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Assessment Of Coal Liquids As Refinery Feedstocks
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Book Synopsis Assessment of Coal Liquids as Refinery Feedstocks by :
Download or read book Assessment of Coal Liquids as Refinery Feedstocks written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The R & D of direct coal liquefaction has reached such a stage that current two-stage processes can produce coal liquids with high yields and improved quality at a reasonable cost. To fully realize the potential value, these coal liquids should be refined into high-value liquid transportation fuels. The purpose of this study is to assess coal liquids as feedstocks to be processed by modern petroleum refining technologies. After the introduction, Section 2.0 summarizes ASTM specifications for major transportation fuels: gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel, which serve as a target for coal-liquid refining. A concise description of modern refining processes follows with an emphasis on the requirements for the raw materials. These provide criteria to judge the quality of coal liquids as a refinery feedstock for the production of marketable liquid fuels. Section 3.0 surveys the properties of coal liquids produced by various liquefaction processes. Compared with typical petroleum oils, the current two-stage coal liquids are: Light in boiling range and free of resids and metals; very low in sulfur but relatively high in oxygen; relatively low in hydrogen and high in cyclics content; and essentially toxicologically inactive when end point is lower than 650°F, particularly after hydroprocessing. Despite these characteristics, the coal liquids are basically similar to petroleum. The modern refining technology is capable of processing coal liquids into transportation fuels meeting all specifications, and hydroprocessinq is obviously the major tool. The important point is the determination of a reasonable product slate and an appropriate refining scheme.
Book Synopsis Refinery Feedstocks by : James G. Speight
Download or read book Refinery Feedstocks written by James G. Speight and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-20 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last several decades, the petroleum industry has experienced significant changes in resource availability, petro-politics, and technological advancements dictated by the changing quality of refinery feedstocks. However, the dependence on fossil fuels as the primary energy source has remained unchanged. Refinery Feedstocks addresses the problems of changing feedstock availability and properties; the refining process; and solids deposition during refining. This book will take the reader through the various steps that are necessary for crude oil evaluation and refining including the potential for the use of coal liquids, shale oil, and non-fossil fuel materials (biomass) as refinery feedstocks. Other features: Describes the various types of crude oil and includes a discussion of extra heavy oil and tar sand bitumen Includes basic properties and specifications of crude oil and the significance in refinery operations This book is a handy reference for engineers, scientists, and students who want an update on crude oil refining and on the direction the industry must take to assure the refinability of various feedstocks and the efficiency of the refining processes in the next fifty years. Non-technical readers, with help from the extensive glossary, will also benefit from reading this book.
Book Synopsis REFINING AND END USE STUDY OF COAL LIQUIDS. by :
Download or read book REFINING AND END USE STUDY OF COAL LIQUIDS. written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two direct coal liquids were evaluated by linear programming analysis to determine their value as petroleum refinery feedstock. The first liquid, DL1, was produced from bitiuminous coal using the Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc.(HTI) two-stage hydrogenation process in Proof of Concept Run No. 1, POC-1. The second liquid, DL2,was produced from sub-bituminous coal using a three-stage HTI process in Proof of Concept Run No. 2, POC-2; the third stage being a severe hydrogenation process. A linear programming (LP) model was developed which simulates a generic 150,000 barrel per day refinery in the Midwest U.S. Data from upgrading tests conducted on the coal liquids and related petroleum fractions in the pilot plant testing phase of the Refining and End Use Study was inputed into the model. The coal liquids were compared against a generic petroleum crude feedstock. under two scenarios. In the first scenario, it was assumed that the refinery capacity and product slate/volumes were fixed. The coal liquids would be used to replace a portion of the generic crude. The LP results showed that the DL1 material had essentially the same value as the generic crude. Due to its higher quality, the DL2 material had a value of approximately 0.60 $/barrel higher than the petroleum crude. In the second scenario, it was assumed that a market opportunity exists to increase production by one-third. This requires a refinery expansion. The feedstock for this scenario could be either 100% petroleum crude or a combination of petroleum crude and the direct coal liquids. Linear programming analysis showed that the capital cost of the refinery expansion was significantly less when coal liquids are utilized. In addition, the pilot plant testing showed that both of the direct coal liquids demonstrated superior catalytic cracking and naphtha reforming yields. Depending on the coal liquid flow rate, the value of the DL1 material was 2.5-4.0 $/barrel greater than the base petroleum crude, while the DL2 material was 3.0-4.0 /barrel higher than the crude. Co-processing the coal liquids with lower quality, less expensive petroleum crudes that have higher sulfur, resid and metals contents was also examined. The coal liquids have higher values under this scenario, but the values are dependent on the prices of the alternative crudes.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis ERDA Energy Research Abstracts by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1096 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Refining and End Use of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, November--December 1993 by :
