Ayahuasca Analogues

Download Ayahuasca Analogues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ayahuasca Analogues by : Jonathan Ott

Download or read book Ayahuasca Analogues written by Jonathan Ott and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The World Ayahuasca Diaspora

Download The World Ayahuasca Diaspora PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317011597
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The World Ayahuasca Diaspora by : Beatriz Caiuby Labate

Download or read book The World Ayahuasca Diaspora written by Beatriz Caiuby Labate and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ayahuasca is a psychoactive substance that has long been associated with indigenous Amazonian shamanic practices. The recent rise of the drink’s visibility in the media and popular culture, and its rapidly advancing inroads into international awareness, mean that the field of ayahuasca is quickly expanding. This expansion brings with it legal problems, economic inequalities, new forms of ritual and belief, cultural misunderstandings, and other controversies and reinventions. In The World Ayahuasca Diaspora, leading scholars, including established academics and new voices in anthropology, religious studies, and law fuse case-study ethnographies with evaluations of relevant legal and anthropological knowledge. They explore how the substance has impacted indigenous communities, new urban religiosities, ritual healing, international drug policy, religious persecution, and recreational drug milieus. This unique book presents classic and contemporary issues in social science and the humanities, providing rich material on the bourgeoning expansion of ayahuasca use around the globe.

The Tawny One

Download The Tawny One PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Aeon Books
ISBN 13 : 1913274411
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Tawny One by : Matthew Clark

Download or read book The Tawny One written by Matthew Clark and published by Aeon Books. This book was released on 2020-03-30 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A modern exploration of ancient wisdom relating to psychoactive plants. The ancient ritual drink used in religious ceremonies and known as soma in India and as haoma in the Zoroastrian tradition is praised in the highest terms - as a kind of deity - in both Zoroastrian and Vedic texts, which date from around 1,700 - 1,500 BCE. It is said to provide health, power, wisdom and even immortality. Many theories have been published about the possible botanical identity of this 'nectar of immortality', a plant which appears to have psychedelic/entheogenic properties. Matthew Clark spent several years researching and travelling widely in his quest of soma and in his fascinating, original and highly readable book, Clark reviews scholarly research, explores mythology and ritual and shares his extensive knowledge of psychoactive plants and fungi. The author suggests that the visionary soma drink was based on analogues of ayahuasca, using a variety of plants, some of which can now be identified.

The Internationalization of Ayahuasca

Download The Internationalization of Ayahuasca PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : LIT Verlag Münster
ISBN 13 : 3643901488
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (439 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Internationalization of Ayahuasca by : Beatriz Caiuby Labate

Download or read book The Internationalization of Ayahuasca written by Beatriz Caiuby Labate and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2011 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a fascinating compilation of medical, psychological and sociological papers on the spread of ayahuasca use...in Brazil and in several European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands), as well as the USA....highly recommended for serious students of this subject. - Ralph Metzner, Ph.D, psychologist and author of Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca *** ...provides reliable information that has never before appeared in print, ranging from the rain forests of the Amazon to the churches in Western Europe....like it or not, ayahuasca has left the jungle and is here to stay! Read this book and you will understand the importance of its arrival on the global scene. - Dr. Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., Alan Watts Professor of Psychology, Saybrook U. *** ...a detailed consideration of the legal situation of ayahuasca...as well as a multidisciplinary assessment of the health implications of its use...a must-read for anyone attempting to understand the global implications of ayahuasca today. ~ Dr. Michael Winkelman, M.P.H., Ph.D., author of Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing (Series: Performances: Intercultural Studies on Ritual, Play and Theatre - Performanzen: Interkulturelle Studien zu Ritual, Spiel und Theater - Vol. 16)

Ayahuasca Analogs and Plant-based Tryptamines

Download Ayahuasca Analogs and Plant-based Tryptamines PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ayahuasca Analogs and Plant-based Tryptamines by : Jim DeKorne

