Attrition And Carbon Formation On Iron Catalysts

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Attrition and Carbon Formation on Iron Catalysts

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)

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Download or read book Attrition and Carbon Formation on Iron Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A serious engineering problem that needs to be addressed in the scale-up of slurry-phase, Fischer-Tropsch reactors is attrition of the precipitated iron catalyst. Attrition, which can break down the catalyst into particles too small to filter, results from both mechanical and chemical forces. This study examines the chemical causes of attrition in iron catalysts. A bench-scale, slurry-phase CSTR is used to simulate operating conditions that lead to attrition of the catalyst. The average particle size and size distribution of the catalyst samples are used to determine the effect of slurry temperature, reducing gas, gas flow rate and time upon attrition of the catalyst. Carbon deposition, a possible contributing factor to attrition, has been examined using gravimetric analysis and TEM. Conditions affecting the rate of carbon deposition have been compared to those leading to attrition of the precipitated iron catalyst.

Nanoscale Attrition During Activation of Precipitated Iron Fischer- Tropsch Catalysts: Implications for Catalyst Design

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanoscale Attrition During Activation of Precipitated Iron Fischer- Tropsch Catalysts: Implications for Catalyst Design by :

Download or read book Nanoscale Attrition During Activation of Precipitated Iron Fischer- Tropsch Catalysts: Implications for Catalyst Design written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has shown that the kaolin binder that has been used in commercial Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis catalysts doe not offer any significant attrition resistance. This is due in part to its morphology (plate-like) and to its particle size being much greater than the primary crystallite size of the iron oxide catalyst. From a microscopic examination of these catalysts, it appears that if the nanoscale attrition of the iron catalyst is to be avoided, the iron must be well dispersed on the binder, and the binder must provide an interlocking microstructure that provides strength and stability to the 30-70[mu]m agglomerates. The study of Fe/SiO[sub 2] catalysts has shown that co-precipitation of the iron and silica leads to formation of an amorphous glassy phase which is difficult to reduce even at 723K. On the other hand, when the iron was precipitated on a preformed silica, 25-40% of the iron could be reduced and carbided. The supported iron catalyst, after reduction, formed 15-20 nm iron carbide particles that look very similar to those on the unsupported catalyst. The major difference is these nanometer sized particles are anchored on a support and therefore would not be expected to breakup further and contribute to the fines generated as catalyst attrition proceeds. However, since only a fraction of the silica-supported iron can be reduced to the active carbide phase, our present efforts are devoted to moderating the Fe/SiO[sub 2] interaction by introducing an interfacial oxide phase. We are also studying the role of added Cu on the ease of reducibility of Fe/SiO[sub 2]. The implication of this work is that other binder materials should be explored that have a morphology that can strengthen the agglomerates and minimize the Fe-SiO[sub 2] interfacial reactions. This work is presently underway in our laboratory.

Attrition Resistant Bulk Iron Catalysts and Processes for Preparing and Using Same

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Attrition Resistant Bulk Iron Catalysts and Processes for Preparing and Using Same by :

Download or read book Attrition Resistant Bulk Iron Catalysts and Processes for Preparing and Using Same written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An attrition resistant precipitated bulk iron catalyst is prepared from iron oxide precursor and a binder by spray drying. The catalysts are preferably used in carbon monoxide hydrogenation processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. These catalysts are suitable for use in fluidized-bed reactors, transport reactors and, especially, slurry bubble column reactors.

Catalyst Deactivation 1997

Author : G.A. Fuentes
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008052866X
Total Pages : 711 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalyst Deactivation 1997 by : G.A. Fuentes

Download or read book Catalyst Deactivation 1997 written by G.A. Fuentes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-09-12 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalyst Deactivation 1997 focused on 9 key topical areas: carbon deposition and coke formation, chemicals, environmental catalysis, modeling, petroleum processing, poisoning, syngas conversion, techniques, and thermal degradation. All of these areas were well represented at the meeting; moreover, several review articles were presented that provide perspectives on new research and development thrusts. The proceedings of the meeting are organized with six review and award articles at the front of the volume followed by topical articles a keynote, 5-6 oral, and 2-3 poster papers. A list of authors is provided at the end of the book. It should be emphasized that all of the papers were ranked and reviewed by members of the Scientific Committee.

