Agriculture in Qajar Iran

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 700 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Agriculture in Qajar Iran by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Agriculture in Qajar Iran written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agriculture was the mainstay of Iran's economy in the nineteenth century, yet little is known about it. Historians have rarely taken that important reality into account when writing on the economic or social history of that period, and until now there have been no comprehensive studies of Iranian agriculture. Now, in Agriculture in Qajar Iran, renowned scholar Willem Floor has compiled an all-encompassing analysis of nineteenth-century Iranian agriculture based on extensive research into previously untapped Persian and European archives. Floor presents farming in Iran from the ground up and in its every dimension. His investigation covers farming methods like irrigation and seeding, the raising of livestock, and the range of crops cultivated, from wheat, barley, and rice, to the more notorious cash crops of tobacco and opium. Floor also delves into methods of forestry and fishing, subjects about which very little is known and even less has been written, until now. Agriculture in Qajar Iran traces the commercialisation of Iranian farming, and explains how this process altered the structure of Iran's economy. The change included the rise in cash crops, the growth of wage labor, the rise in off-farm employment, and the market economy's growing influence in the countryside. Floor also highlights the importance of trade within this burgeoning system, and gauges the impact of the commercialisation of agriculture on the rural population's socioeconomic status.

Wall Paintings and Other Figurative Mural Art in Qajar Iran

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Wall Paintings and Other Figurative Mural Art in Qajar Iran by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Wall Paintings and Other Figurative Mural Art in Qajar Iran written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although in the last few years the study of painting in 19th century Iran has made considerable progress it still remains somewhat tradition bound. It would seem that art historians find it difficult to go beyond oil paintings, lacquer, and enamel. In 1998, Robinson, the doyen of Qajar art history, wrote: "Qajar painting found its most prestigious outlets in oil painting, lacquer, and enamel." In this study it is shown that paintings were probably the most important form of expression for painters for many centuries and as prestigious as the other forms of painting. Mural paintings were very popular and were to be found on various types of buildings ranging from the royal palaces, private homes, bath-houses to a religious shrine. Painting was a craft and a business that was actively pursued by artisans in most major towns in response to a general demand for-figurative art. As to the themes depicted these remained basically limited to (i) dynastic and epic (Qajar 'family portraits'; battles, hunts; Shahnameh scenes), (ii) sensual (flora, fauna, erotic), and (iii) religious (prophets, lmams, 'olama) subjects. These subjects occurred in any type of building irrespective of its function. The wide use of figurative representation in religious buildings and practice is of great interest. People almost invariably assume that Moslems until recent times did not tolerate paintings and the like of humans and animals adorning public and private buildings and publications. This study shows otherwise. There is even evidence of the use of paintings as religious icons, which is a totally neglected subject. Rock reliefs and other forms of sculptured works in and on buildings and its accessories such as doors show a similar development as mural paintings. Although information is even less copious than for wall paintings, it is clear that the depiction of living beings in the forms of sculptures was very widespread and pre-dates the Qajar period. The nature and form of murals were influenced by the increased contacts between Persia/Iran and the outside world, in particular Europe and India. This holds in particular for the use of prints and the occurrence of European scenes in frescos and other forms of paintings. Willem Floor has written extensively on many aspects of social, economic, and art history of Iran.

The Political Economy of Iran Under the Qajars

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857734032
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Iran Under the Qajars by : Hooshang Amirahmadi

Download or read book The Political Economy of Iran Under the Qajars written by Hooshang Amirahmadi and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-06-28 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political economy of Iran underwent the fundamental transition from feudalism to modernity from the early 19th to the 20th century: a period which was a vital watershed in Iran's historical development. This book provides a critical analysis of Iran's economic, social and political development and shows how the path to modernity, far from smooth, was hindered by both internal and international factors. These included a powerful monarchy with little interest in administrative and economic reform, a large aristocracy frequently holding vital provincial governorships and frustrating effective central government and a failure to create a modern civil service, military, banking, finance or communications - the essential infrastructure for economic development. Reformers were marginalised and business suffered. And the all-powerful ulema were a further brake on modernisation. On the international front, the rivalry of Britain and Russia compounded the problems: both acting to control Iran and to further their own interests. Hooshang Amirahmadi explores the roots of present-day challenges to modernisation and progress and, using a wealth of primary sources and original research, has produced a work which is invaluable for students of modern Iranian history, politics and Iran's political economy.

