Comparing Environmental DNA and Traditional Monitoring Approaches to Assess the Abundance of Outmigrating Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in California Coastal Streams

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparing Environmental DNA and Traditional Monitoring Approaches to Assess the Abundance of Outmigrating Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in California Coastal Streams by : Emerson Kanawi

Download or read book Comparing Environmental DNA and Traditional Monitoring Approaches to Assess the Abundance of Outmigrating Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in California Coastal Streams written by Emerson Kanawi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental DNA (eDNA) has the potential to dramatically increase the information available to managers regarding species distribution and abundance. Collection of reliable survey information on fish abundance is essential to monitor population trends and restoration efforts for endangered and threatened species. In Northern California, coho salmon are a federally listed species and a focus of ongoing monitoring programs and restoration projects. I examined the feasibility of using eDNA to supplement, or replace, traditional outmigrating juvenile coho salmon monitoring approaches currently used at two existing coho salmon life-cycle monitoring stations. Over the spring of 2018 and spring of 2019, I collected water samples, water quality, and flow information during the coho salmon smolt migration season at cross-sections of two creeks in Northern Humboldt County, California concurrently with daily downstream migrant trapping. In addition, I compared differences in the amount of eDNA filtered from water samples collected and filtered through multiple filter sizes and material. Extracted DNA was amplified using qPCR and a species-specific assay. Results of model selection using weekly and daily abundance estimates and Flow Corrected eDNA indicate high variability of eDNA concentration both within sites and between sites for each creek. The best-fit models did not include Flow Corrected eDNA; a measure of eDNA concentration adjusted for stream flow. However, when using Flow Corrected eDNA values to generate an additional measure of abundance, Area Under the Curve (AUC), the predictive ability of the models increased significantly on both Prairie and Freshwater Creek. A linear regression resulted in a significant positive relationship that explained 71% of the variation between AUC and the downstream migrant coho salmon estimates on Prairie Creek and 88% of the variation in Freshwater Creek in 2018. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between AUC and the downstream migrant coho salmon estimates in 2019 for only one of the filter sizes tested. These results imply that this approach shows promise for elucidating relationships between eDNA and juvenile coho abundances, but more research is necessary to determine what sampling methods, and analytical approaches, to use in these small lotic systems.

Comparison of Standard and Environmental DNA Methods for Estimating Chinook Salmon Smolt Abundance in the Klamath River, California

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Standard and Environmental DNA Methods for Estimating Chinook Salmon Smolt Abundance in the Klamath River, California by : Doyle J. Coyne

Download or read book Comparison of Standard and Environmental DNA Methods for Estimating Chinook Salmon Smolt Abundance in the Klamath River, California written by Doyle J. Coyne and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluating abundance of juvenile salmonids is critical to conservation and management. Current abundance estimation involves use of rotary screw traps and mark-recapture studies. Use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in water samples offers a noninvasive and less expensive approach that may potentially improve or eventually replace traditional monitoring. Here I evaluate the utility of eDNA to predict weekly abundance estimates of outmigrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts in the Klamath River, California. A total of 15 water samples were collected per week over the 17-week smolt outmigration in both 2019 and 2020. Chinook salmon eDNA concentration in each water sample was determined using a species-specific quantitative PCR assay. I compared the response of traditional abundance estimates from a rotary screw trap to the weekly eDNA rate, a metric corrected for variable flow (stream flow (cfs) x eDNA concentration). The best fit model included eDNA rate and temperature and explained 76% of the variation in weekly abundance. In an assessment of eDNA methods, I found that filtering 1-liter of water with 0.45 μm filters captured more eDNA than filtering 2-liters with 3 μm polycarbonate filters and that surface grab samples yielded more eDNA on average than 24-hour composite samples taken using an automated sampling device. A resampling analysis revealed that collecting more days per week and taking more water samples per day both resulted in improved deviance explained; however, if resources are limited, collecting more days per week provided greater improvements than taking more water samples per day. These results suggest that eDNA may potentially be a useful predictor of weekly abundance of out-migrating Chinook salmon smolts. However, when estimates of abundance were less than 13,500 smolts per week, the concentration of eDNA was too low to accurately estimate concentrations. Furthermore, the majority of eDNA measurements for this study were below the threshold determined for reliable quantification with defined precision. The study system evaluated here, where Chinook salmon smolt abundances ranged from 10,000 to over 1 million per week, may have provided an ideal setting for evaluating the utility of using eDNA concentrations to predict abundance. However, to utilize eDNA for standardized monitoring, further improvements of eDNA methods are needed for estimating smolt abundance.

