Antenna And System Design For Controlled Delivery Of Microwave Thermal Ablation

Download Antenna And System Design For Controlled Delivery Of Microwave Thermal Ablation full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Antenna And System Design For Controlled Delivery Of Microwave Thermal Ablation ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Fractional-Order Modeling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing, and Control

Author : Ahmed G. Radwan
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323902030
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fractional-Order Modeling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing, and Control by : Ahmed G. Radwan

Download or read book Fractional-Order Modeling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing, and Control written by Ahmed G. Radwan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractional-order Modelling of Dynamic Systems with Applications in Optimization, Signal Processing and Control introduces applications from a design perspective, helping readers plan and design their own applications. The book includes the different techniques employed to design fractional-order systems/devices comprehensively and straightforwardly. Furthermore, mathematics is available in the literature on how to solve fractional-order calculus for system applications. This book introduces the mathematics that has been employed explicitly for fractional-order systems. It will prove an excellent material for students and scholars who want to quickly understand the field of fractional-order systems and contribute to its different domains and applications. Fractional-order systems are believed to play an essential role in our day-to-day activities. Therefore, several researchers around the globe endeavor to work in the different domains of fractional-order systems. The efforts include developing the mathematics to solve fractional-order calculus/systems and to achieve the feasible designs for various applications of fractional-order systems. - Presents a simple and comprehensive understanding of the field of fractional-order systems - Offers practical knowledge on the design of fractional-order systems for different applications - Exposes users to possible new applications for fractional-order systems

Physics of Thermal Therapy

Author : Eduardo Moros
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1439848920
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Physics of Thermal Therapy by : Eduardo Moros

Download or read book Physics of Thermal Therapy written by Eduardo Moros and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of thermal therapy has been growing tenaciously in the last few decades. The application of heat to living tissues, from mild hyperthermia to high-temperature thermal ablation, has produced a host of well-documented genetic, cellular, and physiological responses that are being researched intensely for medical applications, particularly fo

Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine

Author : Mary E. O'Connor
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461233860
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine by : Mary E. O'Connor

Download or read book Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine written by Mary E. O'Connor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine presents the latest research findings in the field of electromagnetic radiation. The book discusses the research of current active researchers in terms of synthesizing and sharing their ideas on the use of electromagnetic fields in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, now and in the future, including the benefits and risks involved. The book consists of three parts prefaced by a brief historic perspective. Section I describes the theoretical concerns and actual mechanisms involved; Section II covers current preclinical studies, performed in vivo and in vitro, concerning the biological action of the electromagnetic radiation; and Section III reports on actual clinical applications of electromagnetic therapy and also the current machinery used to do so.

Epicardial Interventions in Electrophysiology, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics

Author : Kalyanam Shivkumar
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455700177
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Epicardial Interventions in Electrophysiology, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics by : Kalyanam Shivkumar

Download or read book Epicardial Interventions in Electrophysiology, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics written by Kalyanam Shivkumar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-02-16 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epicardial ablation is a relatively new technique that is less invasive than traditional surgical ablation. It shows promise in certain patient populations. This issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics is one of the first collections of articles on this cutting edge technique.

Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications

Author : Yahya Rahmat-Samii
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119683297
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications by : Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Download or read book Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications written by Yahya Rahmat-Samii and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-25 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the theory and recent development in the medical use of antenna technology Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical background, design, and the latest developments in the application of antenna technology. Written by two experts in the field, the book presents the most recent research in the burgeoning field of wireless medical telemetry and sensing that covers both wearable and implantable antenna and sensor technologies. The authors review the integrated devices that include various types of sensors wired within a wearable garment that can be paired with external devices. The text covers important developments in sensor-integrated clothing that are synonymous with athletic apparel with built-in electronics. Information on implantable devices is also covered. The book explores technologies that utilize both inductive coupling and far field propagation. These include minimally invasive microwave ablation antennas, wireless targeted drug delivery, and much more. This important book: Covers recent developments in wireless medical telemetry Reviews the theory and design of in vitro/in vivo testing Explores emerging technologies in 2D and 3D printing of antenna/sensor fabrication Includes a chapter with an annotated list of the most comprehensive and important references in the field Written for students of engineering and antenna and sensor engineers, Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications is an essential guide to understanding human body interaction with antennas and sensors.

Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology

Author : Ziad F. Issa
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1416059989
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology by : Ziad F. Issa

Download or read book Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology written by Ziad F. Issa and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its unique, singular focus on the clinical aspect of cardiac arrhythmias, Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease makes it easy to apply today's most up-to-date guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. An expert author team provides clear, clinically focused guidance on all types of cardiac arrhythmias, including practical techniques for managing complex patients. Find the information you need quickly with a consistent organization in all chapters, written to a template that shows every arrhythmia type in a similar manner. Access the fully searchable contents online at www.expertconsult.com, in addition to downloadable images and dynamic video clips. Fully understand the rationale for treatment of specific arrhythmias with practical techniques that are grounded in the most recent basic science. Stay up to date with new chapters on molecular mechanisms of cardiac electrical activity, cardiac ion channels, ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, epicardial ventricular tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias in inherited channelopathies, ventricular arrhythmias in congenital heart disease, atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease, and complications of catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. View videos of 27 key techniques online, including optical mapping of reentrant ventricular arrhythmias, 3-dimensional mapping of arrhythmias using different mapping and navigation modalities, and fluoroscopy images illustrating techniques for electrophysiologic catheter positioning, atrial septal puncture, and pericardial access. Gain a new understanding of hot topics such as mechanisms of arrhythmias, electrophysiologic testing, mapping and navigation modalities, ablation energy sources, sinus node dysfunction, conduction disturbances, atrial tachyarrhythmias, preexcitation syndromes and all types of ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias. Tackle the clinical management of cardiac arrhythmias with confidence with the most up-to-date guidance from the experts you trust. Your purchase entitles you to access the web site until the next edition is published, or until the current edition is no longer offered for sale by Elsevier, whichever occurs first. If the next edition is published less than one year after your purchase, you will be entitled to online access for one year from your date of purchase. Elsevier reserves the right to offer a suitable replacement product (such as a downloadable or CD-ROM-based electronic version) should access to the web site be discontinued.

The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE)

Author : Liane Feldman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461420741
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) by : Liane Feldman

Download or read book The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) written by Liane Feldman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) emphasizes good communication and promotes best practice for the use of electrosurgical, ultrasonic, and microwave energy sources in the operating theatre. This manual describes the basic technology of energy sources in the operating room and demonstrates the correct use and indications of energy sources in clinical practice. It also addresses the potential complications, hazards, and errors in the use of surgical energy sources and evaluates the potential interactions of energy sources with other medical devices. Any healthcare professional who has ever picked up an energy device in the OR such as a “Bovie” , Ultrasonic or bipolar instrument will better understand how it works, when to apply it, and what are the possible hazards and errors in its use. The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) is the first volume of its kind to provide such guidance and will be of great value to surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, endoscopists, and allied health care professionals who use these devices.

Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery

Author : Maya Thanou
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 178801393X
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery by : Maya Thanou

Download or read book Theranostics and Image Guided Drug Delivery written by Maya Thanou and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular imaging of drugs or drug carriers is a valuable tool that can provide important information on spatiotemporal distribution of drugs, allowing improved drug distribution at target sites. Chemically labelled drugs can be used to both diagnose and treat diseases. This book introduces the topic of image guided drug delivery and covers the latest imaging techniques and developments in theranostics, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of this field as well as its translational ability. These technologies and techniques hold potential for individualised, safer therapies. The book introduces the chemistry behind labelling drugs or drug carriers for imaging. It then discusses current scientific progress in the discovery and development of theranostic agents as well as the latest advances in triggered drug delivery. Novel imaging techniques that can be combined with therapeutics are presented, as well as results and findings from early clinical trials. This text will provide postgraduates and researchers in various disciplines associated with drug discovery, including chemistry, device engineering, oncology, neurology, cardiology, imaging, and nanoscience, an overview of this important field where several disciplines have been combined to improve treatments. Readers will be introduced to techniques that can be translated to the clinic and be applied widely.

Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics

Author : Alexandru Morega
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128178981
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics by : Alexandru Morega

Download or read book Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics written by Alexandru Morega and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical and numerical modelling of engineering problems in medicine is aimed at unveiling and understanding multidisciplinary interactions and processes and providing insights useful to clinical care and technology advances for better medical equipment and systems. When modelling medical problems, the engineer is confronted with multidisciplinary problems of electromagnetism, heat and mass transfer, and structural mechanics with, possibly, different time and space scales, which may raise concerns in formulating consistent, solvable mathematical models. Computational Medical Engineering presents a number of engineering for medicine problems that may be encountered in medical physics, procedures, diagnosis and monitoring techniques, including electrical activity of the heart, hemodynamic activity monitoring, magnetic drug targeting, bioheat models and thermography, RF and microwave hyperthermia, ablation, EMF dosimetry, and bioimpedance methods. The authors discuss the core approach methodology to pose and solve different problems of medical engineering, including essentials of mathematical modelling (e.g., criteria for well-posed problems); physics scaling (homogenization techniques); Constructal Law criteria in morphing shape and structure of systems with internal flows; computational domain construction (CAD and, or reconstruction techniques based on medical images); numerical modelling issues, and validation techniques used to ascertain numerical simulation results. In addition, new ideas and venues to investigate and understand finer scale models and merge them into continuous media medical physics are provided as case studies. - Presents the fundamentals of mathematical and numerical modeling of engineering problems in medicine - Discusses many of the most common modelling scenarios for Biomedical Engineering, including, electrical activity of the heart hemodynamic activity monitoring, magnetic drug targeting, bioheat models and thermography, RF and microwave hyperthermia, ablation, EMF dosimetry, and bioimpedance methods - Includes discussion of the core approach methodology to pose and solve different problems of medical engineering, including essentials of mathematical modelling, physics scaling, Constructal Law criteria in morphing shape and structure of systems with internal flows, computational domain construction, numerical modelling issues, and validation techniques used to ascertain numerical simulation results

Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies

Author : Punit Prakash
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012820611X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies by : Punit Prakash

Download or read book Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies written by Punit Prakash and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies covers the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic-energy based therapies, principles for design of practical devices and systems, techniques for in vitro and in vivo testing of devices, and clinical application examples of contemporary therapies employing non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. The book provides in-depth coverage of: pulsed electric fields, radiofrequency heating systems, tumor treating fields, and microwave heating technology. Devices and systems for electrical stimulation of neural and cardiac issue are covered as well. Lastly, the book describes and discusses issues that are relevant to engineers who develop and translate these technologies to clinical applications. Readers can access information on incorporation of preclinical testing, clinical studies and IP protection in this book, along with in-depth technical background for engineers on electromagnetic phenomena within the human body and selected therapies. It covers both engineering and biological/medical materials and gives a full perspective on electromagnetics therapies. Unique features include content on tumor treating fields and the development and translation of biomedical devices. - Provides in-depth technical background on electromagnetic energy-based therapies, along with real world examples on how to design devices and systems for delivering electromagnetic energy-based therapies - Includes guidance on issues that are relevant for translating the technology to the market, such as intellectual property, regulatory issues, and preclinical testing - Companion site includes COMSOL models, MATLAB code, and lab protocols

Zipes and Jalife's Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, E-Book

Author : Jose Jalife
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323757464
Total Pages : 1709 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (237 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Zipes and Jalife's Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, E-Book by : Jose Jalife

Download or read book Zipes and Jalife's Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, E-Book written by Jose Jalife and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-12-16 with total page 1709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated from cover to cover, Zipes and Jalife's Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, 8th Edition, provides the comprehensive, multidisciplinary coverage you need—from new knowledge in basic science to the latest clinical advances in the field. Drs. José Jalife and William Gregory Stevenson lead a team of global experts who provide cutting-edge content and step-by-step instructions for all aspects of cardiac electrophysiology. - Packs each chapter with the latest information necessary for optimal basic research as well as patient care. - Covers new technologies such as CRISPR, protein research, improved cardiac imaging, optical mapping, and wearable devices. - Contains significant updates in the areas of molecular biology and genetics, iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells), embryonic stem cells, precision medicine, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, cardiac mapping with advanced techniques, and ablation technologies including stereotactic radioablation. - Includes 47 new chapters covering both basic science and clinical topics. - Discusses extensive recent progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of arrhythmias, including new clinical insights on atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention, new advances in the understanding of ventricular arrythmias in genetic disease, and advances in implantable devises and infection management. - Features 1,600 high-quality photographs, anatomic and radiographic images, electrocardiograms, tables, algorithms, and more., with additional figures, tables, and videos online. - Recipient of a 2018 Highly Commended award from the British Medical Association. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Physical Properties of Tissues

Author : Francis Duck
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483288420
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Physical Properties of Tissues by : Francis Duck