Kirman and the Qajar Empire

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317427904
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Kirman and the Qajar Empire by : James M Gustafson

Download or read book Kirman and the Qajar Empire written by James M Gustafson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-07-16 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its apparently peripheral location in the Qajar Empire, Kirman was frequently found at the centre of developments reshaping Iran in the 19th century. Over the Qajar period the region saw significant changes, as competition between Kirmani families rapidly developed commercial cotton and opium production and a world renowned carpet weaving industry, as well as giving strength to radical modernist and nationalist agitation in the years leading up to the 1906 Constitutional Revolution. Kirman and the Qajar Empire explores how these Kirmani local elites mediated political, economic, and social change in their community during the significant transitional period in Iran’s history, from the rise of the Qajar Empire through to World War I. It departs from the prevailing centre-periphery models of economic integration and Qajar provincial history, engaging with key questions over how Iranians participated in reshaping their communities in the context of imperialism and growing transnational connections. With rarely utilized local historical and geographical writings, as well as a range of narrative and archival sources, this book provides new insight into the impact of household factionalism and estate building over four generations in the Kirman region. As well as offering the first academic monograph on modern Kirman, it is also an important case study in local dimensions of modernity. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Iranian studies and Iranian History, as well as general Middle Eastern studies.

Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925)

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925) by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800-1925) written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Guilds, Merchants, & Ulama in Nineteenth-century Iran

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Guilds, Merchants, & Ulama in Nineteenth-century Iran by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Guilds, Merchants, & Ulama in Nineteenth-century Iran written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Merchants and bankers managed much of nineteenth-century Iran's economy and finances. The ulama-clerical leaders-who considered themselves responsible for the spiritual welfare of their flock also played an important economic role, in particular, through management of religious endowments. Numerically, however, the most important group was that of the traders and craftsmen, who were organized into guilds and who formed thirty to fifty percent of the urban population. Finally, there were the unskilled, mostly seasonal, laborers. Guilds, Merchants and Ulama analyzes the major functions and characteristics of these groups, and discusses how they each coped with the pressures of the world market to which Iran was increasingly exposed and which resulted in the disappearance of jobs reducing Iran's economic and political independence. After 1870, Iran's economic situation was aggravated by an influx of peasants into the main cities significantly increasing the size of permanent unskilled labor in these cities. Guilds only provided some measure of social and economic benefits and protection to its members but could not prevent major downsizing, which is detailed in a contemporary report included here in translation. Meanwhile, both the merchants and the ulama demanded government action to better protect the country's economy and its independence. To make a bigger fist, the ulama, merchants and reformists mobilized the guilds to support their political ends. As such, the guilds provided the force that powered the political events, which resulted in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906. The ulama's interference in economic life only made matters worse. They had no grasp of economics, beyond stating that people should not be greedy. And the guilds, despite their visible role during the 1905-06 events, found themselves used, and discarded when they were no longer needed. This created the parameters for major structural change to finally take place after 1925. In Guilds, Merchants, and Ulama Willem Floor provides a detailed analysis of primary source references essential for a better understanding of the socio-economic conditions that led to Iran's push toward modernization in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

The Monetary History of Iran

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857733532
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

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Book Synopsis The Monetary History of Iran by : Rudi Matthee

Download or read book The Monetary History of Iran written by Rudi Matthee and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monetary history of a country provides important insights into its economic development, as well as its political and social history. This book is the first detailed study of Iran's monetary history from the advent of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 to the end of Qajar rule in 1925. Using an array of previously unpublished sources in ten languages, the authors consider the specific monetary conditions in Iran's modern history, covering the use of ready money and its circulation, the changing conditions of the country's mints and the role of the state in managing money. Throughout the book, the authors also consider the larger regional and global economic context within which the Iranian economy operated. As the first study of Iran's monetary history, this book will be essential reading for researchers of Iranian and economic history.

