Being Indian

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Being Indian

Author : Pavan K. Varma
Publisher : Penguin Books India
ISBN 13 : 9780143033424
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Indian by : Pavan K. Varma

Download or read book Being Indian written by Pavan K. Varma and published by Penguin Books India. This book was released on 2005 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Misconceptions About India And Indians Abound, Fed By The Stereotypes Created By Foreigners, And The Myths About Themselves Projected By Indians. In Being Indian, Pavan K.Varma Demolishes These Myths And Generalizations As He Turns His Sharply Observant Gaze On His Fellow Countrymen To Examine What Really Makes Indians Tick And What They Have To Offer The World In The 21St Century. Varma S Insightful Analysis Of The Indian Personality And The Culture That Has Created It Reaches Startling New Conclusions On The Paradoxes And Contradictions That Characterize Indian Attitudes Towards Issues Such As Power, Wealth And Spirituality. How, For Example, Does The Appalling Indifference Of Most Indians To The Suffering Of The Poor And The Inequities Of The Caste System Square With Their Enthusiastic Championing Of Parliamentary Democracy? The Book Also Examines India S Future Prospects As An Economic, Military And Technological Power, Providing Valuable Pointers To The Likely Destiny Of A Nation Of One Billion People. Drawing On Sources As Diverse As Ancient Sanskrit Treatises And Bollywood Lyrics, And Illuminating His Examples With A Wealth Of Telling Anecdotes, Pavan Varma Creates A Vivid And Compelling Portrait Of Indians As He Argues That They Will Survive And Flourish In The New Millennium Precisely Because Of What They Are, Warts And All, And Not Because Of What They Think They Are Or Would Like To Be. This Book, Which Will Stimulate Reflection, Discussion And Controversy, Is A Must Read For Both Foreigners Who Wish To Understand Indians And Indians Who Wish To Understand Themselves.

Becoming American, Being Indian

Author : Madhulika S. Khandelwal
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501722026
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming American, Being Indian by : Madhulika S. Khandelwal

Download or read book Becoming American, Being Indian written by Madhulika S. Khandelwal and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1960s the number of Indian immigrants and their descendants living in the United States has grown dramatically. During the same period, the make-up of this community has also changed—the highly educated professional elite who came to this country from the subcontinent in the 1960s has given way to a population encompassing many from the working and middle classes. In her fascinating account of Indian immigrants in New York City, Madhulika S. Khandelwal explores the ways in which their world has evolved over four decades.How did this highly diverse ethnic group form an identity and community? Drawing on her extensive interviews with immigrants, Khandelwal examines the transplanting of Indian culture onto the Manhattan and Queens landscapes. She considers festivals and media, food and dress, religious activities of followers of different faiths, work and class, gender and generational differences, and the emergence of a variety of associations.Khandelwal analyzes how this growing ethnic community has gradually become "more Indian," with a stronger religious focus, larger family networks, and increasingly traditional marriage patterns. She discusses as well the ways in which the American experience has altered the lives of her subjects.

Bradford's Indian Book

Author : Betty Booth Donohue
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813060880
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Bradford's Indian Book by : Betty Booth Donohue

Download or read book Bradford's Indian Book written by Betty Booth Donohue and published by . This book was released on 2014-08-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Offers a powerful revisioning of the genesis of American literary history, revealing that from its earliest moments, American literature owes its distinctive shape and texture to the determining influence of indigenous thought and culture."--Joanna Brooks, San Diego State University "Partly a close, detailed analysis of the specific text and partly a broader analysis of Native identity, literary influences, and spiritual affiliation, the book makes a sophisticated and compelling claim for the way Indian influences permeate this Puritan text."--Hilary E. Wyss, Auburn University William Bradford, a leader among the Pilgrims, carefully recorded the voyage of the Mayflower and the daily life of Plymouth Colony in a work--part journal, part history--he titled Of Plimoth Plantation. This remarkable document is the authoritative chronicle of the Pilgrims' experiences as well as a powerful testament to the cultural and literary exchange that existed between the newly arrived Europeans and the Native Americans who were their neighbors and friends. It is well-documented that Native Americans lived within the confines of Plymouth Colony, and for a time Bradford shared a house with Tisquantum (Squanto), a Patuxet warrior and medicine man. In Bradford's Indian Book, Betty Booth Donohue traces the physical, intellectual, psychological, emotional, and theological interactions between New England's Native peoples and the European newcomers as manifested in the literary record. Donohue identifies American Indian poetics and rhetorical strategies as well as Native intellectual and ceremonial traditions present in the text. She also draws on ethnohistorical scholarship, consultation with tribal intellectuals, and her own experiences to examine the ways Bradford incorporated Native American philosophy and culture into his writing. Bradford's Indian Book promises to reshape and re-energize our understanding of standard canonical texts, reframing them within the intellectual and cultural traditions indigenous to the continent. Written partly in the Cherokee syllabary to express pan-Indian concepts that do not translate well to English, Donohue's invigorating, provocative analysis demonstrates how indigenous oral and thought traditions have influenced American literature from the very beginning down to the present day. Betty Booth Donohue is an independent scholar and a member of the Cherokee Nation.

