Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam

Download Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128004797
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam by : Nguyen Danh Thao

Download or read book Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam written by Nguyen Danh Thao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-04 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam is the first book to focus specifically on natural hazards and climate change in Vietnam. The book examines threats such as tropical cyclones, sea-level rise, flooding, erosion, and salinity intrusion, and their respective effects on coastal structures and environments. It also looks at crucial management and mitigation efforts, including breakwater design, irrigation systems, coastal dunes and dikes, and more. The challenges faced by this country in the future will have important regional and global repercussions; areas such as the Mekong Delta produce a significant proportion of the world’s rice, and coastal impacts on this region will have far-reaching economic and public health effects. This book is an important source of information for government and local policy makers, environmental and climate scientists, and engineers. Broad coverage of climate challenges specific to the region, including sea-level rise, storms, erosion, and more Assessments of impact on, and effects of, economic development and port construction Examination of public policy responses to climate change

Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam: Engineering and Planning Perspectives

Download Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam: Engineering and Planning Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780128101728
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam: Engineering and Planning Perspectives by : Nguyen Danh Thao

Download or read book Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam: Engineering and Planning Perspectives written by Nguyen Danh Thao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam "is the first book to focus specifically on natural hazards and climate change in Vietnam. The book examines threats such as tropical cyclones, sea-level rise, flooding, erosion, and salinity intrusion, and their respective effects on coastal structures and environments. It also looks at crucial management and mitigation efforts, including breakwater design, irrigation systems, coastal dunes and dikes, and more. The challenges faced by this country in the future will have important regional and global repercussions; areas such as the Mekong Delta produce a significant proportion of the world s rice, and coastal impacts on this region will have far-reaching economic and public health effects. This book is an important source of information for government and local policy makers, environmental and climate scientists, and engineers. Broad coverage of climate challenges specific to the region, including sea-level rise, storms, erosion, and moreAssessments of impact on, and effects of, economic development and port constructionExamination of public policy responses to climate change"

Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam

Download Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319949179
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam by : An Thinh Nguyen

Download or read book Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam written by An Thinh Nguyen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes climate change associated effects in the mountainous and coastal environments of Vietnam. The scope of the book allows international comparisons to be made between these two affected areas and other similarly affected locations under constant environmental pressure. Frequent and intense climate change hazards are described, along with a wider context of integrated interpretations, socioeconomic implications and policy responses. The book reports on original research combining methodologies from the natural sciences with approaches in human sciences, providing an interdisciplinary human ecological context to analyze similar situations worldwide. The book is structured in four parts. The first part offers background information, and details the human ecological framework. The geography of the analyzed regions is discussed to reflect the environmental and socioeconomic context of Vietnam's coasts and mountains. The second part addresses the coast of Central Vietnam. The effects of tropical storms, floods, rising sea levels and coastal erosion in Ky Anh are studied to highlight the impacts on the local population and its development perspectives. The third part focuses on the uplands of Northern Vietnam. The effects of cyclones, heavy rains, floods, flash floods, and landslides in the Van Chan Mountains are studied to compare the biophysical and socioeconomic impacts. Part four makes policy recommendations in building resilient landscapes and green cities, and discusses the potential implications of findings for practice in Vietnam. The book addresses a wide array of researchers, geography and economics students, consultants and decision makers interested in the actual status and the likely developments on the physical, socioeconomic and mitigation and adaptation attitudes and policies of climate change associated effects.

On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change

Download On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642358047
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change by : Ole Bruun

Download or read book On the Frontiers of Climate and Environmental Change written by Ole Bruun and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to fill a gap in climate-change literature by providing a comprehensive regional study and identifying the overall adaptation challenges in a real-life context. The way in which possible climate impacts interact with a range of other challenges in agriculture, forestry, disaster planning, health care, general economic development, and common livelihoods are presented, and it is argued that greater realism and broader vision are needed in order to address the climate challenge. For instance, unsuitable land- use changes in both coastal and highland regions may increase the vulnerability of rural people, many of whom are already living on the fringes. The author(s) also state(s) that, depending on context, it may be pertinent to address short-term and unsustainable resource use, irregularities in local land management, ineffective governance and social inequality, which are all likely to aggravate the impact of external climate and weather. Not least, it is imperative to integrate general environmental management with any climate-change adaptation effort.

