Character Assassination and Reputation Management

Download Character Assassination and Reputation Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042988110X
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Character Assassination and Reputation Management by : Eric B. Shiraev

Download or read book Character Assassination and Reputation Management written by Eric B. Shiraev and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-16 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively book offers the first comprehensive examination of character assassination. In modern politics as well as in historical times, character attacks abound. Words and images, like psychological weapons, have sullied or destroyed numerous individual reputations. How does character assassination "work" and when or why does it not? Are character attacks getting worse in the age of social media? Why do many people fail when they are under character attack? How should they prevent attacks and defend against them? Moving beyond discussions about corporate reputation management and public relations canons, Character Assassination and Reputation Management is designed to help understand, critically analyze, and effectively defend against such attacks. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team of experts, the book begins with a discussion of theoretical and applied features of the "five pillars" of character assassination: (1) the attacker, (2) the target, (3) the media, (4) the audience, and (5) the context. The remaining chapters present engaging in-depth discussions and case studies suitable for homework and class discussion. These cases include: Historic figures Leaders from modern times Women in politics U.S. presidents World leaders Political autocrats Democratic leaders Scientists Celebrities Featuring an extensive glossary of key terms, critical thinking exercises, and summaries to encourage problem-based learning, Character Assassination and Reputation Management will prove invaluable to the undergraduate and postgraduate students in communication, political science, global affairs, history, sociology, and psychology departments.

Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management

Download Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135136832X
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management by : Sergei A. Samoilenko

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management written by Sergei A. Samoilenko and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-12-05 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In modern politics as well as in historical times, character attacks abound. Words and images, like symbolic and psychological weapons, have sullied or destroyed numerous reputations. People mobilize significant material and psychological resources to defend themselves against such attacks. How does character assassination "work," and when does it not? Why do many targets fall so easily when they are under character attack? How can one prevent attacks and defend against them? The Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management offers the first comprehensive examination of character assassination. Moving beyond studying corporate reputation management and how public figures enact and maintain their reputation, this lively volume offers a framework and cases to help understand, critically analyze, and effectively defend against such attacks. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team of experts, the book begins with a theoretical introduction and extensive description of the "five pillars" of character assassination: (1) the attacker, (2) the target, (3) the media, (4) the public, and (5) the context. The remaining chapters present engaging case studies suitable for class discussion. These include: Roman emperors; Reformation propaganda; the Founding Fathers; defamation in US politics; women politicians; autocratic regimes; European leaders; celebrities; nations; Internet campaigns. This handbook will prove invaluable to undergraduate and postgraduate students in communication, political science, history, sociology, and psychology departments. It will also help researchers become independent, critical, and informed thinkers capable of avoiding the pressure and manipulations of the media.

Character Assassination and Reputation Management

Download Character Assassination and Reputation Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781138609181
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Character Assassination and Reputation Management by : Eric B Shiraev

Download or read book Character Assassination and Reputation Management written by Eric B Shiraev and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-31 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively book offers the first comprehensive examination of character assassination. In modern politics as well as in historical times, character attacks abound. Words and images, like psychological weapons, have sullied or destroyed numerous individual reputations. How does character assassination "work" and when or why does it not? Are character attacks getting worse in the age of social media? Why do many people fail when they are under character attack? How should they prevent attacks and defend against them? Moving beyond discussions about corporate reputation management and public relations canons, Character Assassination and Reputation Management is designed to help understand, critically analyze, and effectively defend against such attacks. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team of experts, the book begins with a discussion of theoretical and applied features of the "five pillars" of character assassination: (1) the attacker, (2) the target, (3) the media, (4) the audience, and (5) the context. The remaining chapters present engaging in-depth discussions and case studies suitable for homework and class discussion. These cases include: Historic figures Leaders from modern times Women in politics US Presidents World leaders Political autocrats Democratic leaders Scientists Celebrities Featuring an extensive glossary of key terms, critical thinking exercises, and summaries to encourage problem-based learning, Character Assassination and Reputation Management will prove invaluable to the undergraduate and postgraduate students in communication, political science, global affairs, history, sociology, and psychology departments.