Comparison of Environmental DNA and Underwater Visual Count Surveys for Detecting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Rivers

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Environmental DNA and Underwater Visual Count Surveys for Detecting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Rivers by : Jason T. Shaffer

Download or read book Comparison of Environmental DNA and Underwater Visual Count Surveys for Detecting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Rivers written by Jason T. Shaffer and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental DNA (eDNA) has developed into a useful tool for determining the distribution of rare aquatic species, but relatively few studies have directly compared the detection probabilities of this method with other conventional survey techniques. These comparisons can inform which method may be better suited to address study objectives. In this study, the overall goal was to compare the ability of eDNA and underwater visual count (UVC) surveys to detect juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a species of conservation concern at the southern extent of its geographic range. Specifically, I address two objectives: (1) compare the ability of eDNA and UVC surveys to detect coho salmon and the influence of environmental covariates on detectability and (2) evaluate the utility of eDNA concentrations and habitat covariates to predict the count of coho salmon within small pools. Water samples for eDNA analysis and snorkel surveys were conducted at 96 pools across 25 stream reaches in the Smith River basin, California. I used multi-scale occupancy models to estimate method-specific detection probabilities (p) and the effect of habitat covariates, including basin area (as a proxy for discharge), residual pool depth, and large woody debris. Results showed that eDNA and UVC surveys had a high degree of agreement in detecting the presence of coho salmon at both the pool scale (93% agreement) and reach scale (80% agreement), however there were several occasions where only one method detected coho salmon. The top occupancy model, identified using Akaike’s information criterion, indicated that the detection probabilities were best predicted by method, basin area, residual pool depth, and an interaction between method and basin area. Under median habitat conditions, detection probabilities were similar and high for both methods (peDNA=91%, pUVC=89%). Residual pool depth had a slight positive effect on peDNA and pUVC. Detection probabilities for both methods were affected negatively by increasing basin size, but p declined more substantially for eDNA; at the highest basin areas, peDNA =40% compared to pUVC=78%. Finally, eDNA concentrations were a poor predictor of coho salmon count in small pools. The absence of a relationship between eDNA concentrations and fish counts is contrary to other studies and may have resulted as a consequence of the relatively small differences in counts observed between pools, which ranged from 0 to 210 individuals. Overall, this study illustrates that eDNA methods were as sensitive as UVC surveys for detecting coho presence under most conditions but could not be used to produce reliable estimates of the average observed count of the target species in this system. Therefore, these findings support the use of eDNA methods for monitoring the distributions of a rare species but indicate that implementation should be guided by study objectives and local environmental conditions.

Historical and Current Presence-absence of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Coast Evolutionary Significant Unit

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical and Current Presence-absence of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Coast Evolutionary Significant Unit by : Peter Burton Adams

Download or read book Historical and Current Presence-absence of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Coast Evolutionary Significant Unit written by Peter Burton Adams and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This report is a summary of the presence and absence of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in streams in the Central California Coast Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). Only streams with historical records of coho occupancy are considered. It has been prepared to assist in Endangered Species Act activities... Presence absence data used here come from surveys conducted for this study and fron data collected by other researchers. A preliminary report of this data, which included only approximately one-half of these streams, was published earlier... to meet earlier listing requirements."--p.Abstract.