Download or read book Ayahuasca Analogs and Plant-based Tryptamines written by Jim DeKorne and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Ayahuasca Experience

Download The Ayahuasca Experience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1620552639
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ayahuasca Experience by : Ralph Metzner

Download or read book The Ayahuasca Experience written by Ralph Metzner and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-03-02 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of the chemical, biological, psychological, and experiential dimensions of ayahuasca • Details the scientific discovery of ayahuasca’s sophisticated psychoactive delivery system in the brain and body and its potential applications in medicine and psychology • Includes contributions from Dennis J. McKenna, Ph.D., J. C. Callaway, Ph.D., and Charles S. Grob, M.D., on the ethnopharmacology, psychology, phytochemistry, and neuropharmacology of ayahuasca • Provides 24 firsthand accounts of ayahuasca experiences and resulting life changes Widely recognized by anthropologists as the most powerful and widespread shamanic hallucinogen, ayahuasca has been used by native Indian and mestizo shamans in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador for healing and divination for thousands of years. Made from the Amazonian vine Banisteriopsis caapi and the DMT-laden leaf of Psychotria viridis, ayahuasca is regarded as the embodiment of intelligent plant beings who can offer spiritual teachings and healing knowledge to those who respectfully engage with them. Many Western-trained physicians and psychologists now acknowledge that ayahuasca allows access to spiritual dimensions of consciousness, otherworldly realms and beings, and visionary experiences indistinguishable from classic religious mysticism. With contributions from leading psychoactive scholars Dennis J. McKenna, Ph.D., Charles S. Grob, M.D., and J. C. Calloway, Ph.D., on the ethnopharmacology, psychology, phytochemistry, and neuropharmacology of ayahuasca, Ralph Metzner provides a comprehensive exploration of the chemical, biological, psychological, and experiential dimensions of this Amazonian hallucinogen. He includes more than 20 firsthand accounts from people who have participated in ayahuasca rituals and experienced major life changes as a result. He details the scientific discovery of ayahuasca’s sophisticated psychoactive delivery system in the brain and body as well as the deep psychological impact of this potent entheogen. He concludes with his own findings on ayahuasca, including its applications in medicine and psychology, and compares the worldview revealed by ayahuasca visions to that of modern cultures.

The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora

Download The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351854674
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora by : Beatriz Caiuby Labate

Download or read book The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora written by Beatriz Caiuby Labate and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During its expansion from the Amazon jungle to Western societies, ayahuasca use has encountered different legal and cultural responses. Following on from the earlier edited collection, The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora continues to explore how certain alternative global religious groups, shamanic tourism industries and recreational drug milieus grounded in the consumption of the traditionally Amazonian psychoactive drink ayahuasca embody various challenges associated with modern societies. Each contributor explores the symbolic effects of a "bureaucratization of enchantment" in religious practice, and the "sanitizing" of indigenous rituals for tourist markets. Chapters include ethnographic investigations of ritual practice, transnational religious ideology, the politics of healing and the invention of tradition. Larger questions on the commodification of ayahuasca and the categories of sacred and profane are also addressed. Exploring classic and contemporary issues in social science and the humanities, this book provides rich material on the bourgeoning expansion of ayahuasca use around the globe. As such, it will appeal to students and academics in religious studies, anthropology, sociology, psychology, cultural studies, biology, ecology, law and conservation.

Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca

Download Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Inner Traditions / Bear & Co
ISBN 13 : 1594777810
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca by : Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.

