Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics

Download Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027219060
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics by : René Dirven

Download or read book Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics written by René Dirven and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics "is designed as a comprehensive introductory text for first and second-year university students of language and linguistics. It provides a chapter on each of the more established areas in linguistics such as lexicology, morphology, syntax, phonetics and phonology, historical linguistics, and language typology and on some of the newer areas such as cross-cultural semantics, pragmatics, text linguistics and contrastive linguistics.In each of these areas language is explored as part of a cognitive system comprising perception, emotion, categorisation, abstraction processes, and reasoning. All these cognitive abilities may interact with language and be influenced by language. Thus the study of language in a sense becomes the study of the way we express and exchange ideas and thoughts.This Second Revised Edition is corrected, updated and expanded."Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics "is clearly presented and organized after having been tested in several courses in various countries.Includes exercises (solutions to be found on the Internet).

Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics

Download Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027295417
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics by : René Dirven

Download or read book Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics written by René Dirven and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004-06-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics is designed as a comprehensive introductory text for first and second-year university students of language and linguistics. It provides a chapter on each of the more established areas in linguistics such as lexicology, morphology, syntax, phonetics and phonology, historical linguistics, and language typology and on some of the newer areas such as cross-cultural semantics, pragmatics, text linguistics and contrastive linguistics. In each of these areas language is explored as part of a cognitive system comprising perception, emotion, categorisation, abstraction processes, and reasoning. All these cognitive abilities may interact with language and be influenced by language. Thus the study of language in a sense becomes the study of the way we express and exchange ideas and thoughts. This Second Revised Edition is corrected, updated and expanded. Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics is clearly presented and organized after having been tested in several courses in various countries. Includes exercises (solutions to be found on the Internet).

Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics

Download Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789027219022
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics by : René Dirven

Download or read book Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics written by René Dirven and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics" is designed as a comprehensive introductory text for first and second-year university students of language and linguistics. It provides a chapter on each of the more established areas in linguistics such as lexicology, morphology, syntax, phonetics and phonology, historical linguistics, and language typology and on some of the newer areas such as cross-cultural semantics, pragmatics, text linguistics and contrastive linguistics. In each of these areas language is explored as part of a cognitive system comprising perception, emotion, categorisation, abstraction processes, and reasoning. All these cognitive abilities may interact with language and be influenced by language. Thus the study of language in a sense becomes the study of the way we express and exchange ideas and thoughts. Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics is clearly presented and organized after having been tested in several courses in various countries. It contains contributions from 15 specialists from 9 countries. Some key features of the text are: overviews and summaries for each chapter; a great many illustrations, examples, figures and tables; defined technical terms printed in bold; full index; annotated further reading lists for each chapter; exercises at the end of each chapter; detailed solutions to exercises can be found here. (This publication is sponsored by the European Socrates Bureau. Adapted editions for Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian and Spanish are in preparation.)

Cognitive Linguistic Explorations in Biblical Studies

Download Cognitive Linguistic Explorations in Biblical Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110350130
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Linguistic Explorations in Biblical Studies by : Bonnie Howe

Download or read book Cognitive Linguistic Explorations in Biblical Studies written by Bonnie Howe and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing, reading, and interpretation are acts of human minds, requiring complex cognition at every point. A relatively new field of studies, cognitive linguistics, focuses on how language and cognition are interconnected: Linguistic structures both shape cognitive patterns and are shaped by them. The Cognitive Linguistics in Biblical Interpretation section of the Society of Biblical Literature gathers scholars interested in applying cognitive linguistics to biblical studies, focusing on how language makes meaning, how texts evoke authority, and how contemporary readers interact with ancient texts. This collection of essays represents first fruits from the first six years (2006–2012) of that effort, drawing on cognitive metaphor study, mental spaces and conceptual blending, narrative theory, and cognitive grammar. Contributors include Eve Sweetser, Ellen van Wolde, Hugo Lundhaug and Jesper T. Nielsen.

