scarfe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-04 with total page 1241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive description of the fundamental operational principles, technical details of acquiring and specific clinical applications of dental and maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). It covers all clinical considerations necessary for optimal performance in a dental setting. In addition overall and region specific correlative imaging anatomy of the maxillofacial region is described in detail with emphasis on relevant disease. Finally imaging interpretation of CBCT images is presented related to specific clinical applications. This book is the definitive resource for all who refer, perform, interpret or use dental and maxillofacial CBCT including dental clinicians and specialists, radiographers, ENT physicians, head and neck, and oral and maxillofacial radiologists.
Author : Radi Masri
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119800609
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)
Download or read book Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology written by Radi Masri and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-12 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology Comprehensive overview of digital dentistry describing available technologies and when/how to use digital dentistry in practice Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology provides comprehensive yet practical references to a wide range of potential uses for digital technology in dental practice, discussing a wide range of digital technologies including their indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications. Overall, the book emphasizes how to use digital dentistry in daily practice across all specialties. With broad coverage of the subject, Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology discusses digital imaging, digital impressions, digital prosthodontics, digital implant planning and placement, and digital applications in endodontics, orthodontics, and oral surgery. Each chapter is written by experts in each topic and covers applications for prosthodontics, implant dentistry, oral surgery, endodontics, orthodontics, and other specialty areas. Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology also includes information on: Software, scanning, and manufacturing capabilities which have led to an unparalleled revolution leading to a major paradigm shift in all aspects of dentistry Digital radiography, virtual planning, computer-aided design and manufacturing, digital impressions, digitally fabricated dentures, and the “virtual patient” Available technologies, plus a critical evaluation of each one to detail how they are incorporated in daily practice across all specialties Developing technologies in the field with special attention paid to those expected to be on the market sometime in the near future Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology is an essential resource for general dentists, specialists, and students who wish to understand digital dentistry and efficiently and intelligently incorporate it into their practices. The text is also useful for laboratory technicians interested in recent digital advances in the dental field.
Author : Jason L. Porter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (992 download)
Download or read book Comparison of Intraoral and Extraoral Scanners on the Accuracy of Digital Model Articulation written by Jason L. Porter and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Orthodontists increasingly rely on digital models in clinical practice. The ability of modern scanners to articulate digital models must be scientifically evaluated. Methods:Twenty five digital articulated models were produced from four digital scanners in five experimental groups. The resulting inter-arch measurements were compared to the gold standard. An acceptable range of 0.5mm more or less than the gold standard was used for evaluation. Results: iTero® and iTero® Element yielded all acceptable inter-arch measurements. The 3M"!True Definition and Ortho Insight 3D® with Regisil® bite registration produced four of six acceptable inter-arch measurements. The Ortho Insight 3D® with Coprwax "!bite registration yielded three of six acceptable inter-ach measurements. Conclusions: The iTero® and iTero® Element produced the most accurately articulated models. The 3M"!True Definition and Ortho Insight 3D® with Regisil® were the next most accurate. The Ortho Insight 3D® scanner with Coprwax "!was the least accurate method tested.
Author : Simone Carmignato
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319595733
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)
Download or read book Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography written by Simone Carmignato and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-18 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray computed tomography has been used for several decades as a tool for measuring the three-dimensional geometry of the internal organs in medicine. However, in recent years, we have seen a move in manufacturing industries for the use of X-ray computed tomography; first to give qualitative information about the internal geometry and defects in a component, and more recently, as a fully-quantitative technique for dimensional and materials analysis. This trend is primarily due to the ability of X-ray computed tomography to give a high-density and multi-scale representation of both the external and internal geometry of a component, in a non-destructive, non-contact and relatively fast way. But, due to the complexity of X-ray computed tomography, there are remaining metrological issues to solve and the specification standards are still under development. This book will act as a one-stop-shop resource for students and users of X-ray computed tomography in both academia and industry. It presents the fundamental principles of the technique, detailed descriptions of the various components (hardware and software), current developments in calibration and performance verification and a wealth of example applications. The book will also highlight where there is still work to do, in the perspective that X-ray computed tomography will be an essential part of Industry 4.0.
Author : Sunil D. Kapila
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118646592
Total Pages : 880 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics written by Sunil D. Kapila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its introduction to dentistry, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has undergone a rapid evolution and considerable integration into orthodontics. However, despite the increasing popularity of CBCT and progress in applying it to clinical orthodontics, the profession has lacked a cohesive, comprehensive and objective reference that provides clinicians with the background needed to utilize this technology optimally for treating their patients. Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics provides timely, impartial, and state-of-the-art information on the indications and protocols for CBCT imaging in orthodontics, clinical insights gained from these images, and innovations driven by these insights. As such, it is the most current and authoritative textbook on CBCT in orthodontics. Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics is organized to progress sequentially through specific topics so as to build the knowledgebase logically in this important and rapidly evolving field. Part I provides the foundational information on CBCT technology, including radiation exposure and risks, and future evolutions in computed tomography. Part II presents the Principles and Protocols for CBCT Imaging in Orthodontics, focusing on developing evidence-based criteria for CBCT imaging, the medico-legal implications of CBCT to the professional and the protocols and integration of this technology in orthodontic practice. Part III provides critical information on CBCT-based Diagnosis and Treatment Planning that includes how to interpret CBCT scans, identify incidental pathologies and the possible other uses of this technology. Part IV covers practical aspects of CBCT’s Clinical Applications and Treatment Outcomes that encompasses a range of topics, including root morphology and position, treatment of impacted teeth, virtual surgical treatment planning and outcomes, and more.