Download or read book Refining and End Use of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, November--December 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key objective is to determine the most desirable ways of integrating coal liquefaction liquids into existing petroleum refineries to produce transportation fuels meeting current and future, e.g. year 2000, Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) standards. An intregral part of the above objectives is to test the fuels or blends produced and compare them with established ASTM fuels. The comparison will include engine tests to ascertain compliance of the fuels produced with CAAA and other applicable fuel quality and performance standards. The final part of the project includes a detailed economic evaluation of the cost of processing the coal liquids to their optimum products. The cost analyses is for the incremental processing cost; in other words, the feed is priced at zero dollars CIF refinery. The study reflects costs for operations using state of the art refinery technology; no capital costs for building of new refineries or units is considered. Economy of scale dictates the minimum amount of feedstock that should be processed. To enhance management of the study, the work has been divided into two parts, the Basic Program and Option 1. The objectives of the Basic Program are to: Characterize the coal liquids; Develop an optimized refinery configuration for processing indirect and direct coal liquids; and Develop a LP refinery model with the Process Industry Modeling System (PIMS) software. The objectives of Option 1 are to: Confirm the validity of the optimization work of the Basic Program; Produce large quantities of liquid transportation fuel blending stocks; Conduct engine emission tests; Determine the value and the processing costs of the coal liquids.
Book Synopsis An Assessment of the Potential for Coal-derived Syncrudes in Canada by : K. Morgan Macrae
Download or read book An Assessment of the Potential for Coal-derived Syncrudes in Canada written by K. Morgan Macrae and published by Calgary : Canadian Energy Research Institute. This book was released on 1988 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the context of Canada's future energy demand and declining conventional crude oil production, this report examines recent advances in coal liquids technology and assesses the potential role of coal-derived synthetic fuels in the evolving energy technology mix. The model used in this study allocates, on an optimal basis, all the relevant Canadian energy resources - conventional and frontier crude oil, natural gas, bitumen, and coal - among the potentially available technologies and also over time. The supply cost analysis, production and on-stream development scenarios presented for upgraders, mined oil sands plants and coal liquids facilities are based on a complete re-assessment of the potential costs of all of the major energy supply options, measured against a re-evaluation of the Institute's CREED model and a linear programming model developed by the Alberta Research Council. A detailed evaluation, undertaken by the MITRE Corp. in the U.S., of recent advances in direct coal liquefaction together with a study published by the Electric Power Research Institute on coal/oil co-processing, formed the basis of the state-of-the-art coal liquids technology.
Book Synopsis Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis by :
Download or read book Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, July-- September 1995 by :
Download or read book Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, July-- September 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bechtel, with Southwest Research Institute, Amoco Oil R & D, and the M.W. Kellogg Co. as subcontractors, initiated a study on November 1, 1993, for the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) to determine the most cost effective and suitable combination of existing petroleum refinery processes needed to make specification transportation fuels or blending stocks, from direct and indirect coal liquefaction product liquids. A key objective is to determine the most desirable ways of integrating coal liquefaction liquids into existing petroleum refineries to produce transportation fuels meeting current and future, e.g. year 2000, Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) standards. An integral part of the above objectives is to test the fuels or blends produced and compare them with established ASTM fuels. The comparison will include engine tests to ascertain compliance of the fuels produced with CAAA and other applicable fuel quality and performance standards. The final part of the project includes a detailed economic evaluation of the cost of processing the coal liquids to their optimum products. The cost analyses is for the incremental processing cost; in other words, the feed is priced at zero dollars. The study reflects costs for operations using state of the art refinery technology; no capital costs for building new refineries is considered. Some modifications to the existing refinery may be required. Economy of scale dictates the minimum amount of feedstock that should be processed.