Cognitive English Grammar

Download Cognitive English Grammar PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027292337
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive English Grammar by : Günter Radden

Download or read book Cognitive English Grammar written by Günter Radden and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2007-07-05 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognitive English Grammar is designed to be used as a textbook in courses of English and general linguistics. It introduces the reader to cognitive linguistic theory and shows that Cognitive Grammar helps us to gain a better understanding of the grammar of English. The notions of motivation and meaningfulness are central to the approach adopted in the book. In four major parts comprising 12 chapters, Cognitive English Grammar integrates recent cognitive approaches into one coherent model, allowing the analysis of the most central constructions of English. Part I presents the cognitive framework: conceptual and linguistic categories, their combination in situations, the cognitive operations applied to them, and the organisation of conceptual structures into linguistic constructions. Part II deals with the category of ‘things’ and their linguistic structuring as nouns and noun phrases. It shows how things are grounded in reality by means of reference, quantified by set and scalar quantifiers, and qualified by modifiers. Part III describes situations as temporal units of various layers: internally, as types of situations; and externally, as located relative to the time of speech and grounded in reality or potentiality. Part IV looks at situations as relational units and their structuring as sentences. Its two chapters are devoted to event schemas and space and metaphorical extensions of space.Cognitive English Grammar offers a wealth of linguistic data and explanations. The didactic quality is guaranteed by the frequent use of definitions and examples, a glossary of the terms used, overviews and chapter summaries, suggestions for further reading, and study questions. For the Key to Study Questions click here.

Cognitive Linguistics

Download Cognitive Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139445227
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Linguistics by : William Croft

Download or read book Cognitive Linguistics written by William Croft and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-01-22 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognitive Linguistics argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special-purpose language module. This introductory textbook surveys the field of cognitive linguistics as a distinct area of study, presenting its theoretical foundations and the arguments supporting it. Clearly organised and accessibly written, it provides a useful introduction to the relationship between language and cognitive processing in the human brain. It covers the main topics likely to be encountered in a course or seminar, and provides a synthesis of study and research in this fast-growing field of linguistics. The authors begin by explaining the conceptual structures and cognitive processes governing linguistic representation and behaviour, and go on to explore cognitive approaches to lexical semantics, as well as syntactic representation and analysis, focusing on the closely related frameworks of cognitive grammar and construction grammar. This much-needed introduction will be welcomed by students in linguistics and cognitive science.

Cognitive Foundations of Linguistic Usage Patterns

Download Cognitive Foundations of Linguistic Usage Patterns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110216035
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Foundations of Linguistic Usage Patterns by : Hans-Jörg Schmid

Download or read book Cognitive Foundations of Linguistic Usage Patterns written by Hans-Jörg Schmid and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2010-03-26 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume presents an up-to-date collection of methodologically sensitive contributions providing mainly enthusiastic, at times also critical support for the cognitive-linguistic enterprise. The book is important for the advancement of cognitive linguistics because the contributions demonstrate the seriousness of its ambitions to develop into a set of testable linguistic approaches. For the same reason, the volume is a contribution to our understanding of language in general, since it puts a promising modern approach on firmer ground. Assets of the book include the wide range of linguistic phenomena studied (individual concepts, fundamental semantic problems like vagueness and polysemy, grammatical issues incl. gender and tense, collocations, constructions and speech acts) and the scope of applied perspectives including lexicographical, computational, developmental and critical discourse ones. The languages investigated are English, German, Dutch, Polish and Italian. Common to the contributions is the desire to bring together observed patterns of linguistic usage with concepts and models established in cognitive linguistics. In addition, all contributions have an empirical basis and emphasize the need to rely on a sound methodology. The linguistic phenomena investigated span the range from the lexico-conceptual and collocational level to constructions, grammatical categories and functions. Two complementary perspectives of language and cognition are represented in the volume: In one group, the established methods of psycholinguistic experimentation, quantitative corpus analysis and computational simulation are exploited to demonstrate the viability and to increase the plausibility of cognitive-linguistic thinking. The second group tests well-known cognitive-linguistic approaches like Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models and Construction Grammar against authentic data demonstrating their applicability and explanatory potential. Both groups include contributions reaching beyond the scope of traditional cognitive-linguistic topics, e.g. by taking a critical stance of reductionist cognitive thinking. The volume is of interest to cognitive linguists, psycholinguists, theoretical linguists, lexicologists, and lexicographers.

Historical Linguistics

Download Historical Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027261237
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Linguistics by : Margaret E. Winters

Download or read book Historical Linguistics written by Margaret E. Winters and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020-05-08 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook serves a dual purpose. It is, first, a comprehensive introduction to historical linguistics, intended for both undergraduate and graduate students who have taken, at the least, an introductory course in linguistics. Secondly, unlike many such textbooks, this one is based in the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, a semantics-based theory which emphasizes the relationship between cognition and language. Descriptions and explanations touch on cognitive, social, and physiological aspects of language as it changes across time. Examples come principally from Germanic (English, German, Yiddish) and Romance (French and Spanish), but with some exploration of aspects of the history of other languages as well. Each chapter concludes with exercises based on material in the chapter and also with suggestions for extensions of the content to wider issues in diachronic linguistics.

Space in Language and Cognition

Download Space in Language and Cognition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521011969
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Space in Language and Cognition by : Stephen C. Levinson

Download or read book Space in Language and Cognition written by Stephen C. Levinson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-03-20 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of contents

Memory, Psychology and Second Language Learning

Download Memory, Psychology and Second Language Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027219770
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Memory, Psychology and Second Language Learning by : Mick Randall

Download or read book Memory, Psychology and Second Language Learning written by Mick Randall and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the contributions that cognitive linguistics and psychology, including neuropsychology, have made to the understanding of the way that second languages are processed and learnt. It examines areas of phonology, word recognition and semantics, examining 'bottom-up' decoding processes as compared with 'top-down' processes as they affect memory. It also discusses second language learning from the acquisition/learning and nativist/connectionist perspectives. These ideas are then related to the methods that are used to teach second languages, primarily English, in formal classroom situations. This examination involves both 'mainstream' communicative approaches, and more traditional methods widely used to teach EFL throughout the world. The book is intended to act both as a textbook for students who are studying second language teaching and as an exploration of issues for the interested teacher who would like to further extend their understanding of the cognitive processes underlying their teaching.Mick Randall is currently Senior Lecturer in TESOL and Head of the Institute of Education at the British University in Dubai. He has taught courses in second language learning and teaching, applied linguistics and psychology in a number of different contexts. He has a special interest in the cognitive processing of language and in the psycholinguistics of word recognition, spelling and reading.

Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching

Download Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031397967
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching by : Jeannette Littlemore

Download or read book Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching written by Jeannette Littlemore and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-27 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a revised and updated edition of a seminal text in the field of Cognitive Linguistics, written in an engaging and accessible style for a new generation of scholars and students. The author surveys and incorporates a wealth of more recent studies conducted in different areas since the book’s original publication in 2009, exploring how new areas of research within Cognitive Linguistics have emerged and flourished, and taking account of key studies that have progressed the field since its inception. This new edition has been revised throughout to review, analyse and synthesise the latest state of the art in Cognitive Linguistics–inspired second language learning and teaching research, and suggests other areas that might benefit from further exploration. It will be essential reading for academics, educators and students across Linguistics and Education, particularly those with an interest in cognitive linguistics, second language acquisition, foreign language teaching and language education.

New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics

Download New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027289441
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics by : Vyvyan Evans

Download or read book New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics written by Vyvyan Evans and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009-06-24 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly three decades since the publication of the seminal Metaphors We Live By, Cognitive Linguistics is now a mature theoretical and empirical enterprise, with a voluminous associated literature. It is arguably the most rapidly expanding ‘school’ in modern linguistics, and one of the most exciting areas of research within the interdisciplinary project known as cognitive science. As such, Cognitive Linguistics is increasingly attracting a broad readership both within linguistics as well as from neighbouring disciplines including other cognitive and social sciences, and from disciplines within the humanities. This volume contains over 20 papers by leading experts in cognitive linguistics which survey the state of the art and new directions in cognitive linguistics. The volume is divided into 5 sections covering all the traditional areas of study in cognitive linguistics, as well as newer areas, including applications and extensions. Sections include: Approaches to semantics; Approaches to metaphor and blending; Approaches to grammar; Language, embodiment and cognition; Extensions and applications of cognitive linguistics.

An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics

Download An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317867734
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics by : Friedrich Ungerer

Download or read book An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics written by Friedrich Ungerer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-12 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning About Language is an exciting and ambitious series of introductions to fundamental topics in language, linguistics and related areas. The books are designed for students of linguistics and those who are studying language as part of a wider course. Cognitive Linguistics explores the idea that language reflects our experience of the world. It shows that our ability to use language is closely related to other cognitive abilities such as categorization, perception, memory and attention allocation. Concepts and mental images expressed and evoked by linguistic means are linked by conceptual metaphors and metonymies and merged into more comprehensive cognitive and cultural models, frames or scenarios. It is only against this background that human communication makes sense. After 25 years of intensive research, cognitive-linguistic thinking now holds a firm place both in the wider linguistic and the cognitive-science communities. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics carefully explains the central concepts of categoriza­tion, of prototype and gestalt perception, of basic level and conceptual hierarchies, of figure and ground, and of metaphor and metonymy, for which an innovative description is provided. It also brings together issues such as iconicity, lexical change, grammaticalization and language teaching that have profited considerably from being put on a cognitive basis. The second edition of this popular introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible up-to-date overview of Cognitive Linguistics: Clarifies the basic notions supported by new evidence and examples for their application in language learning Discusses major recent developments in the field: the increasing attention paid to metonymies, Construction Grammar, Conceptual Blending and its role in online-processing. Explores links with neighbouring fields like Relevance Theory Uses many diagrams and illustrations to make the theoretical argument more tangible Includes extended exercises Provides substantial updated suggestions for further reading.