Author : Kaan Orhan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030166414
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Micro-computed Tomography (micro-CT) in Medicine and Engineering written by Kaan Orhan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on applications of micro CT, CBCT and CT in medicine and engineering, comprehensively explaining the basic principles of these techniques in detail, and describing their increasing use in the imaging field. It particularly highlights the scanning procedure, which represents the most crucial step in micro CT, and discusses in detail the reconstruction process and the artifacts related to the scanning processes, as well as the imaging software used in analysis. Written by international experts, the book illustrates the application of micro CT in different areas, such as dentistry, medicine, tissue engineering, aerospace engineering, geology, material engineering, civil engineering and additive manufacturing. Covering different areas of application, the book is of interest not only to specialists in the respective fields, but also to broader audience of professionals working in the fields of imaging and analysis, as well as to students of the different disciplines.
Author : Vanessa N.. Browne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (912 download)
Download or read book Accuracy of Alveolar Bone Measurements Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Compared with Direct in Vivo Measurements written by Vanessa N.. Browne and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Faleh Tamimi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030159744
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Digital Restorative Dentistry written by Faleh Tamimi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers up-to-date, readily understandable guidance on the materials and equipment employed in digital restorative dentistry and on the specific clinical procedures that may be performed using the new technologies. The key components of digital restorative dentistry – image acquisition, prosthetic/restorative design, and fabrication – are fully addressed. Readers will find helpful information on scanners, the software for prosthetic design, and the materials and technologies for prosthesis fabrication, including laser sintering, 3D printing, CAD/CAM, and laser ablation. The section on clinical procedures explains all aspects of the use of digital technologies in the treatment of patients requiring removable partial dentures, complete dentures, fixed partial prostheses, crowns, endodontics, and implant surgery and prosthodontics. The field of restorative and prosthetic dentistry is undergoing rapid transition as these new technologies come to play an increasingly central role in everyday dental practice. In bridging the knowledge gap that this technological revolution has created in the field of dentistry, the book will satisfy the needs of both dentists and dental students.
Author : Louis H. Berman
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 032367304X
Total Pages : 1092 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)
Download or read book Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp - E-Book written by Louis H. Berman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-09-08 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stay up on the latest research and techniques in endodontics with Cohen’s Pathways of the Pulp, 12th Edition. Written by a team of internationally renowned experts and trusted for more than 40 years, this definitive guide covers the science, theory, and practice of endodontics. Full color illustrations and detailed radiographs guide readers through each step of endodontic care — from diagnosis and treatment planning to proven techniques for managing pulpal and periapical diseases. This new twelfth edition also boasts the very latest evidence-based research and techniques, reorganized and condensed chapters, plus other features designed to help you locate important information quickly and easily. Complete with access to Expert Consult, it’s everything you need to stay ahead in the field of endodontics. Extensive illustration collection includes over 2,000 full-color photos, line art, and radiographs to clearly demonstrate core concepts and reinforce the essential principles and techniques of endodontics. Video clips and case studies demonstrate key procedures such as palpation of the masseter muscle, introsseous anesthesia with the X-tip system, dentin hypersensitivity, and more. Diverse and respected contributor pool includes experts from many national- and international-based dental education programs. NEW! Updated content and new images incorporate the most recent developments in research and clinical endodontic techniques. NEW! Additional topics cover pulp biology, pathobiology, diagnosis, treatment planning, pain control, isolation, access, cleaning and shaping, obturation, restoration, assessment of outcomes, emergencies and surgery. Each online topic comes with assigned reading lists, a PowerPoint lecture, written lesson objectives, and example exam questions. NEW! Compliance with the Commission on Dental Accreditation Curriculum ensures that the needs of all dental programs are met. NEW! Reorganized sections now divide chapters by those covering clinical endodontics, those covering the biological basis of endodontics, and chapters which detail endodontics in private practice to make content easier for both clinicians and students to navigate. NEW! Condensed chapters remove unnecessary duplication of content across the text and make the physical text lighter and easier to use.