How to Be an Indian in the 21st Century

Author : Louis V. Clark (Two Shoes)
Publisher : Wisconsin Historical Society
ISBN 13 : 0870208160
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Be an Indian in the 21st Century by : Louis V. Clark (Two Shoes)

Download or read book How to Be an Indian in the 21st Century written by Louis V. Clark (Two Shoes) and published by Wisconsin Historical Society. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In deceptively simple prose and verse, Louis V. "Two Shoes" Clark III shares his life story, from childhood on the Rez, through school and into the working world, and ultimately as an elder, grandfather, and published poet. How to Be an Indian in the 21st Century explores Clark’s deeply personal and profound take on a wide range of subjects, from schoolyard bullying to workplace racism to falling in love. Warm, plainspoken, and wryly funny, Clark’s is a unique voice talking frankly about a culture’s struggle to maintain its heritage. His poetic storytelling style matches the rhythm of the life he recounts, what he calls "the heartbeat of my nation."

Being an Indian Teenager

Author : Muskan Jha
Publisher : Literatureslight Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Being an Indian Teenager by : Muskan Jha

Download or read book Being an Indian Teenager written by Muskan Jha and published by Literatureslight Publishing. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's world being a teenager is not really easy. There are different challenges that we have to face, decisions to make and roads to take. The people and the environment around us greatly affect the way we think and act as teenagers. Being a teenager can be hard but at the same time, it is fun. We daily face new experiences. At this point in our lives, we feel like we are neither children anymore nor really grown-ups too. Teenage as we all know is one of the most important and memorable period of a person's life. This is the period during which we face and feel a lot of things ranging from our changing physical appearance, increasing body weight, parents constantly comparing us to our friends and relatives, peer pressure, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and much more for the first time. 'Being an Indian Teenager' is an anthology containing stories, poems and articles from some established and some new writers. They have tried their best to portray every feeling and emotion that they have faced as Indian teenagers.

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

Author : Sherman Alexie
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1448188563
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by : Sherman Alexie

Download or read book The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian written by Sherman Alexie and published by Random House. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An all-new edition of the tragicomic smash hit which stormed the New York Times bestseller charts, now featuring an introduction from Markus Zusak. In his first book for young adults, Sherman Alexie tells the story of Junior, a budding cartoonist who leaves his school on the Spokane Indian Reservation to attend an all-white high school. This heartbreaking, funny, and beautifully written tale, featuring poignant drawings that reflect the character's art, is based on the author's own experiences. It chronicles contemporary adolescence as seen through the eyes of one Native American boy. 'Excellent in every way' Neil Gaiman Illustrated in a contemporary cartoon style by Ellen Forney.

What does it mean to be ‘Indian’?

Author : S.N. Balagangadhara, Sarika Rao
Publisher : Notion Press
ISBN 13 : 1685097723
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis What does it mean to be ‘Indian’? by : S.N. Balagangadhara, Sarika Rao

Download or read book What does it mean to be ‘Indian’? written by S.N. Balagangadhara, Sarika Rao and published by Notion Press. This book was released on 2021-09-04 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why ask this question today? After all, a lot is written about India, her culture, her past, her society, the psychology and sociology of individuals and groups. Why is that not enough? It is because what we have learnt so far is either false or fragmentary. If Indian culture is not a slightly inferior, slightly idiosyncratic variant of Western culture, as the received view has it for a very long time, what else is it? Research into culture and cultural differences gives novel and surprising answers. Written for an intelligent but lay public, this book shares the results of 40 years of scientific investigations in the research programme Comparative Science of Cultures. It transcends the political distinction between ‘the right’ and ‘the left’ by looking deeper into ideas on human beings, society, culture, experience, the past, impact of colonialism etc. Today, the question ‘What does it mean to be ‘Indian’?’ is both important and difficult to answer. Is there something ‘Indian’ about this culture that goes beyond the differences between Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs or Jains? What does it überhaupt mean to belong to Indian culture?