Character Assassination

Download Character Assassination PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kindle Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Character Assassination by : Jason Jay Smart

Download or read book Character Assassination written by Jason Jay Smart and published by Kindle Books. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the contemporary world that is ever more complex and interdependent, international relations take place within the permanent confrontation of states; we are witnessing the more frequent use of character assassination as a common tactic of international politics. After examining how character assassination has been used in the historic context, and continues to be used in daily life (especially in politics), this book delves into how international actors have used diverse tools to defame political leaders in different countries. Of the many current examples are the numerous attacks on US President Donald Trump, those against Russian President Vladimir Putin, and other political leaders in France, Great Britain, etc. As today's news shows that the increasingly popular and effective mechanism for defamation is via electronic media resources, such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. through which hearty attacks on individuals are commonly conducted transnationally. It is worth noting that though the instruments of character assassination may differ as time passes, some tropes have existed for many generations. Today there is an entire industry built around finding humor in attacks, or the multitude of video materials that have the purpose of attacking and destroying the reputation of political leaders in the international arena. Importantly, this book thoroughly reviews common character assassination tactics and strategies which can be applied in a variety of contexts outside of international politics. By understanding the genesis of character attacks, and how the target of an attack should best react in defending themselves, the reader will be able to apply these lessons to a wide variety of settings outside of politics, expanding to the realms of business, academia, or in day-to-day life. This is the first in-depth research book ever written on character assassination with a focused study of cases in international politics.

Root Narrative Theory and Conflict Resolution

Download Root Narrative Theory and Conflict Resolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000029107
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Root Narrative Theory and Conflict Resolution by : Solon J. Simmons

Download or read book Root Narrative Theory and Conflict Resolution written by Solon J. Simmons and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces Root Narrative Theory, a new approach for narrative analysis, decoding moral politics, and for building respect and understanding in conditions of radical disagreement. This theory of moral politics bridges emotion and reason, and, rather than relying on what people say, it helps both the analyst and the practitioner to focus on what people mean in a language that parties to the conflict understand. Based on a simple idea—the legacy effects of abuses of power—the book argues that conflicts only endure and escalate where there is a clash of interpretations about the history of institutional power. Providing theoretically complex but easy-to-use tools, this book offers a completely new way to think about storytelling, the effects of abusive power on interpretation, the relationship between power and conceptions of justice, and the origins and substance of ultimate values. By locating the source of radical disagreement in story structures and political history rather than in biological or cognitive systems, Root Narrative Theory bridges the divides between reason and emotion, realism and idealism, without losing sight of the inescapable human element at work in the world’s most devastating conflicts. This book will be of much interest to students of conflict resolution, peace studies and International Relations, as well as to practitioners of conflict resolution.

Digital Assassination

Download Digital Assassination PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1429989386
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Assassination by : Richard Torrenzano

Download or read book Digital Assassination written by Richard Torrenzano and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2011-10-25 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two leading reputation experts reveal how the internet is being used to destroy brands, reputations and even lives, and how to fight back. From false Wikipedia entries, to fake YouTube videos, to Facebook lynch mobs, everyone from CEOs to fashion models, journalists to politicians, restaurateurs to doctors, is open to character assassination in the burgeoning realm of digital media. Two top media experts recount vivid tales of character attacks, provide specific advice on how to counter them, and how to turn the tables on the attackers. Having spent decades preparing for and coping with these issues, Richard Torrenzano and Mark Davis share their secrets on dealing with problems at the top of today's news. Torrenzano and Davis also take a step back to look at how the past might inform our future thinking about character assassination, from the slander wars between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, to predictions on what the end of privacy will mean for civilization.

The Global Public Relations Handbook

Download The Global Public Relations Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135645493
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Global Public Relations Handbook by : Krishnamurthy Sriramesh

Download or read book The Global Public Relations Handbook written by Krishnamurthy Sriramesh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-06-20 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook represents the state of the public relations profession throughout the world, with contributions from the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. A resource for scholars and advanced students in public relations & international business.

Buy-In

Download Buy-In PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard Business Review Press
ISBN 13 : 1633692140
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (336 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Buy-In by : John P. Kotter

Download or read book Buy-In written by John P. Kotter and published by Harvard Business Review Press. This book was released on 2010-10-06 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: You've got a good idea. You know it could make a crucial difference for you, your organization, your community. You present it to the group, but get confounding questions, inane comments, and verbal bullets in return. Before you know what's happened, your idea is dead, shot down. You're furious. Everyone has lost: Those who would have benefited from your proposal. You. Your company. Perhaps even the country. It doesn't have to be this way, maintain John Kotter and Lorne Whitehead. In Buy-In, they reveal how to win the support your idea needs to deliver valuable results. The key? Understand the generic attack strategies that naysayers and obfuscators deploy time and time again. Then engage these adversaries with tactics tailored to each strategy. By "inviting in the lions" to critique your idea--and being prepared for them--you'll capture busy people's attention, help them grasp your proposal's value, and secure their commitment to implementing the solution. The book presents a fresh and amusing fictional narrative showing attack strategies in action. It then provides several specific counterstrategies for each basic category the authors have defined--including: · Death-by-delay: Your enemies push discussion of your idea so far into the future it's forgotten. · Confusion: They present so much data that confidence in your proposal dies. · Fearmongering: Critics catalyze irrational anxieties about your idea. · Character assassination: They slam your reputation and credibility. Smart, practical, and filled with useful advice, Buy-In equips you to anticipate and combat attacks--so your good idea makes it through to make a positive change.

Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online

Download Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522585370
Total Pages : 651 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online by : Chiluwa, Innocent E.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online written by Chiluwa, Innocent E. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing amount of false and misleading information on the internet has generated new concerns and quests for research regarding the study of deception and deception detection. Innovative methods that involve catching these fraudulent scams are constantly being perfected, but more material addressing these concerns is needed. The Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online provides broad perspectives, practices, and case studies on online deception. It also offers deception-detection methods on how to address the challenges of the various aspects of deceptive online communication and cyber fraud. While highlighting topics such as behavior analysis, cyber terrorism, and network security, this publication explores various aspects of deceptive behavior and deceptive communication on social media, as well as new methods examining the concepts of fake news and misinformation, character assassination, and political deception. This book is ideally designed for academicians, students, researchers, media specialists, and professionals involved in media and communications, cyber security, psychology, forensic linguistics, and information technology.

The Handbook of Strategic Communication

Download The Handbook of Strategic Communication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118857232
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Handbook of Strategic Communication by : Carl H. Botan

Download or read book The Handbook of Strategic Communication written by Carl H. Botan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents cocreational perspectives on current international practices and theories relevant to strategic communication The Handbook of Strategic Communication brings together work from leading scholars and practitioners in the field to explore the many practical, national and cultural differences in modern approaches to strategic communication. Designed to provide a coherent understanding of strategic communication across various subfields, this authoritative volume familiarizes practitioners, researchers, and advanced students with an inclusive range of international practices, current theories, and contemporary debates and issues in this dynamic, multidisciplinary field. This Handbook covers an expansive range of strategic communication models, theories, and applications, comprising two dozen in-depth chapters written by international scholars and practitioners. In-depth essays discuss the three core areas of strategic communication—public relations, marketing communication, and health communication—and their many subfields, such as political communication, issues management, crisis and risk communication, environmental and science communication, public diplomacy, disaster management, strategic communication for social movements and religious communities, and many others. This timely volume: Challenges common assumptions about the narrowness of strategic communication Highlights ongoing efforts to unify the understanding and practice of strategic communication across a range of subfields Discusses models and theories applied to diverse areas such as conflict resolution, research and evaluation, tobacco control, climate change, and counter terrorism strategic communication Examines current research and models of strategic communication, such as the application of the CAUSE Model to climate change communication Explores strategic communication approaches in various international contexts, including patient-oriented healthcare in Russia, road and tunnel safety in Norway, public sector communication in Turkey, and ethical conflict resolution in Guatemala The Handbook of Strategic Communication is an indispensable resource for practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students involved in any aspect of strategic communication across its many subfields.

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation

Download The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1483376524
Total Pages : 2475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation by : Craig E. Carroll

Download or read book The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation written by Craig E. Carroll and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2016-05-04 with total page 2475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What creates corporate reputations and how should organizations respond? Corporate reputation is a growing research field in disciplines as diverse as communication, management, marketing, industrial and organizational psychology, and sociology. As a formal area of academic study, it is relatively young with roots in the 1980s and the emergence of specialized reputation rankings for industries, products/services, and performance dimensions and for regions. Such rankings resulted in competition between organizations and the alignment of organizational activities to qualify and improve standings in the rankings. In addition, today’s changing stakeholder expectations, the growth of advocacy, demand for more disclosures and greater transparency, and globalized, mediatized environments create new challenges, pitfalls, and opportunities for organizations. Successfully engaging, dealing with, and working through reputational challenges requires an understanding of options and tools for organizational decision-making and stakeholder engagement. For the first time, the vast and important field of corporate reputation is explored in the format of an encyclopedic reference. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation comprehensively overviews concepts and techniques for identifying, building, measuring, monitoring, evaluating, maintaining, valuing, living up to and/or changing corporate reputations. Key features include: 300 signed entries are organized in A-to-Z fashion in 2 volumes available in a choice of electronic or print formats Entries conclude with Cross-References and Further Readings to guide students to in-depth resources. Although organized A-to-Z, a thematic “Reader’s Guide” in the front matter groups related entries by broad areas A Chronology provides historical perspective on the development of corporate reputation as a discrete field of study. A Resource Guide in the back matter lists classic books, key journals, associations, websites, and selected degree programs of relevance to corporate reputation. A General Bibliography will be accompanied by visual maps noting the relationships between the various disciplines touching upon corporate reputation studies. The work concludes with a comprehensive Index, which—in the electronic version—combines with the Reader’s Guide and Cross-References to provide thorough search-and-browse capabilities

The Revolt of The Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium

Download The Revolt of The Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stripe Press
ISBN 13 : 1953953344
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (539 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Revolt of The Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by : Martin Gurri

