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Anisotropy In Gum And Black Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber And Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Due To Large Deformation
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Book Synopsis Anisotropy in Gum and Black Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Due to Large Deformation by : Byung-Ho Park
Download or read book Anisotropy in Gum and Black Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Due to Large Deformation written by Byung-Ho Park and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 2566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis American Doctoral Dissertations by :
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Guangzhuo Rong
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Guangzhuo Rong and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) have high tear resistance, excellent flexibility and high resilience. All tires contain black-filled natural rubber compounds in the location (belt region) of maximum stress concentration. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and an abrupt decrease of normal (no cut) tensile strength at a critical temperature. These effects are due to changes in bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Natural rubber vulcanizates filled with high concentrations carbon black have very high tear resistance. This is due to a high degree of crystallization around a cut tip. A series of natural rubber vulcanizates containing a very fine carbon black (N115, surface area: 123 m2/g) were torn at 25, 60 and 100°C. Amazingly, the addition of low concentrations of carbon black decreases the tear resistance at 25 and 60°C. Thus, there is a critical level of black needed for "reinforcement". This amount of carbon black is also the concentration for incipient bound rubber formation; a continuous filler network seems to be necessary for the onset of reinforcement. Tearing in the transition zone depends on temperature. At 100°C, black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates behave like amorphous vulcanizates; they show a steady increase in strength as carbon black content increases.
Book Synopsis Effect of Efficiency of Sulfur Vulcanization on Properties of Gum and Black-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Kanoktip Boonkerd
Download or read book Effect of Efficiency of Sulfur Vulcanization on Properties of Gum and Black-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Kanoktip Boonkerd and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The effect of the efficiency of sulfur vulcanization on cure behavior and tensile strength of gum and black-filled NR vulcanizates was studied. NR vulcanizates with different sulfur to accelerator (DCBS) ratios were prepared. In addition, one vulcanizate was prepared using TMTD, without free sulfur. All vulcanizates had about the same crosslink density. The vulcanizate cured with the highest S/DCBS ratio (lowest cure efficiency) is expected to contain mainly polysulfidic linkages, while the vulcanizate cured with TMTD (highest cure efficiency) should contain monosulfidic linkages. For both gum and black-filled compounds, reversion was highest at intermediate S/DCBS ratios, and compounds with the highest ratio had the lowest tensile strength. Crystallizability is proposed to control the strength of the NR vulcanizates, rather than just the type of sulfidic linkages. Adding carbon black caused more reversion. Cure efficiency strongly influenced the tensile strength of pre-cut gum specimens. The gum vulcanizate with the highest cure efficiency had the highest cut growth resistance. Gums also showed a large drop in strength at a critical cut size, ccr, which increased with increasing cure efficiency. Cure efficiency had less effect on the cut growth resistance of filled compounds. No ccr was found in these. However, the black-filled compound with the highest cure efficiency still showed the highest strength. Gums showed simple lateral crack propagation, while black-filled compounds developed longitudinal cracks. Carbon black accelerates strain-induced crystallization, resulting in sufficient anisotropy to cause longitudinal cracking. Five different crack patterns were identified. These depended on cut size and efficiency of cure."--Abstract
Book Synopsis Effect of Crosslink Density and N660 Carbon Black on Tearing Behaviors of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Tingling Rao
Download or read book Effect of Crosslink Density and N660 Carbon Black on Tearing Behaviors of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Tingling Rao and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All tires contain black-filled natural rubber compounds in their belts, the edges of which experience high stress concentration. Black filled natural rubber vulcanizates have tearing resistance unsurpassed by any other elastomer. Previous studies have examined the effect of filler and cut size on tearing resistance and cracking behavior at a single crosslink density. Studies have now been extended to include NR vulcanizates with various crosslink densities. Conventional sulfur-cured, gum natural rubber vulcanizates were prepared with various crosslink densities. Tensile and tearing strength are quite sensitive to changes in crosslink density. For lightly and moderately crosslinked vulcanizates, the tear strength of edge-cut specimens shows two populations as a function of cut size. The drop-off in strength at the critical cut size is attributed to the lack of bulk crystallization. When crosslink density is increased enough the two populations disappear. Also, the cracking behavior changes as crosslink density in varied. When crosslinked lightly, gum NR vulcanizates exhibit simple lateral cracking with relatively smooth fracture surfaces. When crosslink density increases, gum NR vulcaniztes show increasingly complicated cracking behavior. The complexity of the fracture surfaces is incrased. Over a limited range of cut size, moderately crosslink vulcanizates exhibit multiple cracks prior to rupture. In other experiments, low concentrations of a coarse carbon black (N660) were added to the specific gum vulcanizate that showed crack deviation. Instead of promoting cracking deviation, carbon black (N660) of low concentration suppressed anisotropy. Multiple cracks only occur when the carbon black loading reaches a critical level.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) by : Yu Sun
