Austerity and Recovery in Ireland

Download Austerity and Recovery in Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198792379
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity and Recovery in Ireland by : William K. Roche

Download or read book Austerity and Recovery in Ireland written by William K. Roche and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In international commentary and debate on the effects of the Great Recession and austerity, Ireland has been hailed as the poster child for economic recovery and regeneration out of deep economic and fiscal contraction. While the genesis of Ireland's financial, economic, and fiscal crisis has been covered in the literature, no systematic analysis has yet been devoted to the period of austerity, to the impact of austerity on institutions and people, or to the roots of economic recovery. In this book a group of Ireland's leading social scientists present a multidisciplinary analysis of recession and austerity and their effects on economic, business, political, and social life. Individual chapters discuss the fiscal and economic policies implemented, the role of international, and, in particular, of EU institutions, and the effects on businesses, consumption, work, the labour market, migration, political and financial institutions, social inequality and cohesion, housing, and cultural expression. The book shows that Ireland cannot be viewed uncritically as a poster child for austerity. While fiscal contraction provided a basis for stabilizing the perilous finances of the state, economic recovery was due in the main to the long-established structure of Irish economic and business activity, to the importance of foreign direct investment and the dynamic export sector, and to recovery in the international economy. The restructuring and recovery of the financial system was aided by favourable international developments, including historically low interest rates and quantitative easing. Migration flows, nominal wage stability, the protection of social transfer payments, and the involvement of trade unions in severe public sector retrenchment - long-established features of Irish political economy - were of critical importance in the maintenance of social cohesion.

Debating Austerity in Ireland

Download Debating Austerity in Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781908997685
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (976 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Debating Austerity in Ireland by : Emma Heffernan

Download or read book Debating Austerity in Ireland written by Emma Heffernan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The austerity that followed the recent economic and financial crisis in has led to impassioned debates across the social sciences and the public at large. Although Ireland was not its only victim, the depth of the interacting economic, banking and budgetary crises has meant that the level of public interest has been especially intense. Among the hotly debated questions: what is austerity? Was it necessary? What have been its consequences? One of the defining features of the debate to date has been its tendency to polarise opinion and adopt a one-dimensional perspective. This book challenges us to adopt a more nuanced approach to understandings of austerity, and by extension the path to recovery. The book brings together leading national and international experts from across the social sciences to debate this traumatic period in Ireland's economic and social development.The papers were selected from a conference at the Royal Irish Academy, peer-reviewed and rewritten with the addition of a substantial introduction and conclusion by the editors.

Debating Austerity in Ireland

Download Debating Austerity in Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781908997715
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (977 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Debating Austerity in Ireland by :

Download or read book Debating Austerity in Ireland written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Austerity Ireland

Download Austerity Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pluto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780745334011
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity Ireland by : Kieran Allen

Download or read book Austerity Ireland written by Kieran Allen and published by Pluto Press. This book was released on 2013-09-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ireland has been marketed as the poster boy of EU austerity. EU elites and neoliberal commentators claim that the country's ability to suffer economic pain will attract investors and generate a recovery. In Austerity Ireland, Kieran Allen challenges this official narrative and argues that the Irish state's response to the crash has primarily been designed to protect economic privilege. The resulting austerity has been a failure and is likely to produce a decade of hardship. The book offers a deeply informed diagnosis of Ireland's current socio-economic and political malaise, suggesting that a political earthquake is underway which may benefit the left. Austerity Ireland is essential reading for students of Irish politics and economics, as well as those interested in the politics of austerity and the eurozone crisis.