Fish Forensics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Forensics by : Jeffrey MacAdams

Download or read book Fish Forensics written by Jeffrey MacAdams and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional fish monitoring requires considerable investments of equipment and labour, and often harmful and potentially fatal techniques. Emerging methods allow detection of aquatic animals by collecting water and extracting DNA that has been shed to the environment (eDNA). Present knowledge gaps in the field include minimum densities necessary for consistent detection, and persistence of eDNA after a target species has left a site. I conducted three experiments at a salmon hatchery in British Columbia to address these knowledge gaps. Water samples were taken from flow-through tanks with juvenile Coho Salmon densities ranging from 38.0g/1000L to 0.6g/1000L. To simulate field surveys in recently abandoned habitats, I sampled water from tanks after removing fish, at flow-through volumes ranging from 20,000L to 1,000,000L. Post removal sampling occurred starting at one hour and ending after just over four days of flow-through time. Water samples from tanks containing one or more fish tested positive for Coho DNA at least 70% of the time, increasing at higher densities. Samples taken after removing the fish had detection probability of 75% at flow-through volume of 40,000L. Detection failed at flow-through volumes greater than 80,000L. In stream samples, all sites with Coho or salmonid presence confirmed by conventional trapping also tested positive for target species' eDNA. Two sites tested positive for Coho eDNA where conventional methods failed, indicating a possible higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. I also mapped the distribution of juvenile Coho Salmon through multiple tributaries of a productive salmon system with conventional and eDNA detections. This study improves on an emerging method with a new species by addressing existing uncertainties regarding eDNA detection threshold, and signal persistence through dilution in a simulated stream pool habitat. It also demonstrates that eDNA methods can be used to assess coastal streams for presence of juvenile and resident salmonid fishes.

Endangered and Threatened Species ; Threatened Status for Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) of Coho Salmon

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Endangered and Threatened Species ; Threatened Status for Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) of Coho Salmon by :

Download or read book Endangered and Threatened Species ; Threatened Status for Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) of Coho Salmon written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Historical and Current Presence-absence Data of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Evolutionary Significant Unit

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical and Current Presence-absence Data of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Evolutionary Significant Unit by :

Download or read book Historical and Current Presence-absence Data of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in the Central California Evolutionary Significant Unit written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A summary of the presence and absence of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in streams in the Central California Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) with historical records of this species has been prepared to assist in the Endangered Species Act listing process. Presence-absence data were used because of: 1) the short time frame indicated by the listing process, and 2) the use of presence-absence data in pre-listing documents. Presence-absence data used here come form surveys conducted for this study and from data collected by other researchers. Coho salmon were absent from 50% of the historical record streams. This figure is similar to reports by earlier researchers. The percent of historical record streams with coho salmon absent is highest in the highly urbanized San Francisco Bay and the lowest in coastal Marin County. Percent of absence was also high in Sonoma County, with other areas being roughly equal.

Environmental Variables Influencing Downstream Migration of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Northern California Streams

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (226 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Variables Influencing Downstream Migration of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Northern California Streams by : Jennifer E. Feola

Download or read book Environmental Variables Influencing Downstream Migration of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Northern California Streams written by Jennifer E. Feola and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Estimates of the Historical Abundance of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus Kisutch (Walbaum), in Oregon Coastal Streams and in the Oregon Production Index Area

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimates of the Historical Abundance of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus Kisutch (Walbaum), in Oregon Coastal Streams and in the Oregon Production Index Area by : Robert E. Mullen

Download or read book Estimates of the Historical Abundance of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus Kisutch (Walbaum), in Oregon Coastal Streams and in the Oregon Production Index Area written by Robert E. Mullen and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Overwinter Survival and Movement of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Relation to Large Woody Debris and Low-velocity Habitat in Northern California Streams