Download or read book Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) written by Yu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tear and tensile strengths of a series of carbon black-filled N115, dicumyl peroxide (DCP)-cured natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were determined. At all black levels, sulfur-cured vulcanizates (prepared by previous researchers) have higher normal (uncut) tensile strength than DCP-cured ones. Both types of vulcanizates reach maximum strengths at about 15 vol. % black. For edge-cut specimens, DCP-cured vulcanizates with low black content (0-6 phr) exhibit a region of marked instability, where specimens of similar cut depth show high scattering of strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c]. DCP-cured vulcanizates show a decrease of [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] from 3 phr to 12 phr black, then [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] increases with increasing black content. The lowest concentration where knotty tear is seen and reinforcement begins is 38 phr of black. The onset of knotty tear depends not only on crosslink density and crosslink type, but also on carbon black type and molecular weight of the NR. Incipient bound rubber, i.e., a carbon black continuous network, takes place at 15 phr black. Percolation for electric resistivity also has a threshold of 15 phr. Strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] of DCP-cured specimens were compared with those of sulfur-cured specimens. DCP-cured vulcanizates are 2X weaker than S-cured ones, when both are below or above percolation, otherwise the difference in [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] is 10X. Finally, a series of DCP-cured gum NR with different crosslink densities were compared. Strength and critical values of c, both indicative of strain crystallization, were maximized at moderate crosslink density. At high crosslink density, no critical cut size was seen and samples were weak for all cut sizes. Highly crosslinked gum NR samples, even if not precut, do not strain-crystallize prior to fracture.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Tianxiang Xue
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Tianxiang Xue and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) has outstanding tack and strength in the unvulcanized state and high tensile and tear strength when vulcanized. These features are attributed to its ability to crystallize rapidly on straining. Synthetic isoprene rubber (IR), synthesized employing a stereospecific catalyst, although close to natural rubber in chemical composition, has reported to be inferior in strength compared to NR. This occurs because IR crystallizes more slowly than NR. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and normal (no cut) tensile specimens show a sharp decrease in strength at a critical temperature. These two effects are due to bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures, but the lack thereof at large cut depth or high temperature. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Tearing behavior of IR with various amount of N660 carbon black at various temperatures was investigated, and the results are compared to those obtained with natural rubber. The addition of low concentrations of carbon black decrease cut resistance. When temperature or carbon black content increase, anisotropy in strength increases, while critical cut size and exclusion zone decrease. There is a critical level of black needed for reinforcement of IR; this level is higher than that needed for natural rubber. When containing the same amount of black, NR compounds have at least the tear strength of the corresponding IR compounds, and in some cases the NR compounds are much stronger.
Book Synopsis Reinforcement of Elastomers by : Gerard Kraus
Download or read book Reinforcement of Elastomers written by Gerard Kraus and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Mastication, Antioxidants and Crosslink Density on the Mechanical Properties of Gum and Black-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Nittaya Rattanasom
Download or read book Effect of Mastication, Antioxidants and Crosslink Density on the Mechanical Properties of Gum and Black-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Nittaya Rattanasom and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Comparison of Carbon Black and Silica on Crack Growth Resistance by : Hanki Park
Download or read book Comparison of Carbon Black and Silica on Crack Growth Resistance written by Hanki Park and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates have excellent tear resistance. All tires use carbon black-filled NR compounds at locations where stress and strain are highly concentrated, such as in the belt and carcass. The addition of carbon black improves strength and tear resistance of the NR compounds. On the other hand, silica is not used in NR compounds in the belts of tires. A silica with a silane coupling agent (commonly bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide(TESPT)) in styrene-butadiene-rubber(SBR)/butadiene rubber(BR) compounds in tire treads reduces rolling resistance and improves wet skid resistance. Edge-cut tensile specimens of the NR vulcanizates that contain silica as a filler without TESPT show failure by the growth of a single lateral crack and a rapid decline of tensile strength [sigma]bc with increased cut size. Normal tensile specimens of silica-filled NR vulcanizates with TESPT have similar tensile strength to carbon black-filled NR vulcanizates. At volume fraction v[subscript eff] = 0.081, [sigma]bc of carbon black-filled and silica-filled NR vulcanizates have coexistence of a strong and a weak population. However, edge-cut tensile specimens of silica-filled NR vulcanizates with TESPT exhibit strong and weak populations at a higher volume fraction (v[subscript eff] = 0.216).
Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of Gum and Black-filled Deproteinized Natural Rubber in Comparison with Synthetic CIS-1, 4-polyisoprene Vulcanizates by : Uraiwan Thammasiripong
Download or read book Mechanical Properties of Gum and Black-filled Deproteinized Natural Rubber in Comparison with Synthetic CIS-1, 4-polyisoprene Vulcanizates written by Uraiwan Thammasiripong and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Yang Hong
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Yang Hong and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) is widely used in the tire industry. It has high tensile strength, high resilience, good low temperature flexibility and excellent dynamic properties.1 Tires can be damaged when subjected to large forces. Learning how vulcanizates fracture and how they resist failure are the motivations for this research. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells were employed. Speciments of sulfur-cured NR vulcanizates containing 0-40 phr of carbon black N330 were prepared. Tear resistance, bound rubber, crosslink density and crack patterns were studied at room temperature. Normal (uncut) tensile strength is weakly dependent on the amount of carbon black N330. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells of the gum show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size. Unexpectedly, with less than 15 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were weaker than the gum, and tensile strength decreased as the amount of N330 increased. With 15 phr-17 phr of N330, a fraction of specimens had larger strength than the gum, and multiple cracks occurred before rupture. With 18 phr-40 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were stronger than the gum. Tensile strength increased as the amount of N330 increased. The different results of cut growth resistance of filled vulcanizates with low and high concentrations of carbon black can be explained by competing effects of carbon black on cut growth.2 N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates form a coherent gel when the carbon black concentration is higher than 16 phr. Overall reinforcement is in the range of 17 phr-18 phr. Results are compared with a previous study for similar vulcanizates filled with carbon black N660. N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates have a lower onset concentration for reinforcement, bound rubber formation, and they have larger 100% modulus and tensile strength for both uncut and edge-cut specimens.
Book Synopsis Effect of Tensile Rate and Carbon Black on the Fracture of Natural Rubber and Styrene-butadiene Rubber by : Qinwei Wang
Download or read book Effect of Tensile Rate and Carbon Black on the Fracture of Natural Rubber and Styrene-butadiene Rubber written by Qinwei Wang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tensile strengths and ultimate elongations of both crystallizing NR and amorphous SBR increase with increasing tensile rate and increasing carbon black N115 loading, although the dependence of N115 loading is at least ten-fold stronger. Previous research has shown that edge-cut specimens of gum NR show an abrupt drop in tensile strength, when tested at 50 mm/min at a critical cut size, because of lack of time to crystallize in bulk. In this thesis, the behavior of critical cut size with respect to tensile rate is completed. Critical cut size increases monotonously, but not linearly, with increasing tensile rate. Changes in precut tensile strength of NR at various tensile rates are measured and compared with those of SBR. Previous research has shown a critical loading of N115 black tested at 50 mm/min, before which precut NR will only be weakened. In this thesis, precut tensile results of NR with various N115 black contents were measured and compared to those of SBR. Only NR shows an critical black loading to reinforce precut specimens and this concentration doesn't change with tensile rate. Reinforcement of precut NR is due to the formation of a rubber/black network. But, reduce tensile rate can decrease the N115 content for reinforcing NR with all possible cut sizes. This is noted as a second turning point of black concentration.
Book Synopsis Rubber Nanocomposites by : Sabu Thomas
Download or read book Rubber Nanocomposites written by Sabu Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-09 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rubber Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications focuses on the preparation, characterization and properties of natural and synthetic rubber nanocomposites. The book carefully debates the preparation of unmodified and modified nanofillers, various manufacturing techniques of rubber nanocomposites, structure, morphology and properties of nanocomposites. The text reviews the processing; characterization and properties of 0-, 1D and 2D nanofiller reinforced rubber nanocomposites. It examines the polymer/filler interaction, i.e., the compatibility between matrix and filler using unmodified and modified nanofillers. The book also examines the applications of rubber nanocomposites in various engineering fields, which include tyre engineering. The book also examines the current state of the art, challenges and applications in the field of rubber nanocomposites. The handpicked selection of topics and expert contributions make this survey of rubber nanocomposites an outstanding resource for anyone involved in the field of polymer materials design. A handy "one stop" reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of rubber nanocomposites. Covers the various aspects of preparation, characterization, morphology, properties and applications of rubber nanocomposites. Summarizes many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of nanocomposites, in a comprehensive manner It covers an up to date record on the major findings and observations in the field
Book Synopsis Rubber World by : John Robertson Dunlap
Download or read book Rubber World written by John Robertson Dunlap and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
