Characterization And Saccharification Of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass

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Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Indira Priya Samayam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Indira Priya Samayam

Download or read book Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Indira Priya Samayam and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation research is to gain a more fundamental understanding of the impact of ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in production of ethanol and other chemicals through a sugar platform and biochemical conversion of polysaccharides to monomeric sugars. Recalcitrance of cellulose hydrolysis is a primary roadblock for efficient enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars that are fermented to ethanol or other products. The structure of lignocellulosic biomass is rendered amenable to enzymatic saccharification upon IL pretreatment. Changes in the structure of cellulose in relation to the biomass digestibility with varying ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment were examined. Conversion of native cellulose I to amorphous cellulose or cellulose II improved the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. The performance of commercial enzyme mixtures were evaluated through saccharification of IL pretreated biomass substrates (poplar and switchgrass) at low biomass slurry concentrations. Poplar and switchgrass hydrolysis with commercial cellulase, Spezyme CP, and Multifect Xylanase showed synergism between the two enzymes. However, switchgrass hydrolysis was less complete than that of poplar, likely due to differences in hemicellulose structural features. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides in lignocellulose at high biomass slurry concentrations is essential in economical fermentation of hydrolyzates to ethanol and other products. Commercial enzyme mixtures were varied for simultaneous or sequential hydrolysis and fermentation of pentose and hexose sugars with Pichia stipitis for IL treated poplar. In sequential hydrolysis of poplar at modest enzyme loadings of 9 mg/g xylan Multifect Xylanase, 1.8 mg/ g xylan SXA (ß-xylosidase) at 50°C in the first step and 10 FPU/g glucan Spezyme CP, and 40 CBU/g glucan Novozyme 188 at 25°C in the second step, the yields of glucose and xylose at 15% (w/v) solid loadings were 61% and 83%, respectively. The incomplete hydrolysis may be due to the accumulation of cellobiose and low activity of enzymes at 25°C. Further increase in Novozyme 188 loadings or hydrolysis may improve hydrolysis yields. A maximum of 66% theoretical ethanol yield based on initial sugar analysis of poplar was expected from these hydrolyzates if all the released sugars were fermented to ethanol. In sequential hydrolysis and fermentation with P. stipitis, 56% theoretical ethanol yields based on the initial sugar composition of poplar respectively was achieved.

Biochemical Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Biomass

Author : Christopher James Barr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (867 download)

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Book Synopsis Biochemical Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Biomass by : Christopher James Barr

Download or read book Biochemical Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Biomass written by Christopher James Barr and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation research is to gain a deeper understanding of two major processes in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars. These two core processes are the ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment step as well as biochemical (enzymatic) conversion of polysaccharides to monomeric sugars. Cellulose, one of the three primary components of lignocellulosic biomass, is recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction due, in part, to a predominantly crystalline structure. Enzymatic access to cellulose is restricted by hemicellulose and lignin. Pretreatment of lignocellulose by ionic liquids can result in a change in the cellulose structure as well as removal or redistribution of the hemicellulose and lignin. These changes result in a regenerated substrate that is more easily hydrolyzed compared to native substrates. Changes in cellulose structure as well as compositional changes within lignocellulosic biomass were examined as a response to changes in the IL incubation temperature. Maxima in 24 hour hydrolysis of glucan to glucose appears to be substrate dependent with maxima at incubation temperatures: 120°C for poplar, 110°C for switchgrass, and 100°C for corn stover. At these temperatures, native cellulose I was converted to a primarily amorphous substrate where the residual crystalline cellulose exhibits predominantly cellulose II features. This optimal incubation temperature occurred before dramatic xylan losses to the IL wash. In a substrate with minimal lignin and xylan (newspaper), a maximum in enzyme digestibility was seen at a considerably lower (60°C) pretreatment temperature. Differences in polysaccharide structure of IL pretreated poplar and switchgrass can impact hydrolysis of these polysaccharides to monomeric sugars and the formulation of the enzyme mixture needed for complete hydrolysis. These differences predicated studies with mono-component enzymes to determine critical enzyme activities and interactions. Endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, ß-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and ß-xylosidase were shown to be critical during hydrolysis for both poplar and switchgrass. Initial studies showed differences between poplar and switchgrass. Beneficial accessory enzymes necessary for hydrolysis of poplar were ferulic acid esterase and exopolygalacturonase while switchgrass required a-L-arabinofuranosidase and ferulic acid esterase. Further studies on switchgrass varying ß-glucosidase activity showed only a-L-arabinofuranosidase was necessary only for hydrolysis of IL pretreated switchgrass. Commercially available enzyme mixtures used for the digestion of lignocellulosic biomass contain many different types of enzymes. The composition of these enzyme mixtures are relatively unknown and are traditionally characterized by the amount of sugar released from the hydrolysis of filter paper in one hour (filter paper unit, FPU). This characterization does not quantitate the xylanolytic component within the mixture, especially accessory hemicellulases whose necessity may vary between substrates. Supplementation of the commercial mixture, Cellic CTec2, with a-L-arabinofuranosidase improved switchgrass xylose yields by 75% and resulted in complete conversion of switchgrass xylan at lower enzyme loadings than previous studies.

Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Anuj Chandel
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535111191
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Anuj Chandel

Download or read book Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Anuj Chandel and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides important aspects of sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which has a pivotal role for the economic production of several value-added products and biofuels with safe environment. Different pretreatment techniques and enzymatic hydrolysis process along with the characterization of cell wall components have been discussed broadly. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: This book comprehensively covers the improvement in methodologies for the biomass pretreatment, hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown into fermentable sugars, the analytical methods for biomass characterization, and bioconversion of cellulosics into biofuels. In addition, mechanistic analysis of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been discussed in details, highlighting key factors influencing these processes at industrial scale.

Pre-treatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production

Author : Shyamal Roy
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000481549
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Pre-treatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production by : Shyamal Roy

Download or read book Pre-treatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production written by Shyamal Roy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel is materially obstructed by the compositional and chemical complexity of biomaterials, resulting in a challenge in using these as raw materials for the biofuel production process. This book explains various lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment methods with emphasis on concepts, practicability, mechanisms of action, and advantages and disadvantages and potential for industrial applications. It also highlights the main challenges and suggests possible ways to make these pre-treatment technologies feasible for the biofuel industry. Features Presents different pre-treatment technologies available for lignocellulosic biomass in a concise manner. Covers use of different pre-treatment methods in laboratory to industrial scales. Includes combined pre-treatment and deep eutectic solvents methods. Discusses problems related to industrial adaptation and corresponding economics of different techniques. Explores significant fuels and chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers working on biomass conversion, characterization, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, microbial enzymes, fermentation technology, and industrial biotechnology.

Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1

Author : Nour Shafik El-Gendy
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119785359
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1 by : Nour Shafik El-Gendy

Download or read book Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1 written by Nour Shafik El-Gendy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This first volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on the role of waste management in solving pollution problems and the value-added products that can be created out of waste, turning a negative into an environmental and economic positive. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing our world today, in every country, region, and even down to local landfills. Not just solving these problems, but turning waste into products, even products that can make money, is a huge game-changer in the world of environmental engineering. Finding ways to make fuel and other products from solid waste, setting a course for the production of future biorefineries, and creating a clean process for generating fuel and other products are just a few of the topics covered in the groundbreaking new first volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution. The valorization of waste, including the creation of biofuels, turning waste cooking oil into green chemicals, providing sustainable solutions for landfills, and many other topics are also covered in this extensive treatment on the state of the art of this area in environmental engineering. This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. AUDIENCE Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas

Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids

Author : Michael Anthony FitzPatrick
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids by : Michael Anthony FitzPatrick