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Overwinter Survival and Movement of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Relation to Large Woody Debris and Low-velocity Habitat in Northern California Streams by : John D. Deibner-Hanson

Download or read book Overwinter Survival and Movement of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Relation to Large Woody Debris and Low-velocity Habitat in Northern California Streams written by John D. Deibner-Hanson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some studies suggest that Coho Salmon populations are limited by overwinter survival as a result of insufficient winter habitat. While many small-scale projects aim to define reach and basin-level habitat requirements for Coho Salmon, large-scale studies that assess multiple independent populations remain few. For my research, I quantified large woody debris (LWD) by volume and low-velocity rearing habitat (LVH) as percent area in three coastal watersheds of similar size in northern California to untangle the relationships between Coho Salmon overwinter survival, emigration timing and specific winter habitats. I used mark-recapture techniques with PIT tags to formulate Cormack-Jolly-Seber models for each of three years (2013-2015) to (1) estimate apparent overwinter survival of juvenile Coho Salmon populations, (2) determine to what extent outmigration timing varies among basins, and (3) evaluate the relationships between reach-specific survival, movement and winter habitat. LWD volume ranged from 47.8 to 109.9 cubic meters per kilometer among stream reaches while LVH area spanned from 9.3% to 23.6% of total stream area per reach. Effects of LWD on apparent overwinter survival and early emigration were absent during all three years of the study. Effects of LVH were not observed during 2013 and 2014. In 2015, LVH correlated positively with apparent overwinter survival and negatively with emigration. Larger Coho Salmon had higher apparent overwinter survival rates than small fish, whereas smaller fish had greater emigrations rates before spring. Mean apparent overwinter survival varied by basin from 0.052 to 0.567 but basins maintained consistency across years. Early emigration rates ranged even further by basin (0.023-0.773). Variation in both apparent overwinter survival and early emigration was much greater among basins than within basins. A lot remains to be learned regarding how habitat affects the migratory behavior of Coho Salmon in California and these results suggest the effects may vary significantly by stream. The drastic life history differences observed in neighboring Coho Salmon populations demonstrate the plasticity in a species once thought to be relatively inflexible. Moving forward, incorporating multi-basin approaches should be considered when evaluating freshwater survival and movement to inform large-scale restoration and conservation.

A Protocol Using Coho Salmon to Monitor Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Standards and Guidelines for Fish Habitat

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Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781508723332
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (233 download)

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Book Synopsis A Protocol Using Coho Salmon to Monitor Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Standards and Guidelines for Fish Habitat by : United States Department of Agriculture

Download or read book A Protocol Using Coho Salmon to Monitor Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Standards and Guidelines for Fish Habitat written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We describe a protocol to monitor the effectiveness of the Tongass Land Management Plan (TLMP) management standards for maintaining fish habitat. The protocol uses juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in small tributary streams in forested watersheds. We used a 3-year pilot study to develop detailed methods to estimate juvenile salmonid populations, measure habitat, and quantitatively determine trends in juvenile coho salmon abundance over 10 years. Coho salmon have been shown to be sensitive to habitat alterations, and we use coho salmon parr as the primary indicator in the protocol. A priori criteria for type I and type II error rates, effect size, and sample sizes for the protocol were derived with estimates of variance computed from the 3-year pilot study.

Data Analysis of Salmonid Environmental DNA Measurements Obtained Via Controlled Experiments and from Several Pacific Streams

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Analysis of Salmonid Environmental DNA Measurements Obtained Via Controlled Experiments and from Several Pacific Streams by : Robert Sneiderman