The EU Financial Crisis: Austerity and Expansion

Download The EU Financial Crisis: Austerity and Expansion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 365648872X
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (564 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The EU Financial Crisis: Austerity and Expansion by : Dominik Kirchdorfer

Download or read book The EU Financial Crisis: Austerity and Expansion written by Dominik Kirchdorfer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2013-09-03 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 2, University of Vienna (Institut für Europäische Integration), course: Political Economy of European Integration, language: English, abstract: In this paper I analyse the recovery plans for Ireland by the EU Commission and the Irish government, as well as the developments of the Irish economy throughout its crisis. I find that both the austerity and growth measures are of vital importance to the country's recovery and as such the same can be said for the rest of the European Union. Ireland is on its way back to a stable economy. The GDP, inflation and the current account are rising, but the country still faces challenges with unemployment and an ever increasing pile of debt. Greece and other countries affected by the crisis and now under the Troika programme, should take Ireland as an example, but the EU will have to do its part to help these countries with their growth programmes, instead of persisting on strict austerity measures alone.

The Austerity State

Download The Austerity State PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 1487521952
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (875 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Austerity State by : Stephen McBride

Download or read book The Austerity State written by Stephen McBride and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This volume focuses on the state's role in managing the fall-out from the global economic and financial crisis since 2008. For a brief moment, roughly from 2008-2010, governments and central banks appeared to borrow from Keynes to save the global economy. The contributors, however, take the view that to see those stimulus measures as "Keynesian" is a misinterpretation. Rather, neoliberalism demonstrated considerable resiliency despite its responsibility for the deep and prolonged crisis. The "austerian" analysis of the crisis is--historical, ignores its deeper roots, and rests upon a triumph of discourse involving blame-shifting from the under-regulated private sector to public or sovereign debt--for which the public authorities are responsible."--

Austerity

Download Austerity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691208638
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity by : Alberto Alesina

Download or read book Austerity written by Alberto Alesina and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-12 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A revealing look at austerity measures that succeed—and those that don't Fiscal austerity is hugely controversial. Opponents argue that it can trigger downward growth spirals and become self-defeating. Supporters argue that budget deficits have to be tackled aggressively at all times and at all costs. Bringing needed clarity to one of today's most challenging economic issues, three leading policy experts cut through the political noise to demonstrate that there is not one type of austerity but many. Austerity assesses the relative effectiveness of tax increases and spending cuts at reducing debt, shows that austerity is not necessarily the kiss of death for political careers as is often believed, and charts a sensible approach based on data analysis rather than ideology.

Routledge International Handbook of Irish Studies

Download Routledge International Handbook of Irish Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000333159
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Routledge International Handbook of Irish Studies by : Renée Fox

Download or read book Routledge International Handbook of Irish Studies written by Renée Fox and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Routledge International Handbook of Irish Studies begins with the reversal in Irish fortunes after the 2008 global economic crash. The chapters included address not only changes in post-Celtic Tiger Ireland but also changes in disciplinary approaches to Irish Studies that the last decade of political, economic, and cultural unrest have stimulated. Since 2008, Irish Studies has been directly and indirectly influenced by the crash and its reverberations through the economy, political landscape, and social framework of Ireland and beyond. Approaching Irish pasts, presents, and futures through interdisciplinary and theoretically capacious lenses, the chapters in this volume reflect the myriad ways Irish Studies has responded to the economic precarity in the Republic, renewed instability in the North, the complex European politics of Brexit, global climate and pandemic crises, and the intense social change in Ireland catalyzed by all of these. Just as Irish society has had to dramatically reconceive its economic and global identity after the crash, Irish Studies has had to shift its theoretical modes and its objects of analysis in order to keep pace with these changes and upheavals. This book captures the dynamic ways the discipline has evolved since 2008, exploring how the age of austerity and renewal has transformed both Ireland and scholarly approaches to understanding Ireland. It will appeal to students and scholars of Irish studies, sociology, cultural studies, history, literature, economics, and political science. Chapter 3, 5 and 15 of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Debtors' Prison

Download Debtors' Prison PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307959813
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Debtors' Prison by : Robert Kuttner

