Advanced Glycation End Products In Cardiac And Renal Failure

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Uremic Toxins

Author : Toshimitsu Niwa
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118424107
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Uremic Toxins by : Toshimitsu Niwa

Download or read book Uremic Toxins written by Toshimitsu Niwa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews all the latest basic and clinical research findings With contributions from leading international experts in the field, this book is dedicated to all facets of uremic toxins research, including low molecular weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. Moreover, it covers everything from basic mass spectrometry research to the latest clinical findings and practices. Uremic Toxins is divided into three sections: Section One, Uremic Toxins, explores the definition, classification, listing, and mass spectrometric analysis of uremic toxins Section Two, Selected Uremic Toxins, describes key uremic toxins, explaining chemical structures, metabolism, analytical methods, plasma levels, toxicity, clinical implications, and removal methods. Among the uremic toxins covered are indoxyl sulfate, asymmetric dimethylarginine, PTH, ß2-microglobulin, and AGEs Section Three, Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins, describes how uremic toxins can be removed by hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and oral sorbent All chapters are based on the authors' thorough review of the literature as well as their own personal laboratory and clinical experience. References at the end of each chapter provide a gateway to the literature in the field. Reviewing all the latest basic and clinical research findings, Uremic Toxins will help bench scientists in nephrology advance their own investigations. It will also help clinicians take advantage of the latest tested and proven treatments for the management of chronic kidney disease.

Endothelial Dysfunction

Author : Helena Lenasi
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789842530
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Endothelial Dysfunction by : Helena Lenasi

Download or read book Endothelial Dysfunction written by Helena Lenasi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium enables communication between blood and tissues and is actively involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as an early step in the development of cardiovascular diseases: respectively, endothelium represents a potential therapeutic niche with multiple targets. The purpose of the book is to point out some recent findings of endothelial physiology and pathophysiology emphasizing various aspects of endothelial dysfunction connected to the body's internal and external environment. While basic features of the endothelium are presented in an introductory chapter, the authors of the following 17 chapters have provided extensive insight into some selected topics of endothelial (dys)function. The book would hopefully be useful for anyone interested in recapitulating endothelial (patho)physiology and expanding knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, relevant also for further clinical investigations.

Mechanisms Linking Aging, Diseases and Biological Age Estimation

Author : Sara C. Zapico
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315354209
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanisms Linking Aging, Diseases and Biological Age Estimation by : Sara C. Zapico

Download or read book Mechanisms Linking Aging, Diseases and Biological Age Estimation written by Sara C. Zapico and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on four of the hallmarks of aging: aspartic acid racemization, advanced glycation end products, telomere shortening and mitochondrial mutations; describing their role in aging and diseases; and their application to age-at-death estimation in forensic sciences in greater depth, displaying the interconnecting pathways among these processes. An additional chapter related to Epigenetics and its role in aging, diseases, and forensic age estimation is also included. This book is aimed at a broad audience: from students being introduced to aging, diseases, and forensic science research to scientists in biomedicine and forensics complementing their knowledge in their respective fields while also increasing their knowledge in other disciplines.

Nephrology and Public Health Worldwide

Author : G.B. Silva Junior
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 331806937X
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Nephrology and Public Health Worldwide by : G.B. Silva Junior

Download or read book Nephrology and Public Health Worldwide written by G.B. Silva Junior and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nephrology is one of the fastest growing specialties in medicine. Nevertheless, kidney disease is one of the most serious unmet health needs in many countries. To provide healthcare access with the desirable equity worldwide, the nephrology community needs to discuss this public health issue and take part in decisions for elaboration of public health policies with more justice and equity. This book brings together key current public health problems that affect kidney function and illuminates them in contributions by an international group of nephrologists and general practitioners. The chapters review current knowledge and provide guidelines to manage these conditions and decrease the disease burden. At the end, developments in the digital era and their application to kidney disease treatment are synthesized, and a broader outlook on the future of nephrology is given. Ultimately, the publication aims to gather nephrology and public health expertise from researchers from all over the world, providing a broad vision of issues that must be discussed and overcome to guarantee a better treatment for patients with kidney diseases in the world today.

Immunity and Atherosclerosis

Author : Paris Constantinides
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Immunity and Atherosclerosis by : Paris Constantinides

Download or read book Immunity and Atherosclerosis written by Paris Constantinides and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology

Author : Neil N. Turner
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191017655
Total Pages : 3045 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology by : Neil N. Turner

Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology written by Neil N. Turner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-29 with total page 3045 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology builds on the success and international reputation of the publication as an important resource for the practising clinician in the field. It provides practical, scholarly, and evidence-based coverage of the full spectrum of clinical nephrology, written by a global faculty of experts. The most relevant and important reference to clinical nephrology, this is an authoritative and comprehensive textbook combining the clinical aspects of renal disease essential to daily clinical practice with extensive information about the underlying basic science and current evidence available. Each section of the textbook has been critically and comprehensively edited under the auspices of a leading expert in the field. This new edition has been significantly expanded and reapportioned to reflect developments and new approaches to topics, and includes treatment algorithms to aid and enhance patient care where possible. The fourth edition offers increased focus on the medical aspects of transplantation, HIV-associated renal disease, and infection and renal disease, alongside entirely new sections on genetic topics and clinical and physiological aspects of fluid/electrolyte and tubular disorders. The emphasis throughout is on marrying advances in scientific research with clinical management. Richly illustrated throughout in full colour, this is a truly modern and attractive edition which reinforces the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology's position as an indispensable reference work of consistent quality and reliability. Enriched and refined by careful revision, this new edition continues the tradition of excellence. This print edition of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology comes with a year's access to the online version on Oxford Medicine Online. By activating your unique access code, you can read and annotate the full text online, follow links from the references to primary research materials, and view, enlarge and download all the figures and tables. Oxford Medicine Online is mobile optimized for access when and where you need it.

The Diabetic Kidney

Author : Pedro Cortes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1597451533
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis The Diabetic Kidney by : Pedro Cortes

Download or read book The Diabetic Kidney written by Pedro Cortes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-06 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative survey of recent findings, ideas, and hypotheses about the causes and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. The authors cover both the basic pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, as well as many of its clinical aspects of identification, management, and new therapeutic approaches. Highlights include an entire section devoted to novel approaches to studying diabetic nephropathy with the most advanced molecular techniques, and complete descriptions of the most up-to-date views on the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The Diabetic Kidney offers both researchers and practicing clinicians a clear understanding of the of the progress that has been made regarding the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and of the therapeutic interventions needed to prevent its development or treat it.

Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis

Author : Ramesh Khanna
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387789405
Total Pages : 927 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis by : Ramesh Khanna

Download or read book Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis written by Ramesh Khanna and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-28 with total page 927 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nolph and Gokal's Text Book of Peritoneal Dialysis, Third Edition, covers advances made in the field for the past 30 years. During the past two decades, the time during which this therapy has been increasingly utilized, this text has continued to be recognized as the major source of the discipline's base knowledge. The evolution of this text to its newest edition parallels the growth of peritoneal dialysis from Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis in the eighties to the current therapy that encompasses manual and automated therapies with full emphasis on adequacy of dialysis dose. Peritoneal dialysis represents an intracorporeal technique for blood purification. This unique dialysis system represents one of many human attempts to manipulate nature for sustenance of life. The past few years of advances have focused on further improvement of the technique. Areas that have fueled the interest of researchers include: (1) Physiology of high transporters (and the role of genetics and inflammation); (2) Continued debate over the most appropriate adequacy indices (small solute clearances, large solute clearances, clinical assessment etc.); (3) Understanding, preventing and treating the MIA syndrome in PD patients ( including the roles of leptin, and adiponectin); (4) Pathogenesis and newer management strategies of vascular calcification; (5) Continued improvements in infectious complications including peritonitis; (6) Further improvements in catheter technology; (7) Automated techniques; (8) Explaining and correcting PD underutilization; (9) Rationale and applications of newer dialysis solutions; (10) New understanding and approaches to management of osteodystrophy; (11) Refinements in anemia management including new insights in iron metabolism in PD patients; (12) Further definition of indications for PD; (13) The ideal time to initiate dialysis. Newer insight into host defense mechanisms have also made the past decade of advances in the field more meaningful for clinicians. This text also covers the knowledge gained from animal models of peritoneal dialysis. Nolph and Gokal's Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis, Third Edition is a compilation of the latest knowledge in the field. It cites and describes in great detail, the new discoveries and the evolution of understanding the subject of these discoveries.

Kopple and Massry's Nutritional Management of Renal Disease

Author : Joel D. Kopple
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780781735940
Total Pages : 716 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis Kopple and Massry's Nutritional Management of Renal Disease by : Joel D. Kopple

Download or read book Kopple and Massry's Nutritional Management of Renal Disease written by Joel D. Kopple and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2004 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This in-depth review of metabolism and nutritional management of patients with renal disease is now in its Second Edition! Chapter topics are clearly defined and each chapter integrates basic and clinical sciences. Illustrations, diagrams, and tables enhance the text. New features include the latest National Kidney Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure; the most recent scientific discoveries and the latest techniques for assessing nutritional status in renal disease; and literature reviews on patients who receive continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with or without dialysis. An easy-to-use book for busy clinicians, with extensive and up-to-date references, it provides information relevant to everyday practice. Compatibility: BlackBerry(R) OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile(TM) Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC

Cardiac Surgery in Chronic Renal Failure

Author : Mark S. Slaughter, MD
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470994924
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiac Surgery in Chronic Renal Failure by : Mark S. Slaughter, MD

Download or read book Cardiac Surgery in Chronic Renal Failure written by Mark S. Slaughter, MD and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The work focuses on a phenomenon that is occurring with increasing frequency in the practice of cardiac surgery, namely the need to address cardiac surgical issues in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). . . . this book will serve to stimulate trials of competing and complementary therapies so that the outcomes for these unfortunate patients can be improved.” -- from the Foreword by R. Morton Boltman, III, MD Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School Chief, Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death for patients with chronic renal failure, and although cardiac surgery can frequently relieve symptoms and prolong survival, it is still associated with significant complications. This concise volume draws on the expertise of leading specialists to help practitioners and trainees understand the full range of current treatment options and their outcomes. Noted authorities such as Charles A. Herzog and William Cohn share both their insights and their technical tips, developed through years of experience. Cardiac Surgery in Chronic Renal Failure includes chapters on: • the impact of ESRD in society • percutaneous coronary revascularization in ESRD patients • cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with chronic renal failure • coronary bypass grafting in ESRD patients requiring dialysis • surgical treatment of valvular heart disease in ESRD patients • surgical evaluation and treatment of uremic pericarditis Practicing nephrologists and cardiologists, as well as residents and fellows, will find this important volume serves as a guide to achieving the best possible outcomes and a call to reduce the impact of cardiovascular disease in ESRD.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Author : Thomas Rath
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953513843X
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Chronic Kidney Disease by : Thomas Rath

Download or read book Chronic Kidney Disease written by Thomas Rath and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-02-21 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Known worldwide, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease that affects up to 4% of the population with increasing figures also in the developing countries. Life expectancy of patients affected by CKD is shortened compared to the overall population, and only a minority of patients reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with the need for dialysis or renal transplantation; death overtakes dialysis. In the 13 chapters, this book sheds light on the different aspects related to pathophysiology and clinical aspects of CKD, providing interesting insights into not only inflammation and cardiovascular risk but also the interplay of hormones and the functional aspects of endothelial function. In addition, chapters dealing with genetic aspects of polycystic kidney disease and also the clinical handling of patients with CKD and peritoneal dialysis will be beneficial for the open-minded reader.

Signaling in the Heart

Author : José Marín-García
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441994610
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Signaling in the Heart by : José Marín-García

Download or read book Signaling in the Heart written by José Marín-García and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-21 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signal transduction pathways are at the core of most biological processes and are critical regulators of heart physiology and pathophysiology. The heart is both a transmitter and dynamic receptor of a variety of intracellular and extracellular stimuli, playing a critical role of an integrator of diverse signaling mechanisms. Alterations in signaling pathways are contributing factors in the development and progression of a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from dysrhythmias and atherosclerosis to hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Targeting specific components of these signaling pathways has been shown to be effective in preclinical studies with significant therapeutic impact. This book brings together current knowledge in cardiovascular cell signal transduction mechanisms, advances in novel therapeutic approaches to improve cardiac function, and discussion of future directions. Presented from a post-genomic perspective, this exciting book introduces important new ideas in cardiovascular systems biology. It is an invaluable reference for cardiology researchers and practitioners.

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Author : Michael T. Johnstone
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592599087
Total Pages : 645 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease by : Michael T. Johnstone

Download or read book Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease written by Michael T. Johnstone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cause of diabetes mellitus is metabolic in origin. However, its major clinical manifestations, which result in most of the morbidity and mortality, are a result of its vascular pathology. In fact, the American Heart Association has recently stated that, “from the point of view of cardiovascular medicine, it may be appropriate to say, diabetes is a cardiovascular disease” (1). But diabetic vascular disease is not limited to just the macrovasculature. Diabetes mellitus also affects the microcirculation with devastating results, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States, while diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new-onset blindness in working-age Americans. The importance of this text on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease is evident by the magnitude of the population affected by diabetes mellitus. Over 10 million Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, while another 5 million remain undiagnosed. The impact from a public health perspective is huge and increasing. As the population of the United States grows older, more sedentary, and obese, the risk of developing diabetes and its complications will increase. Epidemiological studies have identified diabetes mellitus as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Over 65% of patients with diabetes mellitus die from a cardiovascular cause. The prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus who develop overt clinical cardiovascular disease is much worse than those cardiovascular patients free of diabetes mellitus.

Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging

Author : Marco Malavolta
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128018275
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging by : Marco Malavolta

Download or read book Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging written by Marco Malavolta and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on the nutritional issues associated with aging and the important metabolic consequences of diet, nutrition, and health. The book is subdivided into four parts that reflect the impact of nutrition from a biomolecular level to individual health. In Part One, chapters explore the general aspects of aging, aging phenotypes, and relevant aspects of nutrition related to the elderly and healthy aging. Part Two includes molecular and cellular targets of nutrition in aging, with chapters exploring lipid peroxidation, inflammaging, anabolic and catabolic signaling, epigenetics, DNA damage and repair, redox homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity, among others. Part Three looks at system-level and organ targets of nutrition in aging, including a variety of tissues, systems, and diseases, such as immune function, the cardiovascular system, the brain and dementia, muscle, bone, lung, and many others. Finally, Part Four focuses on the health effects of specific dietary compounds and dietary interventions in aging, including vitamin D, retinol, curcumin, folate, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, vitamin B, fish oil, vitamin E, resveratrol, polyphenols, vegetables, and fruit, as well as the current nutritional recommendations. - Offers updated information and a perspectives on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of aging - Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of aging across body systems - Investigates the molecular and genetic basis of aging and cellular senescence through the lens of the rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition

Textbook of Angiology

Author : John B. Chang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1461211905
Total Pages : 1360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Textbook of Angiology by : John B. Chang

Download or read book Textbook of Angiology written by John B. Chang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully integrated view of the medical and surgical aspects of both vascular and cardiovascular disease. Covering the complete spectrum of angiology, from basic physiologic principles to phlebology, this is the only text of its kind, and will thus be a must for the libraries of cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons alike.

Cardiovascular Disorders in Hemodialysis

Author : Claudio Ronco
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3805579381
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Disorders in Hemodialysis by : Claudio Ronco

Download or read book Cardiovascular Disorders in Hemodialysis written by Claudio Ronco and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hemodialysis therapy has become a well-established form of renal replacement, and due to continuous improvements in technology, a series of new biomaterials and techniques for the clinical routine have been developed. Nevertheless, cardiovascular disorders in hemodialysis and uremia represent one of the most important aspects of modern nephrological care. This publication is therefore dedicated to cardiovascular risk factors, the role of the endothelium, problems related to mineral disorders and finally to the possible impact of new technologies on the final outcome in hemodialysis. Being a state-of-the-art appraisal of today's technology and current issues in hemodialysis with special regard to cardiovascular disorders and risk factors, this book is a synthesis between an educational effort aimed at the newer generations of physicians and nurses in the field of hemodialysis and a state-of-the-art description of the most advanced technologies in this field. At the same time, the lessons learned from large international trials, either already completed or to be completed in the years to come, are presented.

Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309218233
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-30 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade, tremendous growth has occurred in the use of nutrition symbols and rating systems designed to summarize key nutritional aspects and characteristics of food products. These symbols and the systems that underlie them have become known as front-of-package (FOP) nutrition rating systems and symbols, even though the symbols themselves can be found anywhere on the front of a food package or on a retail shelf tag. Though not regulated and inconsistent in format, content, and criteria, FOP systems and symbols have the potential to provide useful guidance to consumers as well as maximize effectiveness. As a result, Congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to undertake a study with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to examine and provide recommendations regarding FOP nutrition rating systems and symbols. The study was completed in two phases. Phase I focused primarily on the nutrition criteria underlying FOP systems. Phase II builds on the results of Phase I while focusing on aspects related to consumer understanding and behavior related to the development of a standardized FOP system. Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols focuses on Phase II of the study. The report addresses the potential benefits of a single, standardized front-label food guidance system regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, assesses which icons are most effective with consumer audiences, and considers the systems/icons that best promote health and how to maximize their use.