Download or read book Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca written by Ralph Metzner, Ph.D. and published by Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. This book was released on 2005-11-22 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation of writings on the chemical, biological, psychological, and experiential dimensions of Ayahuasca • Includes 24 firsthand accounts of Ayahuasca experiences and resulting life changes, including contributions from J. C. Callaway, Charles S. Grob, and Dennis J. McKenna • Discusses the medical and psychological applications of Ayahuasca Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic Amazonian plant mixture that has been used for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years by native Indian and mestizo shamans in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador for healing and divination. Many Western-trained physicians and psychologists have acknowledged that this substance can allow access to spiritual dimensions of consciousness, even mystical experiences indistinguishable from classic religious mysticism. In Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca Ralph Metzner, a pioneer in the study of consciousness, has assembled a group of authoritative contributors who provide an exploration of the chemical, biological, psychological, and experiential dimensions of ayahuasca. He begins with more than 20 firsthand accounts from Westerners who have used ayahuasca and then presents the history, psychology, and chemistry of ayahuasca from leading scholars in the field of psychoactive research. He concludes with his own findings on ayahuasca, including its applications in medicine and psychology, and compares the worldview revealed by ayahuasca visions to that of Western cultures.

Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings

Download Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317330943
Total Pages : 1076 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings by : Mark E. Maruish

Download or read book Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings written by Mark E. Maruish and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition Handbook of Psychological Assessment in Primary Care Settings offers an overview of the application of psychological screening and assessment instruments in primary care settings. This indispensable reference addresses current psychological assessment needs and practices in primary care settings to inform psychologists, behavioral health clinicians, and primary care providers the clinical benefits that can result from utilizing psychological assessment and other behavioral health care services in primary care settings.

Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances

Download Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440830886
Total Pages : 883 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances by : J. Harold Ellens

Download or read book Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances written by J. Harold Ellens and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-10-28 with total page 883 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can drugs be used intelligently and responsibly to expand human consciousness and heighten spirituality? This two-volume work presents objective scientific information and personal stories aiming to answer the question. The first of its kind, this intriguing two-volume set objectively reports on and assesses this modern psycho-social movement in world culture: the constructive medical use of entheogens and related mind-altering substances. Covering the use of substances such as ayahuasca, cannabis, LSD, peyote, and psilocybin, the work seeks to illuminate the topic in a scholarly and scientific fashion so as to lift the typical division between those who are supporters of research and exploration of entheogens and those who are strongly opposed to any such experimentation altogether. The volumes address the history and use of mind-altering drugs in medical research and religious practice in the endeavor to expand and heighten spirituality and the sense of the divine, providing unbiased coverage of the relevant arguments and controversies regarding the subject matter. Chapters include examinations of how psychoactive agents are used to achieve altered states in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism as well as in the rituals of shamanism and other less widely known faiths. This highly readable work will appeal to everyone from high school students to seasoned professors, in both the secular world and in devoted church groups and religious colleges.

The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances

Download The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1466886005
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances by : Richard Rudgley

Download or read book The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances written by Richard Rudgley and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2014-11-25 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For all those who might like to believe that drug use has been relegated to the suburban rec rooms and ghetto crack houses of the late twentieth century, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances offers shocking, yet thoroughly enlightening evidence to the contrary. In fact, from Neolithic man to Queen Victoria, humans have abused all sorts of drugs in the name of religion, tradition, and recreation, including such "controlled substances" as chocolate, lettuce, and toads. From glue-sniffing to LSD to kava, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances provides the first reliable, comprehensive exploration of this fascinating and controversial topic. With over one hundred entries, acclaimed author Richard Rudgley covers not only the chemical and botanical background of each substance, but its physiological and psychological effect on the user. Of particular value is Rudgley's emphasis on the historical and cultural role of these mind-altering substances. Impeccably researched and hugely entertaining, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances will appeal to anyone interested in one of the most misunderstood and yet also most widespread of human activities - the chemical quest for an altered state of consciousness.