A Workbook on Planning for Urban Resilience in the Face of Disasters

Download A Workbook on Planning for Urban Resilience in the Face of Disasters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821388789
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Workbook on Planning for Urban Resilience in the Face of Disasters by : Fatima Shah

Download or read book A Workbook on Planning for Urban Resilience in the Face of Disasters written by Fatima Shah and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-01-26 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Workbook offers a step-by-step guide for city officials in proactively planning for natural disasters and climate change impacts. It is based on learning from three cities in Vietnam - Ha Noi, Can Tho, and Dong Hoi - that developed Local Resilience Action Plans (LRAPs) containing a set of prioritized actions, related to both infrastructure as well as policy/ regulatory and socioeconomic actions. These LRAPs are based on vulnerability and risks assessments, a gaps analysis drawing on an inventory of planned investments and policy changes, and multi-stakeholder priority setting. The on-the-ground learning from these pilot cities in Vietnam has paved the way for cities in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines to embark on similar processes. This Workbook is a complement to the best-selling Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Disasters (2009).

Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Vietnam

Download Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Vietnam PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319123467
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Vietnam by : Philipp Schmidt-Thomé

Download or read book Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Vietnam written by Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-04 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the iterative steps that were successfully undertaken to develop adaptation measures to climate change in two Vietnamese provinces. The methodology used to develop the scientific basis and the societal agreement of the need to adapt to climate change is applicable also to other regions in Vietnam, Asia and worldwide. The uncertainties of climate change models make it difficult to justify investments to finance protection from uncertain impacts. Setting out with the projected climate change impacts in Vietnam, which is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, the book describes a methodological approach to assess and evaluate local vulnerabilities of natural resources to climate change and socio-economic impacts, engaging local stakeholders in the development of locally acceptable and economically feasible adaptation measures. The methodological approach to understand the vulnerabilities and to develop climate change adaptation measures was scenario workshops that supported the communication between scientists and stakeholders. The development of climate change adaptation strategies is nearly state-of-the-art in many countries, but often there is still a large step towards implementing climate change adaptation measures on the local level. The challenge in the development of adaptation measures lies in their acceptability by local stakeholders and decision makers. Climate change adaptation measures also usually demand investments. To understand potential future risks the communication methodology was to first get a good understanding of the natural resources (mainly surface and groundwater) and their potential vulnerabilities (current and future). This was followed by developing a common understanding of current risk patterns, as well as underlying vulnerabilities and hazards. Socio-economic developments have an equally strong, and in the short term mostly even stronger, impact on the living environment and natural resources as long-term climate change impacts. The scenario workshops developed a holistic approach on current and potential future risk patterns, with a special focus on surface and groundwater quantities and qualities, natural hazards and sea level rise. Land-use planning was identified as playing a decisive role in minimizing current and future risks. Finally, first adaptation measures for two Vietnamese provinces were developed and shall be implemented over the next years. The methodology that led to these adaptation measures shall be applied in other Vietnamese provinces.

Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads

Download Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292622064
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Climate Change Adjustments for Detailed Engineering Design of Roads written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2020-06-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This knowledge product explains the rationale and procedures for incorporating allowances for climate change in detailed engineering design, with a focus on credible adjustments to extreme rainfall and to mean and high-end sea-level rise. Highlighting worked examples drawn from Viet Nam's road transport sector and peer-reviewed research literature, it offers a point of departure for more sophisticated assessments of high-risk projects. It presents principles and approaches extendable to other design variables (extreme air temperature, evaporation, and wind speed) and transferable to other sectors, regions, and stages of the asset life cycle (from project concept to decommissioning). An accompanying step-by-step manual shows how each calculation is performed.