Author : Willi A. Kalender
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3895786446
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (957 download)
Download or read book Computed Tomography written by Willi A. Kalender and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book offers a comprehensive and user-oriented description of the theoretical and technical system fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) for a wide readership, from conventional single-slice acquisitions to volume acquisition with multi-slice and cone-beam spiral CT. It covers in detail all characteristic parameters relevant for image quality and all performance features significant for clinical application. Readers will thus be informed how to use a CT system to an optimum depending on the different diagnostic requirements. This includes a detailed discussion about the dose required and about dose measurements as well as how to reduce dose in CT. All considerations pay special attention to spiral CT and to new developments towards advanced multi-slice and cone-beam CT. For the third edition most of the contents have been updated and latest topics like dual source CT, dual energy CT, flat detector CT and interventional CT have been added. The enclosed CD-ROM again offers copies of all figures in the book and attractive case studies, including many examples from the most recent 64-slice acquisitions, and interactive exercises for image viewing and manipulation. This book is intended for all those who work daily, regularly or even only occasionally with CT: physicians, radiographers, engineers, technicians and physicists. A glossary describes all the important technical terms in alphabetical order. The enclosed DVD again offers attractive case studies, including many examples from the most recent 64-slice acquisitions, and interactive exercises for image viewing and manipulation. This book is intended for all those who work daily, regularly or even only occasionally with CT: physicians, radiographers, engineers, technicians and physicists. A glossary describes all the important technical terms in alphabetical order.
Author : Louis H. Berman, DDS, FACD
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323096352
Total Pages : 1143 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)
Download or read book Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult written by Louis H. Berman, DDS, FACD and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-10-02 with total page 1143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find the latest evidence-based research and clinical treatments! Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, 11th Edition covers the science, theory, and practice of endondontics with chapters written by internationally renowned experts. Full-color illustrations and detailed radiographs guide you through each step of endodontic care - from diagnosis and treatment planning to proven techniques for managing pulpal and periapical diseases. New to the print edition are seven new chapters, and the eBook version adds three more. As an Expert Consult title, Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp lets you search the entire contents of the book on your desktop or mobile device, and includes videos, case studies, and more. Edited by noted specialists Kenneth Hargreaves and Louis Berman, this book is the definitive resource in endodontics! Print version of the text includes 27 comprehensive chapters and meets the CODA requirements for endodontic dental education. EBook version of the text consists of 30 searchable chapters, including the 27 chapters in the print version, and features videos, PowerPoint® slides, review questions, case studies, and more; this expanded version makes it easy to find clinical answers quickly, and meets the needs of students, clinicians, and residents in endodontics. Videos and animations demonstrate key procedures such as palpation of the masseter muscle, introsseous anesthesia with the X-tipT system, dentin hypersensitivity, indirect ultrasound, palpation of the temporomandibular joint, and ultrasonic settling. Over 2,000 illustrations include full-color photos and line art, along with a wide range of radiographs, clearly demonstrating core concepts and reinforcing the essential principles and techniques of endodontics. NEW co-editor Dr. Louis H. Berman joins lead editor Dr. Kenneth M. Hargreaves for this edition, and a respected team of contributors includes experts from many U.S.-based dental education programs, as well as programs in Canada, the U.K., Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. NEW chapter organization reflects the chronology of endodontic treatment with three comprehensive sections: Clinical Endodontics, focusing on core clinical concepts, and Biological Basis of Endodontics and Endodontics in Clinical Practice, both with information that advanced students, endodontic residents, and clinicians need to know. NEW! Three chapters are available in the eBook: Understanding and Managing the Anxious Patient, Endodontic Records and Legal Responsibilities, and Endodontic Practice Management. NEW Radiographic Interpretation chapter clarifies the diagnostic process with coverage of imaging modalities, diagnostic tasks, three-dimensional imaging, cone beam computed tomography, intra- or post-operative assessment of endodontic treatment complications, and more. NEW Pain Control chapter addresses the management of acute endodontic pain with coverage of local anesthesia for restorative dentistry and endodontics, along with nonnarcotic analgesics and therapeutic recommendations. NEW Evaluation of Outcomes chapter helps you achieve optimal treatment outcomes with information on topics such as the reasons for evaluating outcomes, outcome measurements for endodontic treatment, and the outcomes of vital pulp therapy procedures, non-surgical root canal treatment, non-surgical retreatment, and surgical retreatment. NEW Root Resorption chapter covers the early detection, diagnosis, and histological features of root resorption, as well as external inflammatory resorption, external cervical resorption, and internal resorption. NEW Iatrogenic Endodontics chapter addresses failed treatment scenarios with key information on the event itself, the etiology, soft and hard tissue implications and symptoms, and treatment options and prognosis; the events include cervico-facial subcutaneous emphysema, sodium hypochlorite accidents, perforations (non-surgical), inferior alveolar nerve injury, surgical, sinus perforation, instrument separation, apical extrusion of obturation materials, and ledge formation. NEW Vital Pulp Therapy chapter provides an overview of new treatment concepts for the preservation of the pulpally involved permanent tooth, covering topics such as the living pulp, pulpal response to caries, procedures for generating reparative dentin, indications and materials for vital pulp therapy, MTA applications, and treatment recommendations. NEW Bleaching chapter addresses procedures that can be utilized during and following endodontic treatment to eliminate or reduce any discoloration issues, reviewing internal and external bleaching procedures and their impact on pulpal health/endodontic treatment - with presentations of cases and clinical protocols.