Download or read book Debtors' Prison written by Robert Kuttner and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of our foremost economic thinkers challenges a cherished tenet of today’s financial orthodoxy: that spending less, refusing to forgive debt, and shrinking government—“austerity”—is the solution to a persisting economic crisis like ours or Europe’s, now in its fifth year. Since the collapse of September 2008, the conversation about economic recovery has centered on the question of debt: whether we have too much of it, whose debt to forgive, and how to cut the deficit. These questions dominated the sound bites of the 2012 U.S. presidential election, the fiscal-cliff debates, and the perverse policies of the European Union. Robert Kuttner makes the most powerful argument to date that these are the wrong questions and that austerity is the wrong answer. Blending economics with historical contrasts of effective debt relief and punitive debt enforcement, he makes clear that universal belt-tightening, as a prescription for recession, defies economic logic. And while the public debt gets most of the attention, it is private debts that crashed the economy and are sandbagging the recovery—mortgages, student loans, consumer borrowing to make up for lagging wages, speculative shortfalls incurred by banks. As Kuttner observes, corporations get to use bankruptcy to walk away from debts. Homeowners and small nations don’t. Thus, we need more public borrowing and investment to revive a depressed economy, and more forgiveness and reform of the overhang of past debts. In making his case, Kuttner uncovers the double standards in the politics of debt, from Robinson Crusoe author Daniel Defoe’s campaign for debt forgiveness in the seventeenth century to the two world wars and Bretton Woods. Just as debtors’ prisons once prevented individuals from surmounting their debts and resuming productive life, austerity measures shackle, rather than restore, economic growth—as the weight of past debt crushes the economy’s future potential. Above all, Kuttner shows how austerity serves only the interest of creditors—the very bankers and financial elites whose actions precipitated the collapse. Lucid, authoritative, provocative—a book that will shape the economic conversation and the search for new solutions.

Framing Austerity

Download Framing Austerity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786611066
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Framing Austerity by : Aileen Marron

Download or read book Framing Austerity written by Aileen Marron and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-05-25 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph examines the ways in which discourses on the public sector were articulated in the print media during the 2011 financial crisis in the Irish, UK and European news media. It finds that coverage of the public sector was ideological, portraying public sector workers as overpaid, inefficient, and sheltered from the worst of the crisis. These explanations perpetuated the view that there was a need for austerity through cutbacks to public services and public sector pay. The central thesis is that these representations must be understood as being part of the complex organisational culture of the newsroom. Additional themes explored in the book include but are not limited to: Media ownership concentration and journalistic self-censorship. The marketisation of news and its impact on journalistic practice. The casualisation of the newsroom. The fourth estate function of the media. The discourse of austerity. Neoliberalism as a dominant ideology. Reflexivity in the newsroom. The crisis of credibility in journalism. Media portrayals of The “Looney” Left versus the “Reasonable” Right.

The Body Economic

Download The Body Economic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465063977
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Body Economic by : David Stuckler

Download or read book The Body Economic written by David Stuckler and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2013-05-21 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politicians have talked endlessly about the seismic economic and social impacts of the recent financial crisis, but many continue to ignore its disastrous effects on human health—and have even exacerbated them, by adopting harsh austerity measures and cutting key social programs at a time when constituents need them most. The result, as pioneering public health experts David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu reveal in this provocative book, is that many countries have turned their recessions into veritable epidemics, ruining or extinguishing thousands of lives in a misguided attempt to balance budgets and shore up financial markets. Yet sound alternative policies could instead help improve economies and protect public health at the same time. In The Body Economic, Stuckler and Basu mine data from around the globe and throughout history to show how government policy becomes a matter of life and death during financial crises. In a series of historical case studies stretching from 1930s America, to Russia and Indonesia in the 1990s, to present-day Greece, Britain, Spain, and the U.S., Stuckler and Basu reveal that governmental mismanagement of financial strife has resulted in a grim array of human tragedies, from suicides to HIV infections. Yet people can and do stay healthy, and even get healthier, during downturns. During the Great Depression, U.S. deaths actually plummeted, and today Iceland, Norway, and Japan are happier and healthier than ever, proof that public wellbeing need not be sacrificed for fiscal health. Full of shocking and counterintuitive revelations and bold policy recommendations, The Body Economic offers an alternative to austerity—one that will prevent widespread suffering, both now and in the future.