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Download The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009178466
Total Pages : 1807 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 1807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Solutions to Coastal Disasters '02

Download Solutions to Coastal Disasters '02 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solutions to Coastal Disasters '02 by : Lesley Ewing

Download or read book Solutions to Coastal Disasters '02 written by Lesley Ewing and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection contains 83 papers presented at the Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2002 Conference, held in San Diego, California, February 24-27, 2002.

APAC 2019

Download APAC 2019 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811502919
Total Pages : 1483 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis APAC 2019 by : Nguyen Trung Viet

Download or read book APAC 2019 written by Nguyen Trung Viet and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-25 with total page 1483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents selected articles from the International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), an event intended to promote academic and technical exchange on coastal related studies, including coastal engineering and coastal environmental problems, among Asian and Pacific countries/regions. APAC is jointly supported by the Chinese Ocean Engineering Society (COES), the Coastal Engineering Committee of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), and the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers (KSCOE). APAC is jointly supported by the Chinese Ocean Engineering Society (COES), the Coastal Engineering Committee of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), and the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers (KSCOE).

Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners

Download Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128012706
Total Pages : 788 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners by : Miguel Esteban

Download or read book Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners written by Miguel Esteban and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-07-29 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world’s population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a population of over 2.5 million are located in coastal areas. Written by an international panel of experts in the fields of engineering and risk management, The Handbook of Coastal Disasters Mitigation presents a coherent overview of 10 years of coastal disaster risk management and engineering, during which some of the most relevant events of recent time have taken place, including the Indian Ocean tsunami, hurricanes Katrina and Sandy in the United States or the 2011 Japanese tsunami. International case studies offer practical lessons on how disaster resilience can be improved in the future Contains tools and techniques for analyzing and managing the risk of coastal disasters Provides engineering measures for mitigating coastal vulnerability to tsunamis, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes Includes crucial tactics for rehabilitation and reconstruction of the infrastructure

Land Use and Climate Change Interactions in Central Vietnam

Download Land Use and Climate Change Interactions in Central Vietnam PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811026246
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Land Use and Climate Change Interactions in Central Vietnam by : Alexandra Nauditt

Download or read book Land Use and Climate Change Interactions in Central Vietnam written by Alexandra Nauditt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the key findings of a five-year interdisciplinary research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF). It serves as a typical case study for a rapidly growing and developing urban center – Da Nang City, which is surrounded by remote areas characterized by increasing migration and limited development. A number of German and Vietnamese universities and international institutions participated in the project, contributing their particular expertise to assess the data-scarce region under study, two provinces in central Vietnam with a combined area of ca. 12,000 km2.

Turn Down the Heat

Download Turn Down the Heat PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464800553
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Turn Down the Heat by : A Report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Analytics.

Download or read book Turn Down the Heat written by A Report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Analytics. and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-06-19 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report focuses on the risks of climate change to development in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and South Asia. Building on the 2012 report, Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided, this new scientific analysis examines the likely impacts of present day, 2°C and 4°C warming on agricultural production, water resources, and coastal vulnerability. It finds many significant climate and development impacts are already being felt in some regions, and that as warming increases from present day (0.8°C) to 2°C and 4°C, multiple threats of increasing extreme heat waves, sea-level rise, more severe storms, droughts and floods are expected to have further severe negative implications for the poorest and most vulnerable. The report finds that agricultural yields will be affected across the three regions, with repercussions for food security, economic growth, and poverty reduction. In addition, urban areas have been identified as new clusters of vulnerability with urban dwellers, particularly the urban poor, facing significant vulnerability to climate change. In Sub-Saharan Africa, under 3°C global warming, savannas are projected to decrease from their current levels to approximately one-seventh of total land area and threaten pastoral livelihoods. Under 4°C warming, total hyper-arid and arid areas are projected to expand by 10 percent. In South East Asia, under 2°C warming, heat extremes that are virtually absent today would cover nearly 60-70 percent of total land area in northern-hemisphere summer, adversely impacting ecosystems. Under 4°C warming, rural populations would face mounting pressures from sea-level rise, increased tropical cyclone intensity, storm surges, saltwater intrusions, and loss of marine ecosystem services. In South Asia, the potential sudden onset of disturbances to the monsoon system and rising peak temperatures would put water and food resources at severe risk. Well before 2°C warming occurs, substantial reductions in the frequency of low snow years is projected to cause substantial reductions in dry season flow, threatening agriculture. Many of the worst climate impacts could still be avoided by holding warming below 2°C, but the window for action is closing rapidly. Urgent action is also needed to build resilience to a rapidly warming world that will pose significant risks to agriculture, water resources, coastal infrastructure, and human health.