Iran

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110847683X
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Iran by : Yann Richard

Download or read book Iran written by Yann Richard and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the history of Iran since 1800, covering key events up to the current Islamic Republic.

Textile Imports Into Qajar Iran

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Textile Imports Into Qajar Iran by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Textile Imports Into Qajar Iran written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Foreign Agriculture

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Foreign Agriculture by :

Download or read book Foreign Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1944 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nomadism in Iran

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199330808
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis Nomadism in Iran by : D. T. Potts

Download or read book Nomadism in Iran written by D. T. Potts and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-03 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic images of Iranian nomads in circulation today and in years past suggest that Western awareness of nomadism is a phenomenon of considerable antiquity. Though nomadism has certainly been a key feature of Iranian history, it has not been in the way most modern archaeologists have envisaged it. Nomadism in Iran recasts our understanding of this "timeless" tradition. Far from constituting a natural adaptation on the Iranian Plateau, nomadism is a comparatively late introduction, which can only be understood within the context of certain political circumstances. Since the early Holocene, most, if not all, agricultural communities in Iran had kept herds of sheep and goat, but the communities themselves were sedentary: only a few of their members were required to move with the herds seasonally. Though the arrival of Iranian speaking groups, attested in written sources beginning in the time of Herodutus, began to change the demography of the plateau, it wasn't until later in the eleventh century that an influx of Turkic speaking Oghuz nomadic groups-"true" nomads of the steppe-began the modification of the demography of the Iranian Plateau that accelerated with the Mongol conquest. The massive, unprecedented violence of this invasion effected the widespread distribution of largely Turkic-speaking nomadic groups across Iran. Thus, what has been interpreted in the past as an enduring pattern of nomadic land use is, by archaeological standards, very recent. Iran's demographic profile since the eleventh century AD, and more particularly in the nineteenth and twentieth century, has been used by some scholars as a proxy for ancient social organization. Nomadism in Iran argues that this modernist perspective distorts the historical reality of the land. Assembling a wealth of material in several languages and disciplines, Nomadism in Iran will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians of the Middle East and Central Asia.

Food, Politics, And Agricultural Development

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429727143
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Food, Politics, And Agricultural Development by : Raymond F. Hopkins

Download or read book Food, Politics, And Agricultural Development written by Raymond F. Hopkins and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of studies on the politics of agricultural development in regions of Asia and Africa emphasizes the need for steady and significant increases in food production in the developing countries. It is a set of exercises in the comparative analysis of agricultural modernization policies.

Public Health in Qajar Iran

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Public Health in Qajar Iran by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book Public Health in Qajar Iran written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now, there have been no books and only a few articles available in English that deal with the actual practice of medicine in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Iran. Willem Floor's Public Health in Qajar Iran fills this lacuna, giving a broad and comprehensive survey of the state of public health, medical practice, and its practitioners in 1800-1925. Based on firsthand accounts of European travelers and doctors who practiced and observed medical treatment, the study provides an overview of the major diseases the population suffered and how these were treated. It also includes the available evidence logged by Iranian patients abroad and at home, as well as contemporary Persian texts that comment on public health and its practice in Iran. Floor shuns the analysis of classic Islamic medical textbooks, explaining that their medical advice was hardly ever administered and that the authors often had ideological (religious) agendas in writing these treatises. Instead, Floor investigates the commonly accepted theories of diseases, disorders, and their cures, including Islamic Galenic medicine and pre-Islamic theurgic folk medicine based on traditional herb lore and trial-and-error. The book concludes with the impact of Western medicine on the traditional medical institutions and public health in Qajar Iran. This exhaustive inquiry will enthrall scholars of Iran and medicine alike.