Singing to the Plants

Download Singing to the Plants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNM Press
ISBN 13 : 0826347312
Total Pages : 477 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Singing to the Plants by : Stephan V, Beyer

Download or read book Singing to the Plants written by Stephan V, Beyer and published by UNM Press. This book was released on 2010-01-15 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Upper Amazon, mestizos are the Spanish-speaking descendants of Hispanic colonizers and the indigenous peoples of the jungle. Some mestizos have migrated to Amazon towns and cities, such as Iquitos and Pucallpa; most remain in small villages. They have retained features of a folk Catholicism and traditional Hispanic medicine, and have incorporated much of the religious tradition of the Amazon, especially its healing, sorcery, shamanism, and the use of potent plant hallucinogens, including ayahuasca. The result is a uniquely eclectic shamanist culture that continues to fascinate outsiders with its brilliant visionary art. Ayahuasca shamanism is now part of global culture. Once the terrain of anthropologists, it is now the subject of novels and spiritual memoirs, while ayahuasca shamans perform their healing rituals in Ontario and Wisconsin. Singing to the Plants sets forth just what this shamanism is about--what happens at an ayahuasca healing ceremony, how the apprentice shaman forms a spiritual relationship with the healing plant spirits, how sorcerers inflict the harm that the shaman heals, and the ways that plants are used in healing, love magic, and sorcery.

Acacias

Download Acacias PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429804539
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Acacias by : Ephraim Philip Lansky

Download or read book Acacias written by Ephraim Philip Lansky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-04-19 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acacias: The Genus Acacia (sensu lato) is an evidence-based treatment of this supergenus, through the eyes of a clinical pharmacognosist and integrative medicine specialist. The book begins with antiviral activity, revealing within the five genera of Acacia s.l., pharmacological properties and pharmacologically active compounds. Profiles of prominent species within these genera, including photographs, accompany the narrative of current research and traditional usage into antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, metabolic syndrome ameliorative, and psychotherapeutic potential. Features Comprehensive treatment of the entire Acacia sensu lato genus Aids ethnopharmacological prospectors of new sources of novel botanically based medicines for modern metabolic and psychiatric diseases Illuminates the presence of psychedelic simple substituted tryptamines in trees and their medical and psychotherapeutic potential Continuing in the tradition of the previous volumes of the esteemed Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Industrial Profiles series, Acacias: The Genus Acacia (sensu lato) provides a unique and comprehensive coverage of one of the most interesting and diverse genera of trees, firmly entrenched in the Levant, Africa, Australia, the Far East, and the New World. The influence of these genera on pharmacy and industry (especially through gum arabic, wildcrafted in Africa from Senegalia senegal), human consciousness, the advent and development of religions, planetary ecology, botanical therapeutics, and the emergence of psychedelic medicine reflect both the history of our species and the transformative promise of tomorrow.

The Divine Spark

Download The Divine Spark PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hay House, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1781805741
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (818 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Divine Spark by : Graham Hancock

Download or read book The Divine Spark written by Graham Hancock and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'I suspect the real breakthroughs in our understanding of consciousness are going to come from an entirely different direction. That direction, controversially, has to do with psychedelics - which, as many of the contributors to The Divine Spark argue, offer spectacular potential for the investigation of the "hard problem" of consciousness.' - Graham Hancock, from the Introduction. In The Divine Spark, bestselling author Graham Hancock brings us a groundbreaking collection of the latest thinking on consciousness and psychedelics. Graham has been writing and speaking about this to audiences worldwide, including a controversial TedX talk on ayahuasca and DMT, which received over 130,000 views on YouTube. Combining the wisdom of leading minds, The Divine Spark illuminates the topic like never before, with a particular focus on the use of psychedelics to open up the realm of the supernatural. The book unveils fresh theories on the relation of psychedelics to domains such as creativity, the survival of life on planet earth, interspecies communication, medicine and drug research, and many more. Contributors include: Mike Alvernia, Russell Brand, David Jay Brown, Paul Devereux, Rick Doblin, Amanda Fielding, Nassim Haramein, Martina Hoffman, Don Lattin, Eduardo Luna, Dennis McKenna, Thad McKraken, Rak Razam, Gabriel Roberts, Thomas B. Roberts, Robert Schoch, Mark Seelig, Rick Strassman and Robert Tindall.