Download or read book Data Analysis of Salmonid Environmental DNA Measurements Obtained Via Controlled Experiments and from Several Pacific Streams written by Robert Sneiderman and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard sampling and monitoring of fish populations are invasive and time- consuming techniques. The ongoing development of statistical techniques to analyze environmental DNA (eDNA) introduces a possible solution to these challenges. We analyzed and created statistical models for qPCR data obtained from two controlled experiments that were conducted on samples of Coho salmon at the Goldstream Hatchery. The first experiment analyzed was a density experiment whereby varying num- bers of Coho (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 65 fish) were placed in separate tanks and eDNA measurements were taken. The second experiment dealt with dilution, whereby three Coho were placed into tanks, removed and eDNA was then sampled at dilution vol- umes of 20kL, 40kL, 80kL, 160kL and 1000kL. Finally, we analyzed a set of field data from several streams in the Pacific North West for the presence of Coho salmon. In the field models, we considered the impact of environmental covariates as well as eDNA concentrations. Our analysis suggests that eDNA concentration can be used as a reliable proxy to estimate Coho biomass.

Final Environmental Document Analyzing the California Fish and Game Commission's Special Order Relating to the Incidental Take of Coho Salmon North of San Francisco During the Candidacy Period

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Final Environmental Document Analyzing the California Fish and Game Commission's Special Order Relating to the Incidental Take of Coho Salmon North of San Francisco During the Candidacy Period by :

Download or read book Final Environmental Document Analyzing the California Fish and Game Commission's Special Order Relating to the Incidental Take of Coho Salmon North of San Francisco During the Candidacy Period written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry by :

Download or read book A Landscape Approach to Determining and Predicting Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) Movement Timing and Growth Patterns Prior to Ocean Entry written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rely on unique habitats during the winter season, which may dictate how much individuals may growth and when migration from freshwater rearing habitat to the ocean occurs. Here I analyze movement timing and growth patterns for coho salmon through a field-based study and a literature review. For the field portion, I examined hatchery-stocked juvenile coho salmon across four stream basins in the Russian River watershed, California to determine the relative importance of climate, landscape, and fish size metrics in predicting movement and growth patterns over a winter rearing and spring smolt outmigration time period (December 2014-June 2015). I observed three unique movement strategies: winter parr movement, spring smolt movement, and inter-tributary movement. Movement was predicted in relation to daily temperature and precipitation, followed by in-stream and upslope basin conditions in random forest modeling. Specifically, fish that moved later were associated with basins that contained higher productivity and low-gradient floodplain habitats, while fish that moved earlier came from streams that lacked invertebrate prey and had limited low-gradient rearing habitat. Fish size and timing of movement were the primary predictors of growth, with relatively larger fish in the spring growing faster than fish that were relatively smaller prior to winter. These relationships suggest that hatchery-release fish are still highly influenced by environmental conditions once released, especially in terms of initial seasonal movement, and that watershed conditions should be considered when utilizing hatchery-rearing programs to supplement wild fish populations. In North America, coho salmon populations are distributed from Alaska through California, and may exhibit unique movement and growth patterns in relationship to population-scale vulnerability (Endangered Species Act listing), basin area, and availability and types of rearing habitat. For the second part of my thesis, I conducted a literature review to assess what factors are commonly considered in predicting movement and growth patterns for these fish, as well as the types (season and life stage) and number of movement strategies reported. Eighteen studies were summarized, of which sixteen identified unique movement strategies, ranging from one to four. Despite a wide range of basin areas and latitudes, winter parr and spring smolt movements were commonly observed, with authors primarily relating these behaviors to in-stream habitat and fish size metrics. Additionally, growth was linked positively and primarily with off-channel winter rearing, which may outweigh the importance of fish size in predicting growth when high quality rearing habitats are available during the winter season. Recognizing movement timing diversity and its drivers can help recover threatened coho salmon populations. More widely distributed populations may have unique phenotypic expressions based on localized genetic and environmental interactions, increasing diversity and overall stability across the population, a concept known as the portfolio effect. Understanding fish-habitat relationships can aid recovery efforts by providing a framework of climatic and watershed conditions that support unique behaviors, even in already severely limited populations.