Piety and Politics in Qajar Iran

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755652657
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

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Book Synopsis Piety and Politics in Qajar Iran by : Nahid Massoumeh Assemi

Download or read book Piety and Politics in Qajar Iran written by Nahid Massoumeh Assemi and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-03-21 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Takkiyya Mu'avin al-Mulk is a building complex in the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, dedicated to the annual commemoration of the martyrdom of Husayn ibn 'Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680, an event of seminal significance to Shi'i Islam. Private takkiyyas built by social elites were a phenomenon of the Qajar period, with their construction motivated by a political quest for legitimacy. This book examines the intersection of art and architecture, popular piety, and the politics of legitimation. Through an examination of the building and its decorative programme, it addresses issues of patronage, Shi'i iconography and popular religious practices during the early 20th century in Iran. It further argues for the role of takkiyyas in creation of a sense of community and group identity; the formative stage of the emergent idea of nationhood at the time, amongst those who frequented them.

Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960–1980

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Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477300120
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960–1980 by : Eric J. Hooglund

Download or read book Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960–1980 written by Eric J. Hooglund and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2014-07-03 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carried out by the government of the shah between 1962 and 1971, the Iranian land reform was one of the most ambitious such undertakings in modern Middle Eastern history. Yet, beneath apparent statistical success, the actual accomplishments of the program, in terms of positive benefits for the peasantry, were negligible. Later, the resulting widespread discontent of thousands of Iranian villagers would contribute to the shah's downfall. In the first major study of the effects of this widely publicized program, Eric Hooglund's analysis demonstrates that the primary motives behind the land reform were political. Attempting to supplant the near-absolute authority of the landlord class over the countryside, the central government hoped to extend its own authority throughout rural Iran. While the Pahlavi government accomplished this goal, its failure to implement effective structural reform proved to be a long-term liability. Hooglund, who conducted field research in rural Iran throughout the 1970s and who witnessed the unfolding of the revolution from a small village, provides a careful description of the development of the land reform and of its effects on the main groups involved: landlords, peasants, local officials, merchants, and brokers. He shows how the continuing poverty in the countryside forced the migration of thousands of peasants to the cities, resulting in serious shortages of agricultural workers and an oversupply of unskilled urban labor. When the shah's government was faced with mass opposition in the cities in 1978, not only did a disillusioned rural population fail to support the regime, but thousands of villagers participated in the protests that hastened the collapse of the monarchy.

A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800-1929

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Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477311866
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800-1929 by : Behnaz A. Mirzai

Download or read book A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800-1929 written by Behnaz A. Mirzai and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2017-05-16 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading authority on slavery and the African diaspora in modern Iran presents the first history of slavery in this key Middle Eastern country and shows how slavery helped to shape the nation's unique character.

The Persian Gulf

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Persian Gulf by : Willem M. Floor

Download or read book The Persian Gulf written by Willem M. Floor and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most comprehensive overview to date of the Persian Gulf at a time of major political change, when the successive arrivals of the European "trading empires" had just begun. The study emphasises the role of the local elites and how they manipulated and used the European administrative structures for their own gain. The book also delves into various aspects of the governance of ports. Based on a wide variety of sources, including unpublished information from Dutch and Portuguese archives, it makes clear that the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman were an integrated part of the Indian Ocean network of trade, culture, migration, and politics. Despite that interconnectedness there were significant differences between the various competing Persian Gulf ports. These differences (as well as the similarities) in the political economy of each of the five major ports of the period (Hormuz, Bandar Abbas, Masqat, Bandar-e Kong, and Basra) are highlighted. The patterns of local administration and the morphology of each port, as well as what they meant for the development and nature of trade, are discussed in detail. And the controlling influence of the hinterland beyond each of the ports is stressed, while many prevailing, and wrong, notions about the role and importance of Europeans, trade, and what drove political developments in the Persian Gulf are corrected.