Breaking Open the Head

Download Breaking Open the Head PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0767907434
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (679 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breaking Open the Head by : Daniel Pinchbeck

Download or read book Breaking Open the Head written by Daniel Pinchbeck and published by Crown. This book was released on 2003-08-12 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dazzling work of personal travelogue and cultural criticism that ranges from the primitive to the postmodern in a quest for the promise and meaning of the psychedelic experience. While psychedelics of all sorts are demonized in America today, the visionary compounds found in plants are the spiritual sacraments of tribal cultures around the world. From the iboga of the Bwiti in Gabon, to the Mazatecs of Mexico, these plants are sacred because they awaken the mind to other levels of awareness--to a holographic vision of the universe. Breaking Open the Head is a passionate, multilayered, and sometimes rashly personal inquiry into this deep division. On one level, Daniel Pinchbeck tells the story of the encounters between the modern consciousness of the West and these sacramental substances, including such thinkers as Allen Ginsberg, Antonin Artaud, Walter Benjamin, and Terence McKenna, and a new underground of present-day ethnobotanists, chemists, psychonauts, and philosophers. It is also a scrupulous recording of the author's wide-ranging investigation with these outlaw compounds, including a thirty-hour tribal initiation in West Africa; an all-night encounter with the master shamans of the South American rain forest; and a report from a psychedelic utopia in the Black Rock Desert that is the Burning Man Festival. Breaking Open the Head is brave participatory journalism at its best, a vivid account of psychic and intellectual experiences that opened doors in the wall of Western rationalism and completed Daniel Pinchbeck's personal transformation from a jaded Manhattan journalist to shamanic initiate and grateful citizen of the cosmos.

Altering Consciousness

Download Altering Consciousness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 031338309X
Total Pages : 838 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Altering Consciousness by : Etzel Cardeña

Download or read book Altering Consciousness written by Etzel Cardeña and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2011-05-18 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative, multidisciplinary overview of altered states of consciousness (ASC) shows how their study is necessary to gain a fundamental understanding of human culture, history, and biology. Altered consciousness is one of humanity's most mystical and life-altering aspects. These remarkable changes in mental state have understandably been a topic of general interest and scientific inquiry across time. Beyond simply satisfying our curiosity, however, studies focused upon altered consciousness can also bring valuable insights into our experience, biology, and culture. This unprecedented two-volume set will intrigue anyone interested in psychology, biology and neurology, science, history, arts and the humanities, and literature on consciousness, from general readers to scholars and researchers. An impressive collection of international contributors address altered states of consciousness from the perspectives of history, evolution, psychology, culture, literature, human biology, contemporary science, and society, seeking to illuminate the causes, effects, and meanings of altered consciousness. The first volume provides an introduction and centers on the importance of altered states in history, culture, and the humanities, while the second volume presents biological and psychological perspectives on altered consciousness and examines their potential for healing and pathology.

Health & Drugs

Download Health & Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nicolae Sfetcu
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2097 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Health & Drugs by : Nicolae Sfetcu

Download or read book Health & Drugs written by Nicolae Sfetcu and published by Nicolae Sfetcu. This book was released on 2014-05-02 with total page 2097 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information about drugs, side effects and abuse. Drug prescription, medication and therapy. online stores to buy drugs. Testing, interaction, administration and treatments for the health care. Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. It is both an area of knowledge – a science of body systems, their diseases and treatment – and the applied practice of that knowledge. A drug is any biological substance, synthetic or non-synthetic, that is taken for non-dietary needs. It is usually synthesized outside of an organism, but introduced into an organism to produce its action. That is, when taken into the organisms body, it will produce some effects or alter some bodily functions (such as relieving symptoms, curing diseases or used as preventive medicine or any other purposes).