A Population Model for Coho Salmon (Onchorhynchus Kisutch) in Freshwater Creek

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis A Population Model for Coho Salmon (Onchorhynchus Kisutch) in Freshwater Creek by : Gabriel Scheer

Download or read book A Population Model for Coho Salmon (Onchorhynchus Kisutch) in Freshwater Creek written by Gabriel Scheer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historic land use practices and associated habitat degradation have led to significant declines in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch ) populations across their range. In California they are a state and federally listed species, requiring population monitoring and management plans tailored towards recovery. Traditionally, juvenile coho salmon in California were thought to spend approximately one year in their natal freshwater habitats before migrating to sea the following spring and summer as smolts. However, recent work has documented considerable variation in juvenile life history and migration timing. Specifically, juveniles that migrate downstream prior to one year of age and spend their winter rearing in estuary habitat have been shown to produce significant adult returns. Using 14 years of life-stage-specific survival and movement data collected on Freshwater Creek in northern California, I constructed a habitat-base life cycle model to evaluate expected population response to restoration actions, and to incorporate life history diversity into population projections. This modeling effort is divided into three sections: (1) parameterize stage specific survival rates and probability of expressing an early emigrant life history; (2) conduct sensitivity analysis to quantify which life stages are most influential in determining population status; (3) use stochastic simulations to quantitatively evaluate how population dynamics and extinction risk are affected by inclusion of life history diversity and alternative restoration scenarios. The resulting analyses showed that, across locations and years, between 3-29% of juvenile coho are early migrants to the stream estuary ecotone during their first winter. The majority of early migrants originated in the main-stem reaches lower in the watershed. Subsequent sensitivity analysis identified marine survival and smolt emigrant overwinter survival as highly influential in the long-term trends for this population. While the proportion of individuals expressing an 'early emigrant' life history variant is significant, this strategy showed low sensitivity relative to other life stages in defining long-term population growth under this modeling construct. In contrast, 50-year population simulations showed significant gains in adult escapement up to 43% when early emigrant life histories were included. This suggests that while alternative life history variants may not be the single greatest driver of population growth, their exclusion in management models may constitute a significant oversight in population management. Additionally, the probability of local population extinction was reduced substantially from 36% to 8% with the incorporation of life history diversity in the modeling structure. Historic coho salmon rearing habitats have been vastly diminished during the last 100 years in both stream and estuary areas. This modeling approach can help to identify sites to focus habitat restoration where it can strengthen individual populations' long-term growth or abilities to persist in the face of environmental stochasticity.

Phenotypic Comparison of Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Oregon, Washington, and California

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Phenotypic Comparison of Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Oregon, Washington, and California by : Randy Carl Hjort

Download or read book Phenotypic Comparison of Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Oregon, Washington, and California written by Randy Carl Hjort and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenotypic similarities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocks from Oregon, Washington, and California were compared using agglomerative and divisive cluster analyses. The phenotypic characters evaluated included the following: 1) the isozyme gene frequencies of transferrin and phosphoglucose isomerase; 2) the life history characters time of peak spawning and proportion of females in the population; and 3) the morphological characters scales in the lateral series, scales above the lateral line, anal rays, gill rakers, branchiostegal rays and vertebrae. Coho salmon stocks from similar environments were phenotypically similar. The groups of stocks found to be similar by the agglomerative cluster analysis were: 1) wild stocks from the northern Oregon coast; 2) wild stocks from the southern Oregon coast; 3) stocks from hatcheries using wild coho salmon for an egg source; 4) stocks from large stream systems; and 5) hatchery stocks from the northern Oregon coast. There were three trends involved with the clustering patterns: 1) stocks that are geographically close tend to be phenotypically similar; 2) stocks from large stream systems were more similar to each other than to stocks from smaller stream systems, independent of geographic nearness; and 3) hatchery stocks were more similar to each other than to wild stocks, even those in their respective stream systems, and wild stocks were more similar to each other than to hatchery stocks, even those in their respective stream systems. These trends may be useful to fishery managers for selecting donor stocks from hatcheries for transplanting to stream systems or other hatcheries. Individual phenotypic characters were correlated with characters of the stream systems. Two agglomerative cluster analyses of the characters of the stocks and the characters of the stream system were used to determine whether stream types corresponded to phenotype- types. The clustering patterns of phenotypic characters of the stocks were not similar to the clustering found for characteristics of the stream systems from which the stocks came.