Author :Alberta Office of Coal Research and Technology Publisher :Alberta Office of Coal Research & Technology ISBN 13 :9780864998903 Total Pages :21 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (989 download)
Book Synopsis Methods for Producing and Upgrading Liquid Hydrocarbons from Alberta Coal by : Alberta Office of Coal Research and Technology
Download or read book Methods for Producing and Upgrading Liquid Hydrocarbons from Alberta Coal written by Alberta Office of Coal Research and Technology and published by Alberta Office of Coal Research & Technology. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition by : James G. Speight
Download or read book The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition written by James G. Speight and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for coal use (for electricity generation) and coal products, particularly liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks, is increasing throughout the world. Traditional markets such as North America and Europe are experiencing a steady increase in demand whereas emerging Asian markets, such as India and China, are witnessing a rapid surge in demand for clean liquid fuels. A detailed and comprehensive overview of the chemistry and technology of coal in the twenty-first century, The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition also covers the relationship of coal industry processes with environmental regulations as well as the effects of combustion products on the atmosphere. Maintaining and enhancing the clarity of presentation that made the previous editions so popular, this book: Examines the effects of combustion products on the atmosphere Details practical elements of coal evaluation procedures Clarifies misconceptions concerning the organic structure of coal Discusses the physical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of coal Analyzes the development and current status of combustion and gasification techniques In addition to two new chapters, Coal Use and the Environment and Coal and Energy Security, much of the material in this edition been rewritten to incorporate the latest developments in the coal industry. Citations from review articles, patents, other books, and technical articles with substantial introductory material are incorporated into the text for further reference. The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition maintains its initial premise: to introduce the science of coal, beginning with its formation in the ground to the production of a wide variety of products and petrochemical intermediates in the twenty-first century. The book will prove useful for scientists and engineers already engaged in the coal and/or catalyst manufacturing industry looking for a general overview or update on the clean coal technology as well as professional researchers and students in chemistry and engineering.
Book Synopsis Oil Shales and Tar Sands by : United States. Department of Energy
Download or read book Oil Shales and Tar Sands written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Crude-oil Vs Coal-oil Processing Comparison Study. Final Report by :
Download or read book Crude-oil Vs Coal-oil Processing Comparison Study. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluates three refinery schemes that have been developed for the processing of H-Coal liquids. The refinery processing employed for the naphtha and lighter components of the H-Coal liquid is essentially the same for all three schemes. It is in the processing of the H-Coal distillate product that refinery variations occur, and these differences are outlined: hydrotreating of the middle coal distillate to produce a No. 2 fuel oil equivalent product; hydrocracking of the total coal distillate to produce more gasoline and higher quality distillate fuel; and hydrotreating of the light coal distillate to a No. 2 fuel oil equivalent, and hydrogenating the heavy coal distillate to upgrade feedstock to a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. To provide a perspective of the value of coal liquid relative to petroleum, a parallel set of petroleum refinery schemes, processing a 65/35 Light/Heavy Arabian crude oil blend, was developed: reduced crude desulfurization with FCC processing of the desulfurized VGO; reduced crude desulfurization with hydrocracking of the desulfurized VGO; solvent demetallization of the vacuum pitch with desulfurization and FCC processing of VGO and demetallized oil; and solvent demetallization of the vacuum pitch with hydrocracking of the VGO and demetallized oil. Various gasoline to distillate ratios were set as parameters in developing the best possible processing schemes. Linear programming techniques were used to select the optimal schemes at various product ratios. Applying the same product prices to all cases and subtracting operating costs and the capital change, a comparative feedstock value is calculated. This method places the various refinery schemes on a common basis and gives an appraisal of the relative value of the H-Coal liquid charge stock, based on new refinery facilities.
Book Synopsis Refining and End Use of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, January--March 1994 by :
Download or read book Refining and End Use of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, January--March 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key objective is to determine the most desirable ways of integrating coal liquefaction liquids into existing petroleum refineries to produce transportation fuels meeting current and future, e.g. year 2000, Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) standards. An intregral part of the above objectives is to test the fuels or blends produced and compare them with established ASTM fuels. The comparison will include engine tests to ascertain compliance of the fuels produced with CAAA and other applicable fuel quality and performance standards. The final part of the project includes a detailed economic evaluation of the cost of processing the coal liquids to their optimum products. The cost analyses is for the incremental processing cost; in other words, the feed is priced at zero dollars. The study reflects costs for operations using state of the art refinery technology; no capital costs for building new refineries is considered. Some modifications to the existing refinery may be required. Economy of scale dictates the minimum amount of feedstock that should be processed. To enhance management of the study, the work has been divided into two parts, the Basic Program and Option 1. The objectives of the Basic Program are to: characterize the coal liquids; develop, an optimized refinery configuration for processing indirect and direct coal liquids; and develop a LP refinery model with the Process Industry Modeling System (PICS) software. The objectives of Option 1 are to: confirm the validity of the optimization work of the Basic Program; produce large quantities of liquid transportation fuel blending stocks; conduct engine emission tests; and determine the value and the processing costs of the coal liquids. The major efforts conducted during the first quarter of 1994 were in the areas of: subcontract preparation and negotiation; and linear programming modeling.
