Chicana/o and Latina/o Fiction

Download Chicana/o and Latina/o Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252098072
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicana/o and Latina/o Fiction by : Ylce Irizarry

Download or read book Chicana/o and Latina/o Fiction written by Ylce Irizarry and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2016-02-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new study, Ylce Irizarry moves beyond literature that prioritizes assimilation to examine how contemporary fiction depicts being Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, or Puerto Rican within Chicana/o and Latina/o America. Irizarry establishes four dominant categories of narrative--loss, reclamation, fracture, and new memory--that address immigration, gender and sexuality, cultural nationalisms, and neocolonialism. As she shows, narrative concerns have moved away from the weathered notions of arrival and assimilation. Contemporary Chicana/o and Latina/o literatures instead tell stories that have little, if anything, to do with integration into the Anglo-American world. The result is the creation of new memory. This reformulation of cultural membership unmasks the neocolonial story and charts the conscious engagement of cultural memory. It outlines the ways contemporary Chicana/o and Latina/o communities create belonging and memory of their ethnic origins. An engaging contribution to an important literary tradition, Chicana/o and Latina/o Fiction privileges the stories Chicanas/os and Latinas/os remember about themselves rather than the stories of those subjugating them.

Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction

Download Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 9780816529261
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (292 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction by : Ignacio L—pez-Calvo

Download or read book Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction written by Ignacio L—pez-Calvo and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2011-02-15 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Angeles has long been a place where cultures clash and reshape. The city has a growing number of Latina/o authors and filmmakers who are remapping and reclaiming it through ongoing symbolic appropriation. In this illuminating book, Ignacio L—pez-Calvo foregrounds the emotional experiences of authors, implicit authors, narrators, characters, and readers in order to demonstrate that the evolution of the imaging of Los Angeles in Latino cultural production is closely related to the politics of spatial location. This spatial-temporal approach, he writes, reveals significant social anxieties, repressed rage, and deep racial guilt. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction sets out to reconfigure the scope of Latino literary and cultural studies. Integrating histories of different regions and nations, the book sets the interplay of unresolved contradictions in this particular metropolitan area. The novelists studied here stem from multiple areas, including the U.S. Southwest, Guatemala, and Chile. The study also incorporates non-Latino writers who have contributed to the Latino culture of the city. The first chapter examines Latino cultural production from an ecocritical perspective on urban interethnic relations. Chapter 2 concentrates on the representation of daily life in the barrio and the marginalization of Latino urban youth. The third chapter explores the space of women and how female characters expand their area of operations from the domestic space to the public space of both the barrio and the city. A much-needed contribution to the fields of urban theory, race critical theory, Chicana/oÐLatina/o studies, and Los Angeles writing and film, L—pez-Calvo offers multiple theoretical perspectivesÑincluding urban theory, ecocriticism, ethnic studies, gender studies, and cultural studiesÑ contextualized with notions of transnationalism and post-nationalism.

Colonial Legacies in Chicana/o Literature and Culture

Download Colonial Legacies in Chicana/o Literature and Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816540071
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Colonial Legacies in Chicana/o Literature and Culture by : Vanessa Fonseca-Chávez

Download or read book Colonial Legacies in Chicana/o Literature and Culture written by Vanessa Fonseca-Chávez and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colonial Legacies in Chicana/o Literature and Culture exposes the ways in which colonialism is expressed in the literary and cultural production of the U.S. Southwest, a region that has experienced at least two distinct colonial periods since the sixteenth century. Vanessa Fonseca-Chávez traces how Spanish colonial texts reflect the motivation for colonial domination. She argues that layers of U.S. colonialism complicate how Chicana/o literary scholars think about Chicana/o literary and cultural production. She brings into view the experiences of Chicana/o communities that have long-standing ties to the U.S. Southwest but whose cultural heritage is tied through colonialism to multiple nations, including Spain, Mexico, and the United States. While the legacies of Chicana/o literature simultaneously uphold and challenge colonial constructs, the metaphor of the kaleidoscope makes visible the rupturing of these colonial fragments via political and social urgencies. This book challenges readers to consider the possibilities of shifting our perspectives to reflect on stories told and untold and to advocate for the inclusion of fragmented and peripheral pieces within the kaleidoscope for more complex understandings of individual and collective subjectivities. This book is intended for readers interested in how colonial legacies are performed in the U.S. Southwest, particularly in the context of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. Readers will relate to the book’s personal narrative thread that provides a path to understanding fragmented identities.