The Role of Catalyst Activation on the Activity and Attrition of Precipitated Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 6 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Catalyst Activation on the Activity and Attrition of Precipitated Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts by :

Download or read book The Role of Catalyst Activation on the Activity and Attrition of Precipitated Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results of this work indicate that magnetite is not catalytically active for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) in precipitated, unsupported iron catalysts, but the formation of the carbide phase is necessary to obtain FTS activity. The transformation of magnetite to carbide, though essential to obtain FTS activity, also causes the catalyst to break down. This can lead to severe problems during operation in a commercial slurry phase reactor. The results presented here imply that activation and attrition are simultaneous and complementary processes. In another study, we show that the catalyst can also under go attrition on a micron scale which is caused by lack of strength of the forces binding the catalyst primary particles in the agglomerates. Both these processes can make wax separation and product recovery extremely difficult. In this study, we have also shown that H2 reduction of this catalyst to metallic iron is detrimental to subsequent catalyst activity and causes a loss of surface area due to sintering of the iron crystallites. Reduction to metallic Fe also causes impurities such as S to segregate to the surface causing a complete loss of FTS activity. It has been shown that even submonolayer amounts of S can cause a dramatic decrease in FTS activity, hence reduction to metallic Fe should be avoided during activation of these catalysts. We have shown, however, that a mild H2 reduction to magnetite does not lead to S segregation to the surface, and is therefore acceptable.

Energy Research Abstracts

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-11 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Iron Catalysis: Design And Applications

Author : Jose M Palomo
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786349639
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Iron Catalysis: Design And Applications by : Jose M Palomo

Download or read book Iron Catalysis: Design And Applications written by Jose M Palomo and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron Catalysis: Design and Applications is an exciting new book that takes readers inside the world of iron catalysis guided by international catalysis expert, Dr Jose M Palomo. Iron is the most abundant metal in the planet, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, with an easily manipulated remediation process. In the last few years the use of this nonprecious metal has gained extraordinary attention particularly for its potential as a catalyst in different areas. This book compiles a series of chapters describing the most significant advances in the last few years since the design of different iron catalysts and nanocatalysts and iron-containing artificial and natural enzymes. The chapters also cover its application in different areas of interest such as organic synthesis, environmental remediation, enzyme-like activities or the creation of novel types of electrodes for battery design.

Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts

Author : J. Oudar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824773380
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts by : J. Oudar

Download or read book Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts written by J. Oudar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-07-02 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts presents the most current research in the area of heterogeneous catalysis. It focuses on the chemically induced effects associated with bonded surface species that cause catalyst activity decline -- and in some cases a change in catalyst specificity. In addition, this volume examines poisoning of dispersed metal catalysts ... the thermodynamics of sulfur-metal and carbon-metal interactions ... model poisoning reactions on single crystals ... deactivation in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes ... coking of metal catalysts ... and more. The new approaches and solutions to catalyst deactivation and poisoning presented in this guide are invaluable to all heterogeneous catalysis specialists, including chemical and petroleum engineers, and surface, synthetic, physical, and industrial chemists. Book jacket.

Spray Drying and Attrition Behavior of Iron Catalysts for Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Author : Victor Hugo Carreto Vazquez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (574 download)

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Book Synopsis Spray Drying and Attrition Behavior of Iron Catalysts for Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis by : Victor Hugo Carreto Vazquez

Download or read book Spray Drying and Attrition Behavior of Iron Catalysts for Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis written by Victor Hugo Carreto Vazquez and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes results of a study aimed at developing and evaluating attrition resistant iron catalysts prepared by spray drying technique. These catalysts are intended for Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis in a slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR). One of the major challenges associated with the use of SBCR for this purpose is the problem of catalyst/wax separation. If the catalyst particles break up into smaller ones during the F-T synthesis, these small particles (>5-10 [mu]m in diameter) will cause problems with the catalyst/wax separation. Several research groups have worked on development of attrition resistant spray-dried iron catalysts, and methodology to measure and predict their attrition behavior. However, these attrition tests were not conducted under conditions representative of those encountered in a SBCR. In this work, the attrition behavior of six spray-dried catalysts and two precipitated catalysts was evaluated under slurry reaction conditions in a stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR). Spray-dried catalysts used in this study were prepared at Texas A & M University (TAMU) and at Hampton University (HU), employing different preparation procedures and silica sources (potassium silicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate or colloidal silica). The attrition properties of F-T catalysts were determined by measuring particle size distribution (PSD) of catalysts before and after F-T synthesis in the STSR. This provides a direct measure of changes in particle size distribution in the STSR, and accounts for both physical and chemical attrition effects. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the mechanism of attrition - erosion vs. fracture, and to obtain morphological characteristics of catalysts. Spray dried 100Fe/3Cu/5K/16SiO2 catalyst (WCS3516-1), prepared from wet precursors using colloidal silica as the silica source, was the best in terms of its attrition strength. After 337 hours of F-T synthesis in the STSR, the reduction in the average particle size and generation of particles less than 10 [mu]m in diameter were found to be very small. This indicates that both particle fracture and erosion were insignificant during testing in the STSR. All other catalysts, except one of the spray dried catalysts synthesized at Hampton University, also had a good attrition resistance and would be suitable for use in slurry reactors for F-T synthesis.