Sea Level Rise and the Vulnerability of Coastal Peoples

Download Sea Level Rise and the Vulnerability of Coastal Peoples PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783939923282
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (232 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sea Level Rise and the Vulnerability of Coastal Peoples by : Anthony Oliver-Smith

Download or read book Sea Level Rise and the Vulnerability of Coastal Peoples written by Anthony Oliver-Smith and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries

Download The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 51 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries by :

Download or read book The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat: The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1m-3m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 5m SLR. In this paper, we have assessed the consequences of continued SLR for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially-disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP) with the inundation zones projected for 1-5m SLR. Our results reveal that hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century; and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level, results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to relatively small number of countries. For these countries (e.g., Vietnam, A.R. of Egypt, and The Bahamas), however, the consequences of SLR are potentially catastrophic. For many others, including some of the largest (e.g., China), the absolute magnitudes of potential impacts are very large. At the other extreme, many developing countries experience limited impacts. Among regions, East Asia and Middle East/North Africa exhibit the greatest relative impacts. To date, there is little evidence that the international community has seriously considered the implications of SLR for population location and infrastructure planning in developing countries. We hope that the information provided in this paper will encourage immediate planning for adaptation.

Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners

Download Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 9780128010600
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners by : Miguel Esteban

Download or read book Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners written by Miguel Esteban and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-07-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a population of over 2.5 million are located in coastal areas. Written by an international panel of experts in the fields of engineering and risk management, The Handbook of Coastal Disasters Mitigation presents a coherent overview of 10 years of coastal disaster risk management and engineering, during which some of the most relevant events of recent time have taken place, including the Indian Ocean tsunami, hurricanes Katrina and Sandy in the United States or the 2011 Japanese tsunami.

Protecting Health from Climate Change

Download Protecting Health from Climate Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241564687
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (646 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protecting Health from Climate Change by : Kristie L. Ebi

Download or read book Protecting Health from Climate Change written by Kristie L. Ebi and published by . This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is now strong evidence that the earth's climate is changing rapidly, due mainly to human activities. Increasing temperatures, sea-level rises, changes in precipitation patterns and extreme events are expected to increase a range of health risks, from the direct effects of heat-waves, floods and storms, to more suitable conditions for the transmission of important infectious diseases, to impacts on the natural systems and socioeconomic sectors that ultimately underpin human health. Much of the potential health impact of climate change can, however, be avoided through a combination of strengthening key health system functions and improved management of the risks presented by a changing climate. The critical first step in this process is to carry out a vulnerability and adaptation assessment. This allows countries to assess which populations are most vulnerable to different kinds of health effects, to identify weaknesses in the systems that should protect them, and to specify interventions to respond. Assessments can also improve evidence and understanding of the linkages between climate and health within the assessment area, serve as a baseline analysis against which changes in disease risk and protective measures can be monitored, provide the opportunity for building capacity, and strengthen the case for investment in health protection. WHO has responded to this global demand by building on past guidance and technical tools to outline a flexible process for vulnerability and adaptation assessment. In 2009, the WHO Regional Office for the Americas and WHO prepared draft guidance for this process, which was pilot-tested in studies across all WHO Regions. In July 2010, representatives of ministries of health from 15 countries came together in Costa Rica with WHO and subject area experts to share their experiences and provide feedback on how to improve the guidance for the conduct of vulnerability assessments. This document is the result of this process. It is intended not as a final, definitive guide but as an important part of an evolving set of resources that will support effective and evidence-based action to protect health from climate change.