Austerity Ireland

Download Austerity Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pluto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780745334028
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity Ireland by : Kieran Allen

Download or read book Austerity Ireland written by Kieran Allen and published by Pluto Press. This book was released on 2013-10-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ireland has been marketed as the poster boy of EU austerity. EU elites and neoliberal commentators claim that the country's ability to suffer economic pain will attract investors and generate a recovery. In Austerity Ireland, Kieran Allen challenges this official narrative and argues that the Irish state's response to the crash has primarily been designed to protect economic privilege. The resulting austerity has been a failure and is likely to produce a decade of hardship. The book offers a deeply informed diagnosis of Ireland's current socio-economic and political malaise, suggesting that a political earthquake is underway which may benefit the left. Austerity Ireland is essential reading for students of Irish politics and economics, as well as those interested in the politics of austerity and the eurozone crisis.

The Violence of Austerity

Download The Violence of Austerity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780745337463
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Violence of Austerity by : Vickie Cooper

Download or read book The Violence of Austerity written by Vickie Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2017-05-20 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Austerity, a response to the aftermath of the financial crisis, continues to devastate contemporary Britain.In The Violence of Austerity, Vickie Cooper and David Whyte bring together the voices of campaigners and academics including Danny Dorling, Mary O'Hara and Rizwaan Sabir to show that rather than stimulating economic growth, austerity policies have led to a dismantling of the social systems that operated as a buffer against economic hardship, exposing austerity to be a form of systematic violence.Covering a range of famous cases of institutional violence in Britain, the book argues that police attacks on the homeless, violent evictions in the rented sector, the risks faced by people on workfare schemes, community violence in Northern Ireland and cuts to the regulation of social protection, are all being driven by reductions in public sector funding. The result is a shocking expos� of the myriad ways in which austerity policies harm people in Britain.

Austerity and Recovery in Ireland

Download Austerity and Recovery in Ireland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192510797
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity and Recovery in Ireland by : William K. Roche

Download or read book Austerity and Recovery in Ireland written by William K. Roche and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-12-06 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In international commentary and debate on the effects of the Great Recession and austerity, Ireland has been hailed as the poster child for economic recovery and regeneration out of deep economic and fiscal contraction. While the genesis of Ireland's financial, economic, and fiscal crisis has been covered in the literature, no systematic analysis has yet been devoted to the period of austerity, to the impact of austerity on institutions and people, or to the roots of economic recovery. In this book a group of Ireland's leading social scientists present a multidisciplinary analysis of recession and austerity and their effects on economic, business, political, and social life. Individual chapters discuss the fiscal and economic policies implemented, the role of international, and, in particular, of EU institutions, and the effects on businesses, consumption, work, the labour market, migration, political and financial institutions, social inequality and cohesion, housing, and cultural expression. The book shows that Ireland cannot be viewed uncritically as a poster child for austerity. While fiscal contraction provided a basis for stabilizing the perilous finances of the state, economic recovery was due in the main to the long-established structure of Irish economic and business activity, to the importance of foreign direct investment and the dynamic export sector, and to recovery in the international economy. The restructuring and recovery of the financial system was aided by favourable international developments, including historically low interest rates and quantitative easing. Migration flows, nominal wage stability, the protection of social transfer payments, and the involvement of trade unions in severe public sector retrenchment - long-established features of Irish political economy - were of critical importance in the maintenance of social cohesion.