Being Indian, Being Israeli

Author : Maina Chawla Singh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788173048395
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (483 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Indian, Being Israeli by : Maina Chawla Singh

Download or read book Being Indian, Being Israeli written by Maina Chawla Singh and published by . This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of the Jews of India has often been told by historians, anthropologists and sometimes by Indian Jews themselves recounting their family histories in India, the land of their birth over many generations. We know that Indian Jewish communities: the Bene Israelis in Bombay, Poona, Ahmedabad and Jabalpur, the Baghdadis in Calcutta and Bombay and the Kerala Jews in Cochin, Parur or Chendamangalam lived peacefully in pluralistic neighbourhoods experiencing no anti-semitism. However, when Israel was established, thousands of Indian Jews were inspired and like their cousins from other parts of the globe, migrated to the Jewish Homeland. Yet, today 60 years since the first Jewish families made aliya and migrated to Israel (1949), little is known about this community of 70,000 Indian Jews scattered across Israel. This book, for the first time, presents a deeply researched analysis of all three Jewish communities from India, studying them holistically as Indian-Israelis with shared histories of migration, acculturation and identity in the Jewish Homeland. Based on extensive fieldwork and ethnographic research conducted among Indian Jews across Israel between 2005-8, the book reflects the authors deep engagement and familiarity with Israeli society and the complexities of ethnicity and class that underlie the cleavages within Israeli Jewish society. The volume vividly captures the immigrant experiences of first-generation Indian Jewish men and women. The tapestry of these narratives and lived experiences is skilfully woven into theoretical insights illustrating how ethnicity, gender and class intersect with Jewish-ness to create complex identities of Being Indian and Being Israeli. The authors deep engagement with the Indian-Israeli community and her accessible style enrich this book for readers across a wide range of interests.

Being Different

Author : Rajiv Malhotra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789350291900
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (919 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Different by : Rajiv Malhotra

Download or read book Being Different written by Rajiv Malhotra and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India is more than a nation state. It is also a unique civilisation with philosophies and cosmologies that are markedly distinct from the dominant culture of our times - the West. India's spiritual traditions spring from dharma which has no exact equivalent in Western frameworks. Unfortunately, in the rush to celebrate the growing popularity of India on the world stage, its civilisational matrix is being co-opted into Western universalism, thereby diluting its distinctiveness and potential. In BEING DIFFERENT: AN INDIAN CHALLENGE TO WESTERN UNIVERSALISM, thinker and philosopher Rajiv Malhotra addresses the challenge of a direct and honest engagement on differences, by reversing the gaze, repositioning India from being the observed to the observer and looking at the West from the dharmic point of view. In doing so, he challenges many hitherto unexamined beliefs that both sides hold about themselves and each other. He highlights that while unique historical revelations are the basis for Western religions, dharma emphasizes self-realization in the body here and now. He also points out the integral unity that underpins dharma's metaphysics and contrasts this with Western thought and history as a synthetic unity. Erudite and engaging, BEING DIFFERENT critiques fashionable reductive translations and analyses the West's anxiety over difference and fixation for order which contrast the creative role of chaos in dharma. It concludes with a rebuttal of Western claims of universalism, while recommending a multi-cultural worldview.

Being Indian in Hueyapan

Author : J. Friedlander
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230601650
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Indian in Hueyapan by : J. Friedlander

Download or read book Being Indian in Hueyapan written by J. Friedlander and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-09-17 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this revised and updated edition, Judith Friedlander places her widely acclaimed work in historical context. The book describes the lives of the inhabitants of an indigenous pueblo during the late 1960s and early 1970s and analyzes the ways that Indians like them have been discriminated against since early colonial times.