Download or read book The Revolt of The Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium written by Martin Gurri and published by Stripe Press. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How insurgencies—enabled by digital devices and a vast information sphere—have mobilized millions of ordinary people around the world. In the words of economist and scholar Arnold Kling, Martin Gurri saw it coming. Technology has categorically reversed the information balance of power between the public and the elites who manage the great hierarchical institutions of the industrial age: government, political parties, the media. The Revolt of the Public tells the story of how insurgencies, enabled by digital devices and a vast information sphere, have mobilized millions of ordinary people around the world. Originally published in 2014, The Revolt of the Public is now available in an updated edition, which includes an extensive analysis of Donald Trump’s improbable rise to the presidency and the electoral triumphs of Brexit. The book concludes with a speculative look forward, pondering whether the current elite class can bring about a reformation of the democratic process and whether new organizing principles, adapted to a digital world, can arise out of the present political turbulence.

The New Sultan

Download The New Sultan PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786722364
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (867 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Sultan by : Soner Cagaptay

Download or read book The New Sultan written by Soner Cagaptay and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-04-30 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world of rising tensions between Russia and the United States, the Middle East and Europe, Sunnis and Shiites, Islamism and liberalism, Turkey is at the epicentre. And at the heart of Turkey is its right-wing populist president, Recep Tayyip Erdo?an. Since 2002, Erdo?an has consolidated his hold on domestic politics while using military and diplomatic means to solidify Turkey as a regional power. His crackdown has been brutal and consistent - scores of journalists arrested, academics officially banned from leaving the country, university deans fired and many of the highest-ranking military officers arrested. In some senses, the nefarious and failed 2016 coup has given Erdo?an the licence to make good on his repeated promise to bring order and stability under a 'strongman'. Here, leading Turkish expert Soner Cagaptay will look at Erdo?an's roots in Turkish history, what he believes in and how he has cemented his rule, as well as what this means for the world. The book will also unpick the 'threats' Erdogan has worked to combat - from the liberal Turks to the Gulen movement, from coup plotters to Kurdish nationalists - all of which have culminated in the crisis of modern Turkey.

Lol... OMG!

Download Lol... OMG! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781479332564
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lol... OMG! by : Matt Ivester

Download or read book Lol... OMG! written by Matt Ivester and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ease with which digital content can be shared online has, in addition to its many benefits, created a host of problems for today's high school students. All too often, students are uploading, updating, posting, publishing without giving a second thought to who might see their content or how it might be perceived. lol. OMG! provides a cautionary look at the many ways that today's students are experiencing the unanticipated negative consequences of their digital decisions--from lost job opportunities and denied college admissions to full-blown national scandals. It also examines how technology is allowing students to bully one another in new and disturbing ways, and why students are often crueler online than in-person. By using real-life case studies and offering actionable strategies and best practices, this book empowers students to clean up and maintain a positive online presence, and to become responsible digital citizens.

The 48 Laws of Power

Download The 48 Laws of Power PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0670881465
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The 48 Laws of Power by : Robert Greene

Download or read book The 48 Laws of Power written by Robert Greene and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amoral, cunning, ruthless, and instructive, this multi-million-copy New York Times bestseller is the definitive manual for anyone interested in gaining, observing, or defending against ultimate control – from the author of The Laws of Human Nature. In the book that People magazine proclaimed “beguiling” and “fascinating,” Robert Greene and Joost Elffers have distilled three thousand years of the history of power into 48 essential laws by drawing from the philosophies of Machiavelli, Sun Tzu, and Carl Von Clausewitz and also from the lives of figures ranging from Henry Kissinger to P.T. Barnum. Some laws teach the need for prudence (“Law 1: Never Outshine the Master”), others teach the value of confidence (“Law 28: Enter Action with Boldness”), and many recommend absolute self-preservation (“Law 15: Crush Your Enemy Totally”). Every law, though, has one thing in common: an interest in total domination. In a bold and arresting two-color package, The 48 Laws of Power is ideal whether your aim is conquest, self-defense, or simply to understand the rules of the game.

Tom Clancy

Download Tom Clancy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0399176810
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (991 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tom Clancy by : Mark Greaney

Download or read book Tom Clancy written by Mark Greaney and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2016 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Investigating a massive data breach that threatens the security of every U.S. intelligence operative in the world, President Jack Ryan confronts an impossible choice when the data is obtained and exploited by the Chinese government."--Provided by publisher.

The Soviet Union

Download The Soviet Union PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230616941
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Soviet Union by : E. Shiraev

Download or read book The Soviet Union written by E. Shiraev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-11-24 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book analyzes Soviet society as a 'hard reality', emphasizes the varying perceptions of it in the Soviet Union and the US, and insists that, while glorifications of the Soviet reality have been useful, the most accurate descriptions of this reality were critical.