Download or read book Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids written by Michael Anthony FitzPatrick and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade there has been increasing research interest in the value of bio-sourced materials from lignocellulosic biomass. The dissolution of cellulose by ionic liquids (ILs) has led to investigations including the dissolution of cellulose, lignin, and complete biomass samples and the in situ processing of cellulose. Rapid quantitative measurement of cellulose dissolution in ILs is difficult. In this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of cellulose dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]) were subjected to partial least squares (PLS) regression to model dissolved cellulose content. PLS regression was used due to the ease in developing predictive models with this technique in addition to linear regression being ineffectual for modeling when applied to potentially thousands of variables. Applying a normalization data treatment, before regression, generated a model that estimated cellulose content within 0.533 wt%. The methods described provided the basis for a rapid methodology to determine dissolved cellulose content. Development of rapid and facile screening techniques to determine the effectiveness of various ILs as solvents for cellulose or lignin will aid in the development of lignocellulosic based bioproducts. In this work, optical microscopy with and without the use of cross-polarized lenses, was used to monitor cellulose and lignin dissolution in two imidazolium-based and two phosphonium-based ILs as well as n, n-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl), demonstrating that this technique could be applied more broadly than solely for ILs. The described optical microscopy methodology was more rapid and sensitive than more traditional techniques, such as visual inspection. The viscosity of [emim][OAc] (162 cP) is 100 times that of water at 20°C and could inhibit its use as a solvent for cellulose. There is a need for simple, low-cost and environmentally benign methods to reduce the viscosity of ILs to aid in cellulose dissolution. In this work, 4 wt% cellulose dissolved in [emim][OAc] was subjected to 50 psi CO2 and 20 psi N2, as a control environment, at both 50°C and 75°C. After 24 hours a nearly 2-fold increase in dissolved cellulose over the N2 control was demonstrated through the application of a 50 psi CO2 environment for cellulose dissolution in [emim][OAc] at 50°C.

Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence

Author : L.A. Crum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401592152
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence by : L.A. Crum

Download or read book Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence written by L.A. Crum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sonochemistry is studied primarily by chemists and sonoluminescence mainly by physicists, but a single physical phenomenon - acoustic cavitation - unites the two areas. The physics of cavitation bubble collapse, is relatively well understood by acoustical physicists but remains practically unknown to the chemists. By contrast, the chemistry that gives rise to electromagnetic emissions and the acceleration of chemical reactions is familiar to chemists, but practically unknown to acoustical physicists. It is just this knowledge gap that the present volume addresses. The first section of the book addresses the fundamentals of cavitation, leading to a more extensive discussion of the fundamentals of cavitation bubble dynamics in section two. A section on single bubble sonoluminescence follows. The two following sections address the new scientific discipline of sonochemistry, and the volume concludes with a section giving detailed descriptions of the applications of sonochemistry. The mixture of tutorial lectures and detailed research articles means that the book can serve as an introduction as well as a comprehensive and detailed review of these two interesting and topical subjects.

Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production

Author : Xin Lu
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128188634
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production by : Xin Lu

Download or read book Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production written by Xin Lu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production presents a comprehensive overview of technologies and strategies for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. This includes issues like sustainable production, environmental and economic benefits, and the main hurdles for upscaling and achieving commercial viability. The book assesses the current biomass conversion technologies, their readiness level for commercial production, and applications of bioethanol in bioenergy and chemical feedstock. The essential conversion process of 2nd generation biofuels, including feedstock composition and pretreatment, is then broken down, with special focus on advantages and pitfalls of each feedstock and process. It also explores the advances and challenges of bioprocessing, hydrolysis technologies and simultaneous fermentation of pentose and hexose. Finally, it presents the current status and bottlenecks for industrial production of bioethanol, as well as its future prospects. Its interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon plant biology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics, makes Advances in 2nd Generation of Bioethanol Production a must-have reference for researchers in academia and industry R&D. It allows them to compare challenges and opportunities of new technologies and identify the gaps where new technology is needed. Practitioners in the industry also benefit from the information on working principles, design and control of the bioethanol production process, highlighting areas where technology innovation and investment should be placed. Graduate students and researchers newly entered in this field find here a key-resource to thoroughly understand the process as well as the fundamentals of bioethanol and bioproducts production from lignocellulosic biomass. Presents fundamentals and state-of-the-art of available pathways for bioethanol and bioproducts production from lignocellulosic biomass Discusses key-challenges for large scale production of bioethanol, such as pretreatment and hydrolysis Covers the specificities of various feedstocks and processes, the role of microorganisms in fermentation, saccharification limitations and challenges in the C5 and C6 fermentation