Being English

Author : Sayan Chattopadhyay
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000507211
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Being English by : Sayan Chattopadhyay

Download or read book Being English written by Sayan Chattopadhyay and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically examines the cultural desire for anglicisation of the Indian middle class in the context of postcolonial India. It looks at the history of anglicised self-fashioning as one of the major responses of the Indian middle class to British colonialism. The book explores the rich variety of nineteenth- and twentieth-century writings that document the attempts by the Indian middle class to innovatively interpret their personal histories, their putative racial histories, and the history of India to appropriate the English language and lay claim to an “English” identity. It discusses this unique quest for “Englishness” by reading the works of authors like Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Cornelia Sorabji, Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Dom Moraes, and Salman Rushdie. An important intervention, this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of postcolonial studies, Indian English literature, South Asian studies, cultural studies, and English literature in general.

Being Indian and Walking Proud

Author : Donald L. Fixico
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040089100
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Indian and Walking Proud by : Donald L. Fixico

Download or read book Being Indian and Walking Proud written by Donald L. Fixico and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-01 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the identity of American Indians from an Indigenous perspective and how outside influences throughout history, from the arrival of Columbus in 1492 to the twenty-first century, have affected Native people. Non-Native writers, boarding school teachers, movie directors, bureaucrats, churches, and television have all heavily impacted how Indians are viewed in the United States. Drawing on the life experiences of many American Indian men and women, this volume reveals how American Indian identity comprises multiple identities, including the noble savage, wild savage, Hollywood Indian, church-going Indian, rez Indian, urban Indian, Native woman, Indian activist, casino Indian, and tribal leader. Indigenous people, in their own voices, share their experiences of discrimination, being treated as outsiders in their own country, and the intersections of gender, culture, and politics in Indian-white relations. Yet the book also highlights the resilience of being Indian and the pride felt from being a member of a tribe(s), knowing your relatives, and feeling connected to the earth. Being Indian and Walking Proud is a compelling resource for any reader interested in Indigenous history, including students and scholars in Native American and Indigenous studies, anthropology, and American history.

Being Hindu, Being Indian

Author : Vanya Vaidehi Bhargav
Publisher : Penguin Random House India Private Limited
ISBN 13 : 9357085831
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Hindu, Being Indian by : Vanya Vaidehi Bhargav

Download or read book Being Hindu, Being Indian written by Vanya Vaidehi Bhargav and published by Penguin Random House India Private Limited. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In popular imagination, Lala Lajpat Rai is frequently associated with Bhagat Singh, who, by assassinating J.P. Saunders, avenged Rai’s death, caused by a police lathi charge, and was hanged for it. Lajpat Rai is also remembered for his fervent opposition to British rule. In recent decades, however, historians have converged with the Hindu Right in rediscovering Lajpat Rai as an ideological ancestor of Hindutva. But what then explains Rai’s wholehearted approval of Congress–Muslim League cooperation, and attempt to endow Hindus and Muslims with bonds of common belonging? Why did he reinterpret India’s medieval history to highlight peaceful coexistence between Hindus and Muslims? Have our hasty conclusions about Lajpat Rai’s nationalist thought concealed its complexities and distorted our understanding of nationalism in general? Meticulously researched and eloquently written, Being Hindu, Being Indian offers the first comprehensive examination of Lajpat Rai’s nationalist thought. By revealing the complexities of Rai’s thinking, it provokes us to think more deeply about broader questions relevant to present-day politics: Are all expressions of ‘Hindu nationalism’ the same as Hindutva? What are the similarities and differences between ‘Hindu’ and ‘Indian’ nationalism? Can communalism and secularism be expressed together? How should we understand fluidity in politics? This book invites readers to treat Lajpat Rai’s ideas as a gateway to think more deeply about history, politics, religious identity and nationhood.

Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact

Author : Donal Carbaugh
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136691391
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact by : Donal Carbaugh

Download or read book Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact written by Donal Carbaugh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-05 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is cultural identity accomplished interactively? What happens when different cultural identities contact one another? This book presents a series of papers, from classic essays to original expositions, which respond to these questions. The view of communication offered here -- rather than ignoring culture, or making it a variable in an equation -- is based on cultural patterns and situated communication practices, unveiling the multiplicity of factors involved in particular times and places. The contributors to this unusual volume represent a wide range of fields. Their equally diverse offerings will serve to clarify cultural distinctiveness in some communication phenomena, and lay groundwork for the identification of cross-cultural generalities in others.

Being Comanche

Author : Morris W. Foster
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 9780816513673
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (136 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Comanche by : Morris W. Foster

Download or read book Being Comanche written by Morris W. Foster and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 1992-12-01 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comanches have engaged Euro-Americans' curiosity for three centuries. Their relations with Spanish, French, and Anglo-Americans on the southern Plains have become a highly resonant part of the mythology of the American West. Yet we know relatively little about the community that Comanches have shared and continue to construct in southwestern Oklahoma. Morris Foster has written the first study of Comanches' history that identifies continuities in their intracommunity organization from the initial period of European contact to the present day. Those continuities are based on shared participation in public social occasions such as powwows, peyote gatherings, and church meetings Foster explains how these occasions are used to regulate social organization and how they have been modified by Comanches to adapt them to changing political and economic relations with Euro-Americans. Using a model of community derived from sociolinguistics, Foster argues that Comanches have remained a distinctive people by organizing their face-to-face relations with one another in ways that maintain Comanche-Comanche lines of communication and regulate a shared sense of appropriate behavior. His book offers readers a significant reinterpretation of traditional anthropological and historical views of Comanche social organization.

Let's Celebrate Being Indian-American

Author : Sharan Chahal-Jaswal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Let's Celebrate Being Indian-American by : Sharan Chahal-Jaswal

Download or read book Let's Celebrate Being Indian-American written by Sharan Chahal-Jaswal and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-18 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Let's Celebrate being Indian-American! Follow along as Suri takes you through a year of holidays, festivals, and celebrations with her family and best friend, Veer. Suri is a young girl who is American with Indian descent. Suri's pride in her roots and home show us the beauty and joy that multiculturalism brings to the world! Reading books that represent different beliefs, cultures, and skin colors help us all to learn, embrace, and celebrate differences. This book highlights some of the best parts of a culture, which are the holidays and festivals! About the Author: Sharan Chahal-Jaswal lives in Maryland with her 3-year-old daughter, Suri and her husband Rajiv. Before she started writing children's books, she got her master's degree in Counseling and Psychology. She is a licensed child therapist working in Baltimore, Maryland. Last year she earned her teacher certification in mindfulness and meditation. The entire family is a strong proponent in starting the day with morning meditation in order to help stay optimistic and focused. Sharan also enjoys spending time with family and friends, cooking, reading, painting, playing the harmonium, and learning to dance.Sharan takes pride in her culture and is always eager to share more about her roots with others. She was President of Culture Connection in high school, an active member of Indian Cultural Exchange at her University, and continued to be a member of the Indo-American Cultural Association in Maine and Maryland. Sharan is a big believer in embracing and celebrating different cultures. She also has an Indian cookbook for toddler meals coming out later this year!

To Be Indian

Author : Joy Porter
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 080619376X
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis To Be Indian by : Joy Porter

Download or read book To Be Indian written by Joy Porter and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2023-08-04 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Born on the Seneca Indian Reservation in New York State, Arthur Caswell Parker (1881-1955) was a prominent intellectual leader both within and outside tribal circles. Of mixed Iroquois, Seneca, and Anglican descent, Parker was also a controversial figure-recognized as an advocate for Native Americans but criticized for his assimilationist stance. In this exhaustively researched biography-the first book-length examination of Parker’s life and career-Joy Porter explores complex issues of Indian identity that are as relevant today as in Parker’s time. From childhood on, Parker learned from his well-connected family how to straddle both Indian and white worlds. His great-uncle, Ely S. Parker, was Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Ulysses S. Grant--the first Native American to hold the position. Influenced by family role models and a strong formal education, Parker, who became director of the Rochester Museum, was best known for his work as a "museologist" (a word he coined). Porter shows that although Parker achieved success within the dominant Euro-American culture, he was never entirely at ease with his role as assimilated Indian and voiced frustration at having "to play Indian to be Indian." In expressing this frustration, Parker articulated a challenging predicament for twentieth-century Indians: the need to negotiate imposed stereotypes, to find ways to transcend those stereotypes, and to assert an identity rooted in the present rather than in the past.