Download or read book Physical Properties of Tissues written by Francis Duck and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique reference book describes quantitatively the measured and predicted values of all the physical properties of mammalian tissue. Reported measurements are thoroughly documented and are complemented by a range of empirical mathematical models which describe the observed physical behavior of tissue.**Intended as a broad-ranging reference, this volume gives the bioengineer, physicist, radiologist, or physiologist access to a literature which may not be known in detail. It will also be of value for those concerned with the study of a range of environmental radiation hazards.Most extensive compilation of values of physical properties of tissue**Presents data for thermal, optical, ultrasonic, mechanical, x-ray, electrical, and magnetic resonance properties**Comprehensive bibliography

Biomedical Engineering Challenges

Author : Vincenzo Piemonte
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119296048
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Biomedical Engineering Challenges by : Vincenzo Piemonte

Download or read book Biomedical Engineering Challenges written by Vincenzo Piemonte and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important resource that puts the focus on the chemical engineering aspects of biomedical engineering In the past 50 years remarkable achievements have been advanced in the fields of biomedical and chemical engineering. With contributions from leading chemical engineers, Biomedical Engineering Challenges reviews the recent research and discovery that sits at the interface of engineering and biology. The authors explore the principles and practices that are applied to the ever-expanding array of such new areas as gene-therapy delivery, biosensor design, and the development of improved therapeutic compounds, imaging agents, and drug delivery vehicles. Filled with illustrative case studies, this important resource examines such important work as methods of growing human cells and tissues outside the body in order to repair or replace damaged tissues. In addition, the text covers a range of topics including the challenges faced with developing artificial lungs, kidneys, and livers; advances in 3D cell culture systems; and chemical reaction methodologies for biomedical imagining analysis. This vital resource: Covers interdisciplinary research at the interface between chemical engineering, biology, and chemistry Provides a series of valuable case studies describing current themes in biomedical engineering Explores chemical engineering principles such as mass transfer, bioreactor technologies as applied to problems such as cell culture, tissue engineering, and biomedical imaging Written from the point of view of chemical engineers, this authoritative guide offers a broad-ranging but concise overview of research at the interface of chemical engineering and biology.

Thermal Treatment of Tissue

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Thermal Treatment of Tissue by :

Download or read book Thermal Treatment of Tissue written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Indwelling Neural Implants

Author : William M. Reichert
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420009303
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Indwelling Neural Implants by : William M. Reichert

Download or read book Indwelling Neural Implants written by William M. Reichert and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-12-17 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite enormous advances made in the development of external effector prosthetics over the last quarter century, significant questions remain, especially those concerning signal degradation that occurs with chronically implanted neuroelectrodes. Offering contributions from pioneering researchers in neuroprosthetics and tissue repair, Indwel

The Scientific Basis of Urology

Author : Anthony R. Mundy
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781899066216
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (662 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Scientific Basis of Urology by : Anthony R. Mundy

Download or read book The Scientific Basis of Urology written by Anthony R. Mundy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-03-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every area, function, illness and cure of the urinary tract, along with specific discussions of the relevant anatomy and physiology, is covered in clearly written text, abundantly illustrated with full colour photographs and diagrams.

Irreversible Electroporation

Author : Boris Rubinsky
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364205420X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Irreversible Electroporation by : Boris Rubinsky

Download or read book Irreversible Electroporation written by Boris Rubinsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-25 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-thermal irreversible electroporation is a new minimally invasive surgical p- cedure with unique molecular selectivity attributes – in fact it may be considered the first clinical molecular surgery procedure. Non-thermal irreversible electro- ration is a molecular selective mode of cell ablation that employs brief electrical fields to produce nanoscale defects in the cell membrane, which can lead to cell death, without an effect on any of the other tissue molecules. The electrical fields can be produced through contact by insertion of electrode needles around the undesirable tissue and non-invasively by electromagnetic induction. This new - dition to the medical armamentarium requires the active involvement and is of interest to clinical physicians, medical researchers, mechanical engineers, che- cal engineers, electrical engineers, instrumentation designers, medical companies and many other fields and disciplines that were never exposed in their training to irreversible electroporation or to a similar concept. This edited book is designed to be a comprehensive introduction to the field of irreversible electroporation to those that were not exposed or trained in the field before and can also serve as a reference manual. Irreversible electroporation is broad and interdisciplinary. Therefore, we have made an attempt to cover every one of the various aspects of the field from an introductory basic level to state of the art.