Pretreatment of Biomass

Author : Ashok Pandey
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128003960
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Pretreatment of Biomass by : Ashok Pandey

Download or read book Pretreatment of Biomass written by Ashok Pandey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-18 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pretreatment of Biomass provides general information, basic data, and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources—biomass for their pretreatment—which is one of the most essential and critical aspects of biomass-based processes development. The quest to make the environment greener, less polluted, and less hazardous has led to the concept of biorefineries for developing bio-based processes and products using biomass as a feedstock. Each kind of biomass requires some kind of pretreatment to make it suitable for bioprocess. This book provides state-of-art information on the methods currently available for this. This book provides data-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for further processing. Pretreatment of biomass is considered one of the most expensive steps in the overall processing in a biomass-to-biofuel program. With the strong advancement in developing lignocellulose biomass- and algal biomass-based biorefineries, global focus has been on developing pretreatment methods and technologies that are technically and economically feasible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in methods used for the pretreatment of biomass. An entire section is devoted to the methods and technologies of algal biomass due to the increasing global attention of its use. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatament processes and technologies for biomass Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery Useful for researchers intending to study scale-up Provides information on integration of processes and technologies for the pretreatment of biomass

Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics

Author : George T. Tsao
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540655778
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics by : George T. Tsao

Download or read book Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics written by George T. Tsao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-09-02 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reports the latest advances in the science and technology related to the conversion of lignocellulosics. A portion of the volume is devoted to molecular biology of the enzymes and the microbes involved in the conversion. Hydrolysis of cellulose continues to be of prime importance in the overall conversion scheme. Reaction kinetics and mechanisms of cellulases as well as the state-of-the-art methods of cellulase production by submerged fermentation and also by solid state fermentation are included in the volume. The latest advances made in dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulose are described. Finally, some exciting methods and perspectives for bioconverion of lignocellulosics into ethanol, organic acids and other value-added products are described. This volume should be useful to researchers in this area. It should also be helpful to those who want a concise overview of lignocellulosics.

Bioalcohol Production

Author : Keith W. Waldron
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845699610
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioalcohol Production by : Keith W. Waldron

Download or read book Bioalcohol Production written by Keith W. Waldron and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-05-24 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioethanol is one of the main biofuels currently used as a petroleum-substitute in transport applications. However, conflicts over food supply and land use have made its production and utilisation a controversial topic. Second generation bioalcohol production technology, based on (bio)chemical conversion of non-food lignocellulose, offers potential advantages over existing, energy-intensive bioethanol production processes. Food vs. fuel pressures may be reduced by utilising a wider range of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks, including energy crops, cellulosic residues, and, particularly, wastes. Bioalcohol production covers the process engineering, technology, modelling and integration of the entire production chain for second generation bioalcohol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Primarily reviewing bioethanol production, the book’s coverage extends to the production of longer-chain bioalcohols which will be elemental to the future of the industry. Part one reviews the key features and processes involved in the pretreatment and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioalcohol production, including hydrothermal and thermochemical pretreatment, and fractionation to separate out valuable process feedstocks. Part two covers the hydrolysis (saccharification) processes applicable to pretreated feedstocks. This includes both acid and enzymatic approaches and also importantly covers the development of particular enzymes to improve this conversion step. This coverage is extended in Part three, with chapters reviewing integrated hydrolysis and fermentation processes, and fermentation and co-fermentation challenges of lignocellulose-derived sugars, as well as separation and purification processes for bioalcohol extraction. Part four examines the analysis, monitoring and modelling approaches relating to process and quality control in the pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation steps of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production. Finally, Part five discusses the life-cycle assessment of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production, as well as the production of valuable chemicals and longer-chain alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass. With its distinguished international team of contributors, Bioalcohol production is a standard reference for fuel engineers, industrial chemists and biochemists, plant scientists and researchers in this area. Provides an overview of the life-cycle assessment of lignocelluloses-to-bioalcohol production Reviews the key features and processes involved in the pre-treatment and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioalcohol production Examines the analysis, monitoring and modelling approaches relating to process and quality control in pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation

Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production

Author : Michael E. Himmel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production by : Michael E. Himmel

Download or read book Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production written by Michael E. Himmel and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the use of enzymatic and microbial biocatalysis for transformation of biomass to liquid or gaseous fuels. Explores metabolic pathway engineering. Discusses characterization of new hydrolytic enzymes. Presents new microorganisms and fermentation techniques. Focuses on lignocellulosic biomass conversion technology.

A Life Cycle Assessment of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Greg M. Avery
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis A Life Cycle Assessment of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Greg M. Avery

Download or read book A Life Cycle Assessment of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Greg M. Avery and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this research is to perform a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of an ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment, beginning with the harvested lignocellulosic feedstock poplar and ending with the monosaccharide product glucose. This LCA looks at two different routes for IL incubation and pretreatment: the more traditional high-temperature route (HTR) and low-temperature route (LTR) which consists of a two-step pretreatment with an oxidation step followed by IL incubation. This LCA examines the effects of chemical and energy inputs when determining the environmental impacts for production of one kilogram of the functional unit glucose. Impacts were not allocated to xylose and lignin co-products. The impact categories included in the LCA are Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Photochemical Oxidation Creation Potential (POCP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). The effects of recovering and recycling the IL and anti-solvent used in the LTR and HTR pretreatment are also examined. The anti-solvents used in this analysis were ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile. The recovery methods examined are evaporation and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE). The combination of LTR, HTR, anti-solvent choice, and recovery method results in a total of twelve scenarios examined in the LCA. Experiments were performed using SCFE to determine the ratio of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to anti-solvent as a function of recovery of anti-solvent from IL. Energy inputs were estimated for several composite parts of the process: pretreatment, saccharification, and IL/anti-solvent recovery. Recovery steps required the largest portion of total energy input. Thermal and electrical energy inputs and their associated impacts were also defined. The energy inputs for SCFE were derived from chemical process simulation with AspenPlus. Heat integration was used to minimize energy requirements. The LTR was found to produce fewer impacts than the HTR in most scenarios for both chemical and energy inputs. Determining which anti-solvent and recovery method is the most sustainable depends on the impact category chosen for comparison. Acetonitrile requires the least amount of CO2 for recovery with SCFE, and subsequently produces fewer impacts than methanol or ethanol in each impact category when SCFE is used. SCFE has lower impacts in GWP, POCP, and AP than evaporation when acetonitrile is used as the anti-solvent. For this scenario, the least impactful route (LTR or HTR) depends on which impact category is chosen for comparison. Evaporation requires less energy input for recovery compared to SCFE when ethanol or methanol is used as the anti-solvent and more when acetonitrile is used. The scenario that produces the fewest overall impacts is ethanol anti-solvent (followed by methanol anti-solvent), using the LTR and evaporation recovery method. This is true in all impact categories. This is conditional upon recovering ~98% of the IL and anti-solvent from biomass washing during pretreatment, and ~100% with either recovery method.

Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production

Author : Robert Henry
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889198677
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production by : Robert Henry

Download or read book Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production written by Robert Henry and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and other commodities has provided an appealing alternative towards supplanting global dependence on fossil fuels. The suitability of multitudes of plants for deconstruction to useful precursor molecules and products is currently being evaluated. These studies have probed a variety of phenotypic traits, including cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and lignin monomer composition, glucose and xylose production following enzymatic hydrolysis, and an assessment of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages, to name a few. These quintessential traits can provide an assessment of biomass recalcitrance, enabling researchers to devise appropriate deconstruction strategies. Plants with high polysaccharide and lower lignin contents have been shown to breakdown to monomeric sugars more readily. Not all plants contain ideal proportions of the various cell wall constituents, however. The capabilities of biotechnology can alleviate this conundrum by tailoring the chemical composition of plants to be more favorable for conversion to sugars, fuels, etc. Increases in the total biomass yield, cellulose content, or conversion efficiency through, for example, a reduction in lignin content, are pathways being evaluated to genetically improve plants for use in manufacturing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Although plants have been previously domesticated for food and fiber production, the collection of phenotypic traits prerequisite for biofuel production may necessitate new genetic breeding schemes. Given the plethora of potential plants available for exploration, rapid analytical methods are needed to more efficiently screen through the bulk of samples to hone in on which feedstocks contain the desired chemistry for subsequent conversion to valuable, renewable commodities. The standard methods for analyzing biomass and related intermediates and finished products are laborious, potentially toxic, and/or destructive. They may also necessitate a complex data analysis, significantly increasing the experimental time and add unwanted delays in process monitoring, where delays can incur in significant costs. Advances in thermochemical and spectroscopic techniques have enabled the screening of thousands of plants for different phenotypes, such as cell-wall cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, and lignin composition, lignin monomer composition, or monomeric sugar release. Some instrumental methods have been coupled with multivariate analysis, providing elegant chemometric predictive models enabling the accelerated identification of potential feedstocks. In addition to the use of high-throughput analytical methods for the characterization of feedstocks based on phenotypic metrics, rapid instrumental techniques have been developed for the real-time monitoring of diverse processes, such as the efficacy of a specific pretreatment strategy, or the formation of end products, such as biofuels and biomaterials. Real-time process monitoring techniques are needed for all stages of the feedstocks-to-biofuels conversion process in order to maximize efficiency and lower costs by monitoring and optimizing performance. These approaches allow researchers to adjust experimental conditions during, rather than at the conclusion, of a process, thereby decreasing overhead expenses. This Frontiers Research Topic explores options for the modification of biomass composition and the conversion of these feedstocks into to biofuels or biomaterials and the related innovations in methods for the analysis of the composition of plant biomass, and advances in assessing up- and downstream processes in real-time. Finally, a review of the computational models available for techno-economic modeling and lifecycle analysis will be presented.

Ionic Liquid-Based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability

Author : Mohammad Jawaid
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128245468
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Ionic Liquid-Based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability by : Mohammad Jawaid

Download or read book Ionic Liquid-Based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-12-04 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ionic Liquid-based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability explores the range of sustainable and green applications of IL materials achieved in recent years, such as gas solubility, biomass pre-treatment, bio-catalysis, energy storage, gas separation and purification technologies. The book also provides a reference material for future research in IL-based technologies for environmental and energy applications, which are much in-demand due to sustainable, reusable and eco-friendly methods for highly innovative and applied materials. Written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the world, the book aims to cover the synthesis and characterization of broad range of ionic liquids and their sustainable applications. Chapters provide cutting-edge research with state-of-the-art developments, including the use of IL-based materials for the removal of pharmaceuticals, dyes and value-added metals. Describes the fundamentals and major applications of ionic liquid materials Covers up-to-date developments in novel applications of IL materials Provides practical tips to aid researchers who work on ionic liquid applications

Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals

Author : Charles E. Wyman
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111856040X
Total Pages : 597 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

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Book Synopsis Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals by : Charles E. Wyman

Download or read book Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals written by Charles E. Wyman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals. Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals presents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances. Topics covered include: • The importance of biomass conversion to fuels • The role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass • Composition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion • Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH • Ionic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass • Comparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations • Physical and chemical features of pretreated biomass • Economics of pretreatment for biological processing • Methods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams • Experimental pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operations This comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic. It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.

Ionic Liquids

Author : Mark B. Shiflett
Publisher : ACS Symposium
ISBN 13 : 9780841232136
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Ionic Liquids by : Mark B. Shiflett

Download or read book Ionic Liquids written by Mark B. Shiflett and published by ACS Symposium. This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to provide an update on some of the latest research and applications in the broad field of ionic liquids. This volume spans research and development activities ranging from fundamental and experimental investigations to commercial applications. A brief history of the field is included, as well as both new developments and reviews organized in the general topical areas of applications, materials, biomass processing, and fundamental studies. This book attempts to propel the field forward by bringing together contributions from some of the foremost researchers on ionic liquids. Recent products and new large-scale processes using ionic liquids, both in operation and being announced, indicate that an exciting new chapter in this field is about to begin. The authors summarize some of the history, applications, conferences, books, databases, issues related to data quality and toxicity for researchers working in the field of ionic liquids and includes an overview for each proceeding chapter with an introduction about the authors.