Book Synopsis Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, July - September 1996 by :
Download or read book Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, July - September 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bechtel, with Southwest Research Institute, Amoco Oil R & D, and the M.W. Kellogg Co. as subcontractors, initiated a study on November 1, 1993, for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) to determine the most cost effective and suitable combination of existing petroleum refinery processes needed to make specification transportation fuels or blending stocks, from direct and indirect coal liquefaction product liquids. This 47-month study, with an approved budget of $4.4 million dollars, is being performed under DOE Contract Number DE-AC22-93PC91029. A key objective is to determine the most desirable ways of integrating coal liquefaction liquids into existing petroleum refineries to produce transportation fuels meeting current and future, e.g. year 2000, Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) standards. An integral part of the above objectives is to test the fuels or blends produced and compare them with established ASTM fuels. The comparison will include engine tests to ascertain compliance of the fuels produced with CAAA and other applicable fuel quality and performance standards. The final part of the project includes a detailed economic evaluation of the cost of processing the coal liquids to their optimum products. The cost analyses is for the incremental processing cost; in other words, the feed is priced at zero dollars. The study reflects costs for operations using state of the art refinery technology; no capital costs for building new refineries is considered. Some modifications to the existing refinery may be required. Economy of scale dictates the minimum amount of feedstock that should be processed. The major efforts conducted during the third quarter of 1996 were in the areas of hydrotreating production runs and FCC production run. 3 figs., 8 tabs.
Book Synopsis Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal by : James T. Bartis
Download or read book Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal written by James T. Bartis and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2008 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Record-high world oil prices have prompted renewed interest in producing liquid fuels from coal. The United States leads the world in recoverable coal reserves. Moreover, the technology for converting coal to liquid fuels already exists, and production costs appear competitive at world oil prices well below current levels. Yet, despite its promise, private investment in coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology is being impeded by three uncertainties: where oil prices are heading, what it actually costs to produce coal-derived fuels, and how greenhouse-gas emissions will be regulated. A domestic CTL industry could produce as much as three million barrels per day of transportation fuels by 2030. Having such an industry would yield important energy security benefits, most notably a lowering of world oil prices and a decrease in wealth transfers from oil users to oil producers. But establishing a large CTL industry also raises important policy and environmental issues associated with climate change, coal mining, and water consumption. Weighing both benefits and costs, it makes sense for the United States to pursue an insurance or hedge strategy that promotes the early construction and operation of a limited number of commercial CTL plants. This book presents an in-depth review of the prospects of and policy, governance, and environmental issues associated with establishing a CTL industry in the United States. -- provided by publisher.
Book Synopsis Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, January--March 1996 by :
Download or read book Refining and End Use Study of Coal Liquids. Quarterly Report, January--March 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bechtel, with Southwest Research Institute, Amoco Oil R & D, and the M.W. Kellogg Co. as subcontractors, initiated a study on November 1, 1993, for the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) to determine the most cost effective and suitable combination of existing petroleum refinery processes needed to make specification transportation fuels or blending stocks, from direct and indirect coal liquefaction product liquids. A key objective is to determine the most desirable ways of integrating coal liquefaction liquids into existing petroleum refineries to produce transportation fuels meeting current and future, e.g. year 2000, Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) standards. An integral part of the above objectives is to test the fuels or blends produced and compare them with established ASTM fuels. The comparison will include engine tests to ascertain compliance of the fuels produced with CAAA and other applicable fuel quality and performance standards. The final part of the project includes a detailed economic evaluation of the cost of processing the coal liquids to their optimum products. The cost analyses is for the incremental processing cost; in other words, the feed is priced at zero dollars. The study reflects costs for operations using state of the art refinery technology; no capital costs for building new refineries is considered. Some modifications to the existing refinery may be required. Economy of scale dictates the minimum amount of feedstock that should be processed. The major efforts conducted during the first quarter of 1996 were in the areas of: DL2 light distillate hydrotreating; and DL2 heave distillate catalytic cracking.
