Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building

Download Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789088906978
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building by : Ann Brysbaert

Download or read book Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building written by Ann Brysbaert and published by . This book was released on 2018-12-10 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many societies monuments are associated with dynamic socio-economic and political processes that these societies underwent and/or instrumentalised. Due to the often large human and other resources input involved in their construction and maintenance, such constructions form an useful research target in order to investigate both their associated societies as well as the underlying processes that generated differential construction levels. Monumental constructions may physically remain the same for some time but certainly not forever. The actual meaning, too, that people associate with these may change regularly due to changing contexts in which people perceived, assessed, and interacted with such constructions.These changes of meaning may occur diachronically, geographically but also socially. Realising that such shifts may occur forces us to rethink the meaning and the roles that past technologies may play in constructing, consuming and perceiving something monumental. In fact, it is through investigating the processes, the practices of building and crafting, and selecting the specific locales in which these activities took place, that we can argue convincingly that meaning may already become formulated while the form itself is still being created. As such, meaning-making and -giving may also influence the shaping of the monument in each of its facets: spatially, materially, technologically, socially and diachronically.This volume varies widely in regional and chronological focus and forms a useful manual to studying both the acts of building and the constructions themselves across cultural contexts. A range of theoretical and practical methods are discussed, and papers illustrate that these are applicable to both small or large architectural expressions, making it useful for scholars investigating urban, architectural, landscape and human resources in archaeological and historical contexts. The ultimate goal of this book is to place architectural studies, in which people's interactions with each other and material resources are key, at the crossing of both landscape studies and material culture studies, where it belongs.

Monument Wars

Download Monument Wars PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520271335
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Monument Wars by : Kirk Savage

Download or read book Monument Wars written by Kirk Savage and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2011-07-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traces the history of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., discussing its plan and structures, and considering how the concept of memorials and memorial space has changed since the nineteenth century.

Monument Lab

Download Monument Lab PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781439916063
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Monument Lab by : Paul M. Farber

Download or read book Monument Lab written by Paul M. Farber and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to Build a Monument / Paul M. Farber -- Memorializing Philadelphia as a Place of Crisis and Boundless Hope / Ken Lum -- Public Practice / Jane Golden -- Tania Bruguera, Monument to New Immigrants -- Mel Chin, Two Me -- Kara Crombie, Sample Philly -- The Art of the Proposal: Reading the Monument Lab Open Data Set / Laurie Allen.

Digital Monuments

Download Digital Monuments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429535295
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Monuments by : Simone Brott

Download or read book Digital Monuments written by Simone Brott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-18 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital Monuments radically explodes "iconic architecture" of the new millennium and its hijacking of the public imagination via the digital image. Hallucinatory constructions such as Rem Koolhaas’s CCTV headquarters in Beijing, Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and Zaha Hadid’s Performing Arts Centre in Abu Dhabi are all introduced to the world by immortal digital imagery that floods the internet—yet comes to haunt the actualised buildings. Like holograms, these "digital monuments," which violently push physics and engineering to their limits, flicker eerily between the real and the unreal—invoking fantasies of omnipotence, immortality and utopian cities. But this experience of iconic architecture as a digital dream on the ground conceals from the urban spectator the social reality of the buildings and the rigidity of their ideology. In 18 micro-essays, Digital Monuments exposes the stereotypes of iconic architecture while depicting the savagery of the industry, from the Greek and Spanish crises triggered by financialised iconic development to mass labour-deaths on construction sites in the UAE.

Contradictions in the Design

Download Contradictions in the Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Alice James Books
ISBN 13 : 1938584406
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (385 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Contradictions in the Design by : Matthew Olzmann

Download or read book Contradictions in the Design written by Matthew Olzmann and published by Alice James Books. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These political poems employ humor to challenge the cultural norms of American society, focusing primarily on racism, social injustices and inequality. Simultaneously, the poems take on a deeper, personal level as it carefully deconstructs identity and the human experience, piecing them together with unflinching logic and wit. Olzmann takes readers on a surreal exploration of discovery and self-evaluation.

Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves

Download Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691184526
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves by : Kirk Savage

Download or read book Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves written by Kirk Savage and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of U.S. Civil War monuments that shows how they distort history and perpetuate white supremacy The United States began as a slave society, holding millions of Africans and their descendants in bondage, and remained so until a civil war took the lives of a half million soldiers, some once slaves themselves. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves explores how the history of slavery and its violent end was told in public spaces—specifically in the sculptural monuments that came to dominate streets, parks, and town squares in nineteenth-century America. Looking at monuments built and unbuilt, Kirk Savage shows how the greatest era of monument building in American history took place amid struggles over race, gender, and collective memory. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves probes a host of fascinating questions and remains the only sustained investigation of post-Civil War monument building as a process of national and racial definition. Featuring a new preface by the author that reflects on recent events surrounding the meaning of these monuments, and new photography and illustrations throughout, this new and expanded edition reveals how monuments exposed the myth of a "united" people, and have only become more controversial with the passage of time.

Monument

Download Monument PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ecco
ISBN 13 : 132850784X
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (285 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Monument by : Natasha D. Trethewey

Download or read book Monument written by Natasha D. Trethewey and published by Ecco. This book was released on 2018 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Longlisted for the 2018 National Book Award for Poetry " Trethewey's poems] dig beneath the surface of history--personal or communal, from childhood or from a century ago--to explore the human struggles that we all face." --James H. Billington, 13th Librarian of Congress Layering joy and urgent defiance--against physical and cultural erasure, against white supremacy whether intangible or graven in stone--Trethewey's work gives pedestal and witness to unsung icons. Monument, Trethewey's first retrospective, draws together verse that delineates the stories of working class African American women, a mixed-race prostitute, one of the first black Civil War regiments, mestizo and mulatto figures in Casta paintings, Gulf coast victims of Katrina. Through the collection, inlaid and inextricable, winds the poet's own family history of trauma and loss, resilience and love. In this setting, each section, each poem drawn from an "opus of classics both elegant and necessary,"* weaves and interlocks with those that come before and those that follow. As a whole, Monument casts new light on the trauma of our national wounds, our shared history. This is a poet's remarkable labor to source evidence, persistence, and strength from the past in order to change the very foundation of the vocabulary we use to speak about race, gender, and our collective future. *Academy of American Poets' chancellor Marilyn Nelson

Pioneer Mother Monuments

Download Pioneer Mother Monuments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806163887
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pioneer Mother Monuments by : Cynthia Culver Prescott

Download or read book Pioneer Mother Monuments written by Cynthia Culver Prescott and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2019-04-04 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than a century, American communities erected monuments to western pioneers. Although many of these statues receive little attention today, the images they depict—sturdy white men, saintly mothers, and wholesome pioneer families—enshrine prevailing notions of American exceptionalism, race relations, and gender identity. Pioneer Mother Monuments is the first book to delve into the long and complex history of remembering, forgetting, and rediscovering pioneer monuments. In this book, historian Cynthia Culver Prescott combines visual analysis with a close reading of primary-source documents. Examining some two hundred monuments erected in the United States from the late nineteenth century to the present, Prescott begins her survey by focusing on the earliest pioneer statues, which celebrated the strong white men who settled—and conquered—the West. By the 1930s, she explains, when gender roles began shifting, new monuments came forth to honor the Pioneer Mother. The angelic woman in a sunbonnet, armed with a rifle or a Bible as she carried civilization forward—an iconic figure—resonated particularly with Mormon audiences. While interest in these traditional monuments began to wane in the postwar period, according to Prescott, a new wave of pioneer monuments emerged in smaller communities during the late twentieth century. Inspired by rural nostalgia, these statues helped promote heritage tourism. In recent years, Americans have engaged in heated debates about Confederate Civil War monuments and their implicit racism. Should these statues be removed or reinterpreted? Far less attention, however, has been paid to pioneer monuments, which, Prescott argues, also enshrine white cultural superiority—as well as gender stereotypes. Only a few western communities have reexamined these values and erected statues with more inclusive imagery. Blending western history, visual culture, and memory studies, Prescott’s pathbreaking analysis is enhanced by a rich selection of color and black-and-white photographs depicting the statues along with detailed maps that chronologically chart the emergence of pioneer monuments.

Prisoners of History

Download Prisoners of History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan + ORM
ISBN 13 : 1250235049
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Prisoners of History by : Keith Lowe

Download or read book Prisoners of History written by Keith Lowe and published by Macmillan + ORM. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look at how our monuments to World War II shape the way we think about the war by an award-winning historian. Keith Lowe, an award-winning author of books on WWII, saw monuments around the world taken down in political protest and began to wonder what monuments built to commemorate WWII say about us today. Focusing on these monuments, Prisoners of History looks at World War II and the way it still tangibly exists within our midst. He looks at all aspects of the war from the victors to the fallen, from the heroes to the villains, from the apocalypse to the rebuilding after devastation. He focuses on twenty-five monuments including The Motherland Calls in Russia, the US Marine Corps Memorial in the USA, Italy’s Shrine to the Fallen, China’s Nanjin Massacre Memorial, The A Bomb Dome in Hiroshima, the balcony at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and The Liberation Route that runs from London to Berlin. Unsurprisingly, he finds that different countries view the war differently. In monuments erected in the US, Lowe sees triumph and patriotic dedications to the heroes. In Europe, the monuments are melancholy, ambiguous and more often than not dedicated to the victims. In these differing international views of the war, Lowe sees the stone and metal expressions of sentiments that imprison us today with their unchangeable opinions. Published on the 75th anniversary of the end of the war, Prisoners of History is a 21st century view of a 20th century war that still haunts us today.

Quit Like a Woman

Download Quit Like a Woman PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Dial Press
ISBN 13 : 1984825062
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Quit Like a Woman by : Holly Whitaker

Download or read book Quit Like a Woman written by Holly Whitaker and published by Dial Press. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “An unflinching examination of how our drinking culture hurts women and a gorgeous memoir of how one woman healed herself.”—Glennon Doyle, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Untamed “You don’t know how much you need this book, or maybe you do. Either way, it will save your life.”—Melissa Hartwig Urban, Whole30 co-founder and CEO The founder of the first female-focused recovery program offers a groundbreaking look at alcohol and a radical new path to sobriety. We live in a world obsessed with drinking. We drink at baby showers and work events, brunch and book club, graduations and funerals. Yet no one ever questions alcohol’s ubiquity—in fact, the only thing ever questioned is why someone doesn’t drink. It is a qualifier for belonging and if you don’t imbibe, you are considered an anomaly. As a society, we are obsessed with health and wellness, yet we uphold alcohol as some kind of magic elixir, though it is anything but. When Holly Whitaker decided to seek help after one too many benders, she embarked on a journey that led not only to her own sobriety, but revealed the insidious role alcohol plays in our society and in the lives of women in particular. What’s more, she could not ignore the ways that alcohol companies were targeting women, just as the tobacco industry had successfully done generations before. Fueled by her own emerging feminism, she also realized that the predominant systems of recovery are archaic, patriarchal, and ineffective for the unique needs of women and other historically oppressed people—who don’t need to lose their egos and surrender to a male concept of God, as the tenets of Alcoholics Anonymous state, but who need to cultivate a deeper understanding of their own identities and take control of their lives. When Holly found an alternate way out of her own addiction, she felt a calling to create a sober community with resources for anyone questioning their relationship with drinking, so that they might find their way as well. Her resultant feminine-centric recovery program focuses on getting at the root causes that lead people to overindulge and provides the tools necessary to break the cycle of addiction, showing us what is possible when we remove alcohol and destroy our belief system around it. Written in a relatable voice that is honest and witty, Quit Like a Woman is at once a groundbreaking look at drinking culture and a road map to cutting out alcohol in order to live our best lives without the crutch of intoxication. You will never look at drinking the same way again.

Smashing Statues: The Rise and Fall of America's Public Monuments

Download Smashing Statues: The Rise and Fall of America's Public Monuments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393867684
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (938 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smashing Statues: The Rise and Fall of America's Public Monuments by : Erin L. Thompson

Download or read book Smashing Statues: The Rise and Fall of America's Public Monuments written by Erin L. Thompson and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2022-02-08 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading expert on the past, present, and future of public monuments in America. An urgent and fractious national debate over public monuments has erupted in America. Some people risk imprisonment to tear down long-ignored hunks of marble; others form armed patrols to defend them. Why do we care so much about statues? Which ones should stay up and which should come down? Who should make these decisions, and how? Erin L. Thompson, the country’s leading expert in the tangled aesthetic, legal, political, and social issues involved in such battles, brings much-needed clarity in Smashing Statues. She lays bare the turbulent history of American monuments and its abundant ironies, from the enslaved man who helped make the statue of Freedom that tops the United States Capitol, to the fervent Klansman fired from sculpting the world’s largest Confederate monument—who went on to carve Mount Rushmore. And she explores the surprising motivations behind contemporary flashpoints, including the toppling of a statue of Columbus at the Minnesota State Capitol, the question of who should be represented on the Women’s Rights Pioneers Monument in Central Park, and the decision by a museum of African American culture to display a Confederate monument removed from a public park. Written with great verve and informed by a keen sense of American history, Smashing Statues gives readers the context they need to consider the fundamental questions for rebuilding not only our public landscape but our nation as a whole: Whose voices must be heard, and whose pain must remain private?

Liberty's Torch

Download Liberty's Torch PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
ISBN 13 : 0802192556
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Liberty's Torch by : Elizabeth Mitchell

Download or read book Liberty's Torch written by Elizabeth Mitchell and published by Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. This book was released on 2014-07-02 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Turns out that what you thought you knew about Lady Liberty is dead wrong. Learn the truth in this fascinating account.” —O, The Oprah Magazine The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable monuments in the world, a powerful symbol of freedom and the American dream. For decades, the myth has persisted that the statue was a grand gift from France, but now Liberty’s Torch reveals how she was in fact the pet project of one quixotic and visionary French sculptor, Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi. Bartholdi not only forged this 151-foot-tall colossus in a workshop in Paris and transported her across the ocean, but battled to raise money for the statue and make her a reality. A young sculptor inspired by a trip to Egypt where he saw the pyramids and Sphinx, he traveled to America, carrying with him the idea of a colossal statue of a woman. There he enlisted the help of notable people of the age—including Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph Pulitzer, Victor Hugo, Gustave Eiffel, and Thomas Edison—to help his scheme. He also came up with inventive ideas to raise money, including exhibiting the torch at the Philadelphia world’s fair and charging people to climb up inside. While the French and American governments dithered, Bartholdi made the statue a reality by his own entrepreneurship, vision, and determination. “By explaining Liberty’s tortured history and resurrecting Bartholdi’s indomitable spirit, Mitchell has done a great service. This is narrative history, well told. It is history that connects us to our past and—hopefully—to our future.” —Los Angeles Times

A Monument to Dynasty and Death

Download A Monument to Dynasty and Death PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421432560
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Monument to Dynasty and Death by : Nathan T. Elkins