Austerity

Download Austerity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199389446
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Austerity by : Mark Blyth

Download or read book Austerity written by Mark Blyth and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected as a Financial Times Best Book of 2013 Governments today in both Europe and the United States have succeeded in casting government spending as reckless wastefulness that has made the economy worse. In contrast, they have advanced a policy of draconian budget cuts--austerity--to solve the financial crisis. We are told that we have all lived beyond our means and now need to tighten our belts. This view conveniently forgets where all that debt came from. Not from an orgy of government spending, but as the direct result of bailing out, recapitalizing, and adding liquidity to the broken banking system. Through these actions private debt was rechristened as government debt while those responsible for generating it walked away scot free, placing the blame on the state, and the burden on the taxpayer. That burden now takes the form of a global turn to austerity, the policy of reducing domestic wages and prices to restore competitiveness and balance the budget. The problem, according to political economist Mark Blyth, is that austerity is a very dangerous idea. First of all, it doesn't work. As the past four years and countless historical examples from the last 100 years show, while it makes sense for any one state to try and cut its way to growth, it simply cannot work when all states try it simultaneously: all we do is shrink the economy. In the worst case, austerity policies worsened the Great Depression and created the conditions for seizures of power by the forces responsible for the Second World War: the Nazis and the Japanese military establishment. As Blyth amply demonstrates, the arguments for austerity are tenuous and the evidence thin. Rather than expanding growth and opportunity, the repeated revival of this dead economic idea has almost always led to low growth along with increases in wealth and income inequality. Austerity demolishes the conventional wisdom, marshaling an army of facts to demand that we austerity for what it is, and what it costs us.

The Good Room

Download The Good Room PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 0141971827
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Good Room by : David McWilliams

Download or read book The Good Room written by David McWilliams and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A forensic, entertaining polemic from the author of The Pope's Children. Ireland is deeply in debt, beholden to the IMF, the EU and the bond markets. Its economy is frozen, and years of austerity are ahead. It didn't have to be this way - and it doesn't have to be this way. In The Good Room, David McWilliams, who spotted the dangers of the Irish property bubble and imbalances within the eurozone at a time when other commentators were cheerleading the boom, explains the bizarre economics behind Ireland's current predicament, and illuminates a different path for the country. He illustrates the consequences of debt and austerity for ordinary Irish people and explains why austerity can't work. And he shows that history offers numerous useful models for Irish recovery - provided we open our eyes to them. Economics is about people like you. The Pope's Children was the book that connected the dots between economics and daily life in Ireland during the boom years. The Good Room does the same for the Ireland of the bust, and is - in its call for a completely different approach - an even more urgent and necessary work. 'McWilliams has a great knack for bringing a complex economics story to life. He is also funny. In economics, that's a rare and persuasive combination.' Stephanie Flanders, Irish Times 'A gifted and often courageous polemicist who has done more to popularize the debate about economics in Ireland than anyone else' Irish Independent 'McWilliams makes a compelling argument for the need for a different approach to Irish and European economic management ... [A] realistic, pragmatic call for innovative policies that take account of proven economic theory' Sunday Business Post David McWilliams is Ireland's leading popular economist, and a columnist for the Irish Independent and the Sunday Business Post. He is the author of the bestsellers The Pope's Children, The Generation Game, and Follow the Money.

The Age of Austerity

Download The Age of Austerity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1781951454
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (819 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Age of Austerity by : Thomas J. Schoenbaum

Download or read book The Age of Austerity written by Thomas J. Schoenbaum and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This provocative look at the global financial crisis argues that the United States, the European Union and Japan have intentionally and unwittingly adopted wrong-headed economic policies in a futile attempt to deal with sovereign debt resulting from the global financial crisis. It offers persuasive evidence of how the politics of austerity fail to encourage economic recovery, and proposes instead a number of alternative ideas and solutions. The book begins with a detailed breakdown of the financial crisis and the government response in the United States, with particular focus on the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The author then puts forth a basic three-part plan calling for (1) fundamental tax and entitlement reform; (2) massive economic stimulus in the form of public and private investment to modernize the countryÍs aging infrastructures; and (3) mortgage relief to revitalize the nationÍs housing markets. The book concludes with specific policy proposals designed to achieve these goals and return the US economy to a state of full employment and robust economic growth. This timely and insightful volume will appeal to students and scholars of economics, public policy and finance, as well as anyone with an interest in the recent economic history of the United States.