Cognitive Linguistics

Download Cognitive Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110197715
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Linguistics by : M. Sandra Peña Cervel

Download or read book Cognitive Linguistics written by M. Sandra Peña Cervel and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008-08-22 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book testifies of the great tolerance of Cognitive Linguists towards internal variety within itself and towards external interaction with major linguistic subdisciplines. Internally, it opens up the broad variety of CL strands and the cognitive unity between convergent linguistic disciplines. Externally, it provides a wide overview of the connections between cognition and social, psychological, pragmatic, and discourse-oriented dimensions of language, which will make this book attractive to scholars from different persuasions. The book is thus expected to raise productive debate inside and outside the CL community. Furthermore, the book examines interdisciplinary connections from the point of view of the internal dynamics of CL research itself. CL is rapidly developing into different compatible frameworks with extensions into levels of linguistics description like discourse, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics among others that have only recently been taken into account in this orientation. The book covers two general topics: (i) the relationship between the embodied nature of language, cultural models, and social action; (ii) the role of metaphor and metonymy in inferential activity and as generators of discourse ties. More specific topics are the nature and scope of constructional meaning, language variation and cultural models; discourse acts; the relationship between communication and cognition, the argumentative role of metaphor in discourse, the role of mental spaces in linguistic processing, and the role of empirical work in CL research. These features endow the book with internal unity and consistency while preserving the identity of each of the contributions therein.

Cognitive Linguistics for Linguists

Download Cognitive Linguistics for Linguists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030336042
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cognitive Linguistics for Linguists by : Margaret E. Winters

Download or read book Cognitive Linguistics for Linguists written by Margaret E. Winters and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers an introduction to cognitive linguistics, written by authors who were engaged in the field from its beginnings. It starts by reviewing these early studies and provides an overview of the sources and conceptual underpinnings of the theory. This is followed by a description of how cognitive linguistics has been (and continues to be) applied in all subcomponents of language study. From the point of view of the history of Linguistics, it presents the evolution of the theory over time in a range of directions, including its view of the nature of Language itself, as well as how it is acquired. The final chapter provides an overview of relatively new approaches, in particular those which are provoking a significant challenge to the generative account.

Culture, Body, and Language

Download Culture, Body, and Language PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110199106
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Culture, Body, and Language by : Farzad Sharifian

Download or read book Culture, Body, and Language written by Farzad Sharifian and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008-11-03 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the central themes in cognitive linguistics is the uniquely human development of some higher potential called the "mind" and, more particularly, the intertwining of body and mind, which has come to be known as embodiment. Several books and volumes have explored this theme in length. However, the interaction between culture, body and language has not received the due attention that it deserves. Naturally, any serious exploration of the interface between body, language and culture would require an analytical tool that would capture the ways in which different cultural groups conceptualize their feelings, thinking, and other experiences in relation to body and language. A well-established notion that appears to be promising in this direction is that of cultural models, constituting the building blocks of a group's cultural cognition. The volume results from an attempt to bring together a group of scholars from various language backgrounds to make a collective attempt to explore the relationship between body, language and culture by focusing on conceptualizations of the heart and other internal body organs across a number of languages. The general aim of this venture is to explore (a) the ways in which internal body organs have been employed in different languages to conceptualize human experiences such as emotions and/or workings of the mind, and (b) the cultural models that appear to account for the observed similarities as well as differences of the various conceptualizations of internal body organs. The volume as a whole engages not only with linguistic analyses of terms that refer to internal body organs across different languages but also with the origin of the cultural models that are associated with internal body organs in different cultural systems, such as ethnomedical and religious traditions. Some contributions also discuss their findings in relations to some philosophical doctrines that have addressed the relationship between mind, body, and language, such as that of Descartes.

Topics in Cognitive Linguistics

Download Topics in Cognitive Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027286191
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Topics in Cognitive Linguistics by : Brygida Rudzka-Ostyn

Download or read book Topics in Cognitive Linguistics written by Brygida Rudzka-Ostyn and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents new developments in cognitive grammar and explores its descriptive and explanatory potential with respect to a wide range of language phenomena. These include the formation and use of locationals, causative constructions, adjectival and nominal expressions of oriented space, morphological layering, tense and aspect, and extended uses of verbal predicates. There is also a section on the affinities between cognitive grammar an early linguistic theories, both ancient and modern.