Download or read book A Monument to Dynasty and Death written by Nathan T. Elkins and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Go behind the scenes to discover why the Colosseum was the king of amphitheaters in the Roman world—a paragon of Roman engineering prowess. Early one morning in 80 CE, the Colosseum roared to life with the deafening cheers of tens of thousands of spectators as the emperor, Titus, inaugurated the new amphitheater with one hundred days of bloody spectacles. These games were much anticipated, for the new amphitheater had been under construction for a decade. Home to spectacles involving exotic beasts, elaborate executions of criminals, gladiatorial combats, and even—when flooded—small-scale naval battles, the building itself was also a marvel. Rising to a height of approximately 15 stories and occupying an area of 6 acres—more than four times the size of a modern football field—the Colosseum was the largest of all amphitheaters in the Roman Empire. In A Monument to Dynasty and Death, Nathan T. Elkins tells the story of the Colosseum's construction under Vespasian, its dedication under Titus, and further enhancements added under Domitian. The Colosseum, Elkins argues, was far more than a lavish entertainment venue: it was an ideologically charged monument to the new dynasty, its aspirations, and its achievements. A Monument to Dynasty and Death takes readers on a behind-the-scenes tour of the Colosseum from the subterranean tunnels, where elevators and cages transported gladiators and animals to the blood-soaked arena floor, to the imperial viewing box, to the amphitheater's decoration and amenities, such as fountains and an awning to shade spectators. Trained as an archaeologist, an art historian, and a historian of ancient Rome, Elkins deploys an interdisciplinary approach that draws on contemporary historical texts, inscriptions, archaeology, and visual evidence to convey the layered ideological messages communicated by the Colosseum. This engaging book is an excellent resource for classes on Roman art, architecture, history, civilization, and sport and spectacle.

Monument Reporter

Download Monument Reporter PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (334 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Monument Reporter by :

Download or read book Monument Reporter written by and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

13 Buildings Children Should Know

Download 13 Buildings Children Should Know PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 3791341715
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (913 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 13 Buildings Children Should Know by : Annette Roeder

Download or read book 13 Buildings Children Should Know written by Annette Roeder and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2009-04-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's most iconic buildings are made accessible and exciting for young readers in this colorful introduction to architecture that changed the world. Children’s fascination with buildings is a natural outgrowth of their curiosity about anything strange or huge or complex. This unique book brings together thirteen architectural wonders that have intrigued children for years. Through activities such as games, quizzes, drawings and other activities, it teaches them the history behind each of the buildings, and presents fascinating facts about the design, historical use, and construction techniques. This book features pyramids built by men with pulleys, a tower that leans, an opera house shaped like a sailboat, a museum built like a spiral, and the most recent example, a "bird’s nest" stadium where the 2008 summer Olympics were held. Each of these buildings and more are introduced to young readers through lively texts and illustrations that will serve to heighten their interest and knowledge about the world’s most important architecture, and perhaps inspire them to dream and build on their own.

Monument Man

Download Monument Man PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chronicle Books
ISBN 13 : 1616898291
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (168 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Monument Man by : Harold Holzer

Download or read book Monument Man written by Harold Holzer and published by Chronicle Books. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The artist who created the statue for the Lincoln Memorial, John Harvard in Harvard Yard, and The Minute Man in Concord, Massachusetts, Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) is America's best-known sculptor of public monuments Monument Man is the first comprehensive biography of this fascinating figure and his illustrious career. Full of rich detail and beautiful archival photographs, Monument Man is a nuanced study of a preeminent artist whose evolution ran parallel to, and deeply influenced, the development of American sculpture, iconography, and historical memory. Monument Man was specially commissioned by Chesterwood / National Trust for Historic Preservation. The release will coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the opening of Chesterwood, his country home and studio, as a public site and with a major renovation of the Lincoln Memorial. The book includes a comprehensive geographical guide to French's public work.

The Monument

Download The Monument PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yearling
ISBN 13 : 0440407826
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Monument by : Gary Paulsen

Download or read book The Monument written by Gary Paulsen and published by Yearling. This book was released on 1993-07-01 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It all begins when Rocky follows Mick Strum around town while he sketches its people, animals and graveyard. Mick has been commissioned by Rocky's Kansas town to create a memorial to their war dead. As Rocky learns to respect Mick and his talents, he helps her to develop her own artistic sensibilities. But the townspeople see things in Mick's drawings that they don't want to know or accept about themselves. Can Mick help them accept one monument that will be meaningful to everyone?