Effectiveness of Salmon Carcass Analogs as a Form of Nutrient Enhancement for Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Lower Columbia Watersheds

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Total Pages : 240 pages
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Book Synopsis Effectiveness of Salmon Carcass Analogs as a Form of Nutrient Enhancement for Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Lower Columbia Watersheds by : Matthew T. Sturza

Download or read book Effectiveness of Salmon Carcass Analogs as a Form of Nutrient Enhancement for Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) in Three Lower Columbia Watersheds written by Matthew T. Sturza and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adult Pacific salmon exhibit a form of parental care after spawning and perishing by depositing a subsidy of marine derived nutrients (MDN) that may be incorporated into the stream food web and feed juvenile salmon. Adult salmon populations have significantly declined since the late 19th century, thereby reducing the amount of MDN within Pacific Northwest Streams. This loss in nutrients within stream food webs may be limiting the growth and survival of juvenile salmon and therefore reducing the population sizes of adult salmon. One strategy to mitigate for nutrient deficiencies within a stream is the use of salmon carcass analogs (SCA), pellets composed of pulverized and pasteurized marine forage fish. We investigated the effectiveness of SCA in enhancing the size and abundance of juvenile coho salmon within a complex of three watersheds (Abernathy, Germany, and Mill Creek) that empty into the lower Columbia River near Cathlamet, WA. SCA applications occurred in the fall (2010-2013) on Germany Creek and in the spring (2013-2015) on Abernathy Creek, while Mill Creek served as a reference watershed and did not receive SCA applications. We periodically gathered samples of periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and juvenile coho (fin clips) before and after SCA application at approximately two month intervals. Juvenile coho were also sampled for fork length and weight. Samples were taken at three sites at the lower, middle, and upper extent of adult coho spawning within each watershed. During the final sampling event of each year, while juvenile coho were outmigrating, fin clips were taken at smolt traps located near each river's confluence with the Columbia River. Data from smolt traps were used to estimate the average fork length and abundance of juvenile coho during each year of this project. To evaluate the timing and extent of nutrients from SCA being incorporated into the stream food web, samples were processed and analyzed for [delta] 15N, a measure of the abundance of the heavier isotope of nitrogen that occurs more abundantly in the marine environment. Seasonal trends of [delta]15N in periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and juvenile coho, as well as seasonal trends of juvenile coho fork length and weight were compared between fertilized and unfertilized watersheds. We detected SCA effects on seasonal trends of macroinvertebrate and juvenile coho [delta]15N for the fall and spring treatments, indicating SCA nutrients were incorporated by these communities. We detected SCA effects on the seasonal trends of juvenile coho fork length and weight for the spring treatment, but not for the fall treatment. We could not detect SCA effects on seasonal trends of periphyton [delta]15N for either the fall or spring treatment, potentially due to smaller than needed sample sizes. Overall the effect of fall SCA application was to disrupt the seasonal trend of [delta]15N values among trophic levels by causing an increase in [delta]15N during the late fall/early winter when values are normally decreasing. The effect of spring SCA application was to enhance the seasonal trend, causing increases in [delta]15N values greater than those seen in the absence of SCA applications. Comparing juvenile coho sizes and abundances between years with and without SCA application and between fertilized and unfertilized watersheds indicated that neither the fall or spring treatment had a significant effect on coho growth and survival. Where SCA are to be used as a salmonid recovery tool, we recommend that careful watershed selection and subsequent monitoring be employed to ensure investments are worthwhile.