A Companion to American Literature

Download A Companion to American Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119653355
Total Pages : 1864 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to American Literature by : Susan Belasco

Download or read book A Companion to American Literature written by Susan Belasco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-03 with total page 1864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, chronological overview of American literature in three scholarly and authoritative volumes A Companion to American Literature traces the history and development of American literature from its early origins in Native American oral tradition to 21st century digital literature. This comprehensive three-volume set brings together contributions from a diverse international team of accomplished young scholars and established figures in the field. Contributors explore a broad range of topics in historical, cultural, political, geographic, and technological contexts, engaging the work of both well-known and non-canonical writers of every period. Volume One is an inclusive and geographically expansive examination of early American literature, applying a range of cultural and historical approaches and theoretical models to a dramatically expanded canon of texts. Volume Two covers American literature between 1820 and 1914, focusing on the development of print culture and the literary marketplace, the emergence of various literary movements, and the impact of social and historical events on writers and writings of the period. Spanning the 20th and early 21st centuries, Volume Three studies traditional areas of American literature as well as the literature from previously marginalized groups and contemporary writers often overlooked by scholars. This inclusive and comprehensive study of American literature: Examines the influences of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and disability on American literature Discusses the role of technology in book production and circulation, the rise of literacy, and changing reading practices and literary forms Explores a wide range of writings in multiple genres, including novels, short stories, dramas, and a variety of poetic forms, as well as autobiographies, essays, lectures, diaries, journals, letters, sermons, histories, and graphic narratives. Provides a thematic index that groups chapters by contexts and illustrates their links across different traditional chronological boundaries A Companion to American Literature is a valuable resource for students coming to the subject for the first time or preparing for field examinations, instructors in American literature courses, and scholars with more specialized interests in specific authors, genres, movements, or periods.

Altermundos

Download Altermundos PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780895511638
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Altermundos by : Cathryn Josefina Merla-Watson

Download or read book Altermundos written by Cathryn Josefina Merla-Watson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Speculative fiction--encompassing both science fiction and fantasy--has emerged as a dynamic field within Chicana/o and Latina/o studies, producing new critical vocabularies and approaches to topics that include colonialism and modernity, immigration and globalization, race and gender. As the first collection engaging Chicana/o and Latina/o speculative cultural production, Altermundos: Latin@ Speculative Literature, Film, and Popular Culture provides a comprehensive alternative to the view of speculative fiction as a largely white, male, Eurocentric, and heteronormative genre. It features original essays from more than twenty-five scholars as well as interviews, manifestos, short fiction, and new works from Chicana/o and Latina/o artists.

Brown Gumshoes

Download Brown Gumshoes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292774559
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Brown Gumshoes by : Ralph E. Rodriguez

Download or read book Brown Gumshoes written by Ralph E. Rodriguez and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2009-03-06 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, Modern Language Association Prize in United States Latina and Latino and Chicana and Chicano Literary and Cultural Studies, 2006 Popular fiction, with its capacity for diversion, can mask important cultural observations within a framework that is often overlooked in the academic world. Works thought to be merely "escapist" can often be more seriously mined for revelations regarding the worlds they portray, especially those of the disenfranchised. As detective fiction has slowly earned critical respect, more authors from minority groups have chosen it as their medium. Chicana/o authors, previously reluctant to write in an underestimated genre that might further marginalize them, have only entered the world of detective fiction in the past two decades. In this book, the first comprehensive study of Chicano/a detective fiction, Ralph E. Rodriguez examines the recent contributions to the genre by writers such as Rudolfo Anaya, Lucha Corpi, Rolando Hinojosa, Michael Nava, and Manuel Ramos. Their works reveal the struggles of Chicanas/os with feminism, homosexuality, familia, masculinity, mysticism, the nationalist subject, and U.S.-Mexico border relations. He maintains that their novels register crucial new discourses of identity, politics, and cultural citizenship that cannot be understood apart from the historical instability following the demise of the nationalist politics of the Chicana/o movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In contrast to that time, when Chicanas/os sought a unified Chicano identity in order to effect social change, the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have seen a disengagement from these nationalist politics and a new trend toward a heterogeneous sense of self. The detective novel and its traditional focus on questions of knowledge and identity turned out to be the perfect medium in which to examine this new self.

Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society

Download Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 081655238X
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society by : Aída Hurtado

Download or read book Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society written by Aída Hurtado and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2023-01-10 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it mean to be Chicana/o? That question might not be answered the same as it was a generation ago. As the United States witnesses a major shift in its population—from a white majority to a country where no single group predominates—the new mix not only affects relations between ethnic groups but also influences how individuals view themselves. This book addresses the development of individual and social identity within the context of these new demographic and cultural shifts. It identifies the contemporary forces that shape group identity in order to show how Chicana/os' sense of personal identity and social identity develops and how these identities are affected by changes in social relations. The authors, both nationally recognized experts in social psychology, are concerned with the subjective definitions individuals have about the social groups with which they identify, as well as with linguistic, cultural, and social contexts. Their analysis reveals what the majority of Chicanas/os experience, using examples from music, movies, and the arts to illustrate complex concepts. In considering ¿Quién Soy? ("Who Am I?"), they discuss how individuals develop a positive sense of who they are as Chicanas/os, with an emphasis on the influence of family, schools, and community. Regarding ¿Quiénes Somos? ("Who Are We?"), they explore Chicanas/os' different group memberships that define who they are as a people, particularly reviewing the colonization history of the American Southwest to show how Chicanas/os' group identity is influenced by this history. A chapter on "Language, Culture, and Community" looks at how Chicanas/os define their social identities inside and outside their communities, whether in the classroom, neighborhood, or region. In a final chapter, the authors speculate how Chicana/o identity will change as Chicanas/os become a significant proportion of the U.S. population and as such factors as immigration, intermarriage, and improvements in social standing influence the process of identification. At the end of each chapter is an engaging exercise that reinforces its main argument and shows how psychological approaches are applicable to real life. Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society is an unprecedented introduction to psychological issues that students can relate to and understand. It complements other titles in the Mexican American Experience series to provide a balanced view of issues that affect Mexican Americans today.

Permissible Narratives

Download Permissible Narratives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780814213506
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Permissible Narratives by : Christopher González

Download or read book Permissible Narratives written by Christopher González and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Permissible Narratives: The Promise of Latino/a Literature, Christopher González explores the ways in which Latina/o authors dare to bend the possibilities of narrative form to their will, highlighting the double standard of narrative permissibility in U.S. literatures from within and outside of Latinidad.

Chicana Falsa

Download Chicana Falsa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780615538471
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicana Falsa by : Michele M. Serros

Download or read book Chicana Falsa written by Michele M. Serros and published by . This book was released on 2012-02-10 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the white boy who transforms himself into a full-fledged Chicano, to the self-assured woman who effortlessly terrorizes her Anglo boss, to the junior-high friend who berated her "sloppy Spanish" and accused her of being a "Chicana Falsa," the people and places that Michele Serros brings to vivid life in this collection of poems and stories introduce a unique new viewpoint to the American literary landscape. Witty, tender, irreverent, and emotionally honest, her words speak to the painful and hilarious identity crises particular to the coming of age of an adolescent caught between two cultures.

Chicanas of 18th Street

Download Chicanas of 18th Street PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 025209302X
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicanas of 18th Street by : Leonard G. Ramirez

Download or read book Chicanas of 18th Street written by Leonard G. Ramirez and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overflowing with powerful testimonies of six female community activists who have lived and worked in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, Chicanas of 18th Street reveals the convictions and approaches of those organizing for social reform. In chronicling a pivotal moment in the history of community activism in Chicago, the women discuss how education, immigration, religion, identity, and acculturation affected the Chicano movement. Chicanas of 18th Street underscores the hierarchies of race, gender, and class while stressing the interplay of individual and collective values in the development of community reform. Highlighting the women's motivations, initiatives, and experiences in politics during the 1960s and 1970s, these rich personal accounts reveal the complexity of the Chicano movement, conflicts within the movement, and the importance of teatro and cultural expressions to the movement. Also detailed are vital interactions between members of the Chicano movement with leftist and nationalist community members and the influence of other activist groups such as African Americans and Marxists.

The Chicana/o Education Pipeline

Download The Chicana/o Education Pipeline PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780895511669
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chicana/o Education Pipeline by : Michaela J. L. Mares-Tamayo

Download or read book The Chicana/o Education Pipeline written by Michaela J. L. Mares-Tamayo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthology of articles from Aztlâan: A Journal of Chicano Studies that focus on the education of Chicana/os and Latina/os. Articles appeared in the journal between 1973 and 2014.

Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature

Download Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 9781570033797
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (337 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature by : Deborah L. Madsen

Download or read book Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature written by Deborah L. Madsen and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the work of six notable authors, this text reveals characteristic themes, images and stylistic devices that make contemporary Chicana writing a vibrant and innovative part of a burgeoning Latina creativity.

The Chicano Latino Literary Prize

Download The Chicano Latino Literary Prize PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arte Publico Press
ISBN 13 : 1611923034
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chicano Latino Literary Prize by : Stephanie Fetta

Download or read book The Chicano Latino Literary Prize written by Stephanie Fetta and published by Arte Publico Press. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ñDavid is mine!î Mrs. Renteria shouts out to her neighbors gathered about the dead but handsome young man found in the dry riverbed next to their homes in a Los Angeles barrio. ñDavid?î Tiburcio asked. ñSince when is his name David? He looks to me more like a ƒî Tiburcio glanced at the manÍs face, ñƒ a Luis.î Mrs. RenteriaÍs neighbors call out a litany of names that better suit the mysterious corpse: Roberto, Antonio, Henry, Enrique, Miguel, Roy, Rafael. The very first winner of the Chicano / Latino Literary Prize in 1974, Ron AriasÍ ñThe Wetbackî uses dark humor to reflect on the appearance of a dead brown man in their midst. This landmark collection of prize-winning fiction, poetry, and drama paints a historical and aesthetic panorama of Chicana/o and Latina/o letters over a twenty-five-year period beginning in 1974 and ending in 1999. Most, but not all, of the winning entries are featured in this anthology, which also includes second- and third-place winners, as well as honorable mentions. Now entering its thirty-first year, the award has recognized a wide variety of writers, from established ones such as Juan Felipe Herrera, Michael Nava, and Helena Maria Viramontes, to those that are lesser known. Many of the pieces in this anthology are considered to be foundational texts of Chicana/o and Latina/o literature, and those that are not as widely recognized deserve more serious study and attention. Presented in chronological order, the selected writings are primarily in English, although some are written in Spanish, and others in Spanglish. Some, like Francisco X. AlarconÍs poem ñRaices / Roots,î appear in both languages: ñMis raices / las cargo / siempre / conmigo / enrolladas / me sirven / de almohada.î ñI carry / my roots / with me / all the time / rolled up / I use them / as my pillow.î In addition to the diverse array of authors, styles, and genres, the works included in this collection cover a wide range of themes, from more political issues of ethnic, gender, and class.

Chicana (w)rites

Download Chicana (w)rites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chicana (w)rites by : María Herrera-Sobek

Download or read book Chicana (w)rites written by María Herrera-Sobek and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiction. Since 1982 Maria Herrera-Sobek and Helena Maria Viramontes have been instrumental in bringing together the most salient artists, filmmakers, poets, novelists, as well as literary and film critics in the field of Chicana Studies at the University of California at Irvine. The present volume weaves together, through original work and critique, the cultural production of some of the most important Chicana writers and filmmakers of our time.

The Chicana/O/X Dream: Hope, Resistance and Educational Success

Download The Chicana/O/X Dream: Hope, Resistance and Educational Success PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781682535127
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chicana/O/X Dream: Hope, Resistance and Educational Success by : Gilberto Q. Conchas

Download or read book The Chicana/O/X Dream: Hope, Resistance and Educational Success written by Gilberto Q. Conchas and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on interview data, life testimonios, and Chicana feminist theories, The Chicana/o/x Dream profiles first-generation, Mexican-descent college students who have overcome adversity by utilizing various forms of cultural capital to power their academic success. While college enrollment rates for Chicana/o/x students have steadily increased over the last decade, this cohort still faces significant barriers to academic achievement, including minimal information about college and limited access to the kind of preparation and advising that will help them get there. As a result, Chicana/o/x students maintain stubbornly low four-year completion rates. Against this backdrop, Gilberto Q. Conchas and Nancy Acevedo address the mechanisms that shape the achievement, aspirations, and expectations of Chicana/o/x students who grew up in marginalized communities and unequal school contexts and share success stories about this growing population of students. Conchas and Acevedo elevate the voices of students at a research university and in the community college sector to reveal important issues and factors impacting and shaping the students' academic journeys. The college-age men and women in the narratives evince hope, resistance, and empowerment in the face of marginalization, anti-immigration sentiment, poverty, and an education system that too often reinforces deficit-minded stereotypes. The authors critique the educational policies and practices that systematically fail to champion Chicana/o/x success and examine the use of community cultural wealth that supports US-born and US immigrant students of Mexican descent to make their achievement possible. In so doing, the authors look toward the future by highlighting the actions that Chicana/o/x students take in creating bridges between K-12 to college and between their communities and higher education. The Chicana/o/x Dream helps define the heart and soul of tomorrow's America and elucidates how Chicana/o/x college students maintain hope, enact resistance, and succeed against injustice. The book offers a call to action to K-20 educators and administrators to develop better supports to foster the success of Mexican-descent students.

Shaming Into Brown

Download Shaming Into Brown PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cognitive Approaches to Cultur
ISBN 13 : 9780814255025
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shaming Into Brown by : Stephanie Fetta

Download or read book Shaming Into Brown written by Stephanie Fetta and published by Cognitive Approaches to Cultur. This book was released on 2018-10-29 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theorizes shame and analyzes U. S. cultural practices of racializing shame through an examination of scenes of racialization in Latinx literature

In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States

Download In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arte Publico Press
ISBN 13 : 9781611921823
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (218 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States by : Roberta Fernàndez

Download or read book In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States written by Roberta Fernàndez and published by Arte Publico Press. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Roberta Fernàndez has gathered the best and most representative examples of fiction, poetry, drama and essay currently being written by Latina writers of the United States. The work is arranged by genre, and topics are as varied as the voices and styles of the writers: the challenge of living in two cultures; experiencing marginality as a result of class, ethnicity, and/or gender; Latina feminism; the celebration of oneÍs culture and its people. Most of the pieces are in English and some are presented bilingually in English and Spanish. A preface and an introduction by the editor and a foreword by the noted critic of Latin American literature, Jean Franco, serve to contextualize the writers and their work; a primary and secondary bibliography serves as an appendix.