Attrition Resistant Iron Catalysts for Synthesis Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuels

Author : Dragomir B. Bukur
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Attrition Resistant Iron Catalysts for Synthesis Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuels by : Dragomir B. Bukur

Download or read book Attrition Resistant Iron Catalysts for Synthesis Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuels written by Dragomir B. Bukur and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Catalysis in Coal Conversion

Author : James Cusumano
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323157629
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalysis in Coal Conversion by : James Cusumano

Download or read book Catalysis in Coal Conversion written by James Cusumano and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysis in Coal Conversion tells of the advances in catalysis and related fields in order to suggest decisive contributions towards finding solutions for the catalytic problems of coal conversion. The book also details the preparation, mode of action, and behavior of various catalysts. The book is divided into three major parts, the first of which discusses the advances of catalysis during the last two decades including the bimetallic catalysts. Other areas of interest covered in the first part include characterization and preparation of catalysts; poisoning and regeneration; and reaction mechanisms. Part II summarizes the developments of related disciplines such as reactor engineering, inorganic and organometallic chemistry, materials science, and surface science. The last part serves as a review of the nature of the different coal liquefaction processes and their products. This book is of value to chemists and chemical engineers involved in coal conversion or fuel processing researches. Chemistry teachers and students can also use this book for examples of practical applications in industrial catalysis.

The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides

Author : S.T. Oyama
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400915659
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides by : S.T. Oyama

Download or read book The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides written by S.T. Oyama and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book arose from a symposium titled 'Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides: Preparation, Properties, and Reactivity' organized by Jae Sung Lee, Masatoshi Nagai and myself. The symposium was part of the 1995 Congress of Pacific Rim Chemical Societies, held in Honolulu, Hawaii between December 17-22, 1995. The meeting was the first major conference to exclusively address the theme of metal carbides and nitrides, and brought together many of the major researchers in the field. Over 50 scientists and engineers reported their latest findings in five sessions of presentations and discussions. The book closely follows the topics covered in the conference: Theory of bonding Structure and composition Catalytic properties Physical properties New methods of preparation Spectroscopy and microscopy The book is unique in its coverage. It provides a general introduction to the properties and nature of the materials, but also covers their latest applications in a wide variety of fields. It should thus be of interest to both experts and nonexperts in the fields of material science, solid-state chemistry, physics, ceramics engineering, and catalysis. The first chapter gives an overview, and many of the chapters provide summaries of advanced topics. All contributions were peer-reviewed.

The Characterization of Iron Catalysts

Author : Albertus J. Kock
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Characterization of Iron Catalysts by : Albertus J. Kock

Download or read book The Characterization of Iron Catalysts written by Albertus J. Kock and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Iron and Cobalt Catalysts

Author : Wilson D. Shafer
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303928388X
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis Iron and Cobalt Catalysts by : Wilson D. Shafer

Download or read book Iron and Cobalt Catalysts written by Wilson D. Shafer and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.

The Preparation and Characterization of Highly-dispersed Iron Catalysts

Author : Scott A. Stevenson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Preparation and Characterization of Highly-dispersed Iron Catalysts by : Scott A. Stevenson

Download or read book The Preparation and Characterization of Highly-dispersed Iron Catalysts written by Scott A. Stevenson and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Industrial Catalytic Processes for Fine and Specialty Chemicals

Author : Sunil S Joshi
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128016701
Total Pages : 784 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Catalytic Processes for Fine and Specialty Chemicals by : Sunil S Joshi

Download or read book Industrial Catalytic Processes for Fine and Specialty Chemicals written by Sunil S Joshi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial Catalytic Processes for Fine and Specialty Chemicals provides a comprehensive methodology and state-of-the art toolbox for industrial catalysis. The book begins by introducing the reader to the interesting, challenging, and important field of catalysis and catalytic processes. The fundamentals of catalysis and catalytic processes are fully covered before delving into the important industrial applications of catalysis and catalytic processes, with an emphasis on green and sustainable technologies. Several case studies illustrate new and sustainable ways of designing catalysts and catalytic processes. The intended audience of the book includes researchers in academia and industry, as well as chemical engineers, process development chemists, and technologists working in chemical industries and industrial research laboratories. Discusses the fundamentals of catalytic processes, catalyst preparation and characterization, and reaction engineering Outlines the homogeneous catalytic processes as they apply to specialty chemicals Introduces industrial catalysis and catalytic processes for fine chemicals Includes a number of case studies to demonstrate the various processes and methods for designing green catalysts

Natural Gas Conversion V

Author : A. Parmaliana
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080537308
Total Pages : 1005 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Gas Conversion V by : A. Parmaliana

Download or read book Natural Gas Conversion V written by A. Parmaliana and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-09-17 with total page 1005 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow. The topics covered in Natural Gas Conversion V reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable. These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries.