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Advanced Fuel Development And Fuel Combustion Delivery Order 0007 Abatement Of Soot From Military Gas Turbine Engines Via Fuel Additives
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Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion Delivery Order 0007: Abatement of Soot from Military Gas Turbine Engines Via Fuel Additives by :
Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion Delivery Order 0007: Abatement of Soot from Military Gas Turbine Engines Via Fuel Additives written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technical objective of this program was to develop fundamental understanding of the complex interactions of additives with the processes that lead to PM emissions from military gas turbine engines and to use that fundamental understanding to select and investigate the most promising additives for reducing PM emissions. Because of the inherent complexity of the combustion processes within gas turbine combustors and great difficulty in making measurements inside combustors, it was not possible to achieve the technical objective of this program by making measurements in gas turbine combustors. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the combustion process in a gas turbine combustor, no single laboratory flame or reactor will suffice as a model for a combustor. Therefore, multiple laboratory devices were applied to study the effects of additives on soot formation processes. These devices included a shock tube, a well-stirred reactor, premixed flames, diffusion flames, a spray flame, and a high pressure turbulent reactor. Experiments were performed at Penn State in four of these devices: a premixed flame, a co-flow diffusion flame, a spray flame and the high pressure turbulent reactor.
Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives by :
Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall technical objective of the program was to develop an additive for JP-8, JP-5, and diesel fuels that will reduce both the mass Emissions Index (grams of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) and the number density Emissions Index (particle number density of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) in the exhaust of military gas turbine engines by 70 percent. This report summarizes the results of work performed at United Technologies Research Center. Baseline studies were performed with ethanol added to ethylene, as the method and procedures could be validated against the existing experimental database. Experiments were performed in laminar premixed burner-stabilized flat flames. Soot was reduced by factors of about 50% with ethanol. Subsequent tests were performed with mixtures of heptane/toluene/ethylene to provide a better simulation of real fuel chemistry. The most significant effects were observed with a proprietary additive which apparently contains a metal. The use of metals is not perceived to be an environmentally acceptable approach. The next most effective additive is a commercial fuel additive, Kleen, which contains a variety of oxygenated (nitro) compounds. Reductions of soot emissions on the order of 30% were observed. Mixed results were obtained with pyridine, and modeling results show negligible influence of this additive. Finally, advances to a fundamental soot formation model were accomplished by comparing simulations of coflow diffusion flames to experimental data sets. This work resulted in proposed changes to the gas-phase kinetics and soot inception models and identifying the importance of treating soot ageing and radiation losses. The overall goal of identifying an additive that can reduce soot emissions by 70% was not achieved, without use of a metal-containing additive or with very high levels of the additive (>10% by weight).
Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion by : Joseph Swartzbaugh
Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion written by Joseph Swartzbaugh and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This final report summarizes the efforts performed over the last five years on contract F33615-92-C-2218. This report represents a collection of research programs, varying broadly in size and complexity with many authors and principal investigators. The objective of this task order contract was to support long-term basic and applied research for problems related to aviation turbine fuels and related materials and combustion of these fuels in advanced systems. Some research and development efforts aimed at evaluating advanced lubricants and lubrication systems were also performed in this contract.
Book Synopsis Phase II Advanced Fuel Additive and Sensor Development by :
Download or read book Phase II Advanced Fuel Additive and Sensor Development written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope of this project is to evaluate different fuel additives and formulations that will assist the Navy in meeting the performance and environmental requirements of the future. The project will also include development of a system to monitor the key parameters to ensure that the requirements are being met. The project will include analysis and lab testing of various commercially available marine additives, the development of monitoring capabilities, then the testing of the formulations on a marine diesel at a land based test facility. The alternative fuel tests, to be conducted under this program, would prove the following in laboratory and land based engine tests with the Navy's most used engine types (2 stroke and 4 stroke diesel engines and combustion gas turbines): Reduced engine exhaust emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter, Acceptable engine power output, Acceptable fuel consumption, Acceptable fuel physical properties, Acceptable engine and fuel system mechanical life (wear, corrosion and deposits).
Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion by : Joseph Swartzbaugh
Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion written by Joseph Swartzbaugh and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This final report summarizes the efforts performed over the last five years on Contract F336l5-92-C-22l8. This report represents a collection of research programs, varying broadly in size and complexity with many authors and principal investigators. The objective of this task order contract was to support long-term basic and applied research for problems related to aviation turbine fuels and related materials and combustion of these fuels in advanced systems. Some research and development efforts aimed at evaluating advanced lubricants and lubrication systems were also performed in this contract.
Book Synopsis Utilization of Ammonia as an Alternate Fuel in Army Aircraft Engines by : Nicholas C. Kailos
Download or read book Utilization of Ammonia as an Alternate Fuel in Army Aircraft Engines written by Nicholas C. Kailos and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Integrated Fuel/Combustion Systems by :
Download or read book Advanced Integrated Fuel/Combustion Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is a compilation of highlights of research accomplishments completed under Contract No. F33615-97-C-2719, "Advanced Integrated Fuel/Combustion Systems," with the Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Turbine Engine Division. This report covers work performed during the period September 29, 1997 to December 31, 2003. Research efforts covered a wide range of topics toward development of advanced fuels and combustion systems. These efforts included High Heat Sink Fuels Studies, Low Temperature Fuel Studies, Fuel Modeling and Simulation, Particulate Emission Abatement Studies, and Well-Stirred Reactor Combustion Studies.
Book Synopsis Reduction of Particulate Emissions in Turbine Engines Using the +100 Additive by :
Download or read book Reduction of Particulate Emissions in Turbine Engines Using the +100 Additive written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. military spends approximately about $3.5 billion (2003 dollars) per year for aviation fuel. This corresponds to 3 to 4 billion gallons per year (~10% of total U.S. aviation fuel use). The fleet average emission index for particulate matter (PM) has been estimated to be approximately 0.04 g/kg of fuel burned. The total amount of particulate emissions for aircraft in the United States is estimated at 3 million kg per year. Although there is some uncertainty in these estimates, they are consistent with the magnitude being used to estimate global emissions from aircraft (Niedzwiecki, 1998). Airborne particles pose both health and environmental risks. The health effects of particulate matter are related to its ability to penetrate the respiratory system. Particulate matter 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) can enter the lungs and end up in lung capillaries and air sacs (alveoli), causing a variety of respiratory problems. Particulate emissions contribute to environmental problems such as visibility impairment (haze) and may contribute to increased signature (infrared emissions) from military aircraft, thus increasing aircraft detectability/vulnerability in enemy territory. Gas turbine engines and ground support equipment are major local sources of PM2.5 particles. The health and environmental concerns from particulate emissions motivated this work to evaluate the use of the +100 (BetzDearborn SpecAid 8Q462) additive in jet fuel as a means to reduce the particulate emissions from military gas turbine engines. The +100 additive was developed to increase the thermal stability of JP-8 fuel in order to reduce carbon buildup in fuel system components and injection nozzles. Mostly military aircraft (~3,000) are currently using the +100 additive; however, the additive is also suitable for commercial aircraft due to the similarities of JP-8 and Jet A.
Book Synopsis Effect of Fuel Additives on Carbon Deposition in a J33 Single Combustor by : Vincent F. Hlavin
Download or read book Effect of Fuel Additives on Carbon Deposition in a J33 Single Combustor written by Vincent F. Hlavin and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Propulsion and Power Rapid Response Research and Development (R & D) Support. Delivery Order 0011: Advanced Propulsion Fuels Research and Development-Subtask: Framework and Guidance for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Aviation Fuels by :
Download or read book Propulsion and Power Rapid Response Research and Development (R & D) Support. Delivery Order 0011: Advanced Propulsion Fuels Research and Development-Subtask: Framework and Guidance for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Aviation Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this report is to provide a framework and guidance for estimating the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for transportation fuels, specifically aviation fuels. The focus on aviation fuels was driven by the patterns of fuel use by the federal government. Policies such as those outlined in Section 526 of EISA 2007 cause federal agencies to institute enforceable guidelines for procuring low carbon alternative fuels. Federal consumption of fuels is dominated by the Department of Defense and the Air Force consumes more fuel than any of the other military services or federal agencies (Defense Science Board 2008). Thus, aviation applications may become early adopters of low carbon transportation fuels. The U.S. Air Force convened a working group of individuals from government agencies, universities and companies actively engaged in assessing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation fuels, and requested that this group develop guidance on procedures for estimating greenhouse gas emissions in aviation applications, using currently available data and tools.
Book Synopsis Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions by :
Download or read book Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report was developed under SBIR contract. A study on fuel additives to suppress soot emissions from gas turbines burning JP-8 was completed. The program consisted of a multifaceted approach involving experimental and computational screening tools to assess the effectiveness of multifunctional additives. The experimental program demonstrated that a laminar drop tube furnace at the University of Utah could effectively screen a large number of additives relatively rapidly and inexpensively as a function of furnace temperature, injection orifice size, injection pressure, and oxygen concentration. Additives were found to be most effective under highly oxidizing conditions. Soot reductions of over 90% were observed for metal-containing additives, know ignition enhancers, and a range of proprietary additives. Modeling capabilities for assessing the effectiveness of additives were developed. Soot models using the method of moments and sectional methods were combined with detailed kinetics models for surrogates of JP-8. the models were validated with experimental data in the literature for a number of simple fuels. Detailed Kinetic mechanisms were developed for two ignition enhancers in the study, di-tertiary butyl peroxide and 2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate. The kinetic models were incorporated in a CFD code to evaluate diffusion flames representative of the drop tube and swirl stabilized combustor.
Book Synopsis Fuel Additives for Internal Combustion Engines by : Maurice William Ranney
Download or read book Fuel Additives for Internal Combustion Engines written by Maurice William Ranney and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1978 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fuel Modification for Abatement of Aircraft Turbine Engine Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions by : Henry Shaw
Download or read book Fuel Modification for Abatement of Aircraft Turbine Engine Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions written by Henry Shaw and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report describes a broad experimental program that was undertaken to assess the feasibility of reducing NO(x) from aircraft gas turbine engines by fuel modification. The Esso High Pressure Cannular Combustor was used to simulate the characteristic emissions of gas turbines at full power operation. Over 70 fuel modifications were tested using Jet A as the base fuel. Soluble compounds of cobalt, iron, magnesium, and copper reduce NO(x) by as much as 30% when added to the fuel at a treat rate of up to 0.5% (w). None of the investigated additives were fully acceptable because of the relatively low NO(x) reduction that was obtained even with high additive treat rates. A simple expression was derived which is useful in estimating NO levels in gas turbine combustors when equilibrium NO(x) concentrations and temperature are known.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of an Automated Smoke Abatement System for Jet Engine Test Cells by :
Download or read book Evaluation of an Automated Smoke Abatement System for Jet Engine Test Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An automated Smoke Abatement System (ASAS) which injects a smoke abatement fuel additive into the fuel system of a gas turbine engine was developed for reducing test cell exhaust stack plume opacity caused by engine operation. The ASAS contains three major components: transmissometer to monitor plume opacity, logic/control unit which determines if opacity exceeds the standard, and variable speed pump which injects the optimum quantity of the smoke abatement additive. The difference between the plume opacity and standard regulates the speed of the pump and quantity of additive injected. The System maintained test cell plume opacity to a visual opacity of 20 percent or less during evaluation tests at two Naval Air Rework Facilities (NARF's). It is recommended that the ASAS be used to control plume opacity from those engines compatible with smoke abatement additives.
Book Synopsis Advanced High-Temperature Air Force Turbine Engine Oil Program by : CE. Snyder
Download or read book Advanced High-Temperature Air Force Turbine Engine Oil Program written by CE. Snyder and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Military and commercial jet aircraft engines operate hotter than in the past to increase fuel efficiency. Also, advanced structural engine materials permit hotter burning, more efficient engines. These trends are expected to continue. Many current gas turbine engines experience oil system coking and other problems related to the limited thermal and oxidative stability of the conventional, ester-based gas turbine engine oils. This is because most engines operate on gas turbine oils limited to 150°C. The best current oils have a maximum operating temperature of about 200°C. We initiated a program to develop a new class of ester-based lubricants to meet current and future high-temperature requirements. The target temperature range of this new oil is -40°C to 232°C. Target requirements were established and communicated to industry. This paper presents those requirements and initial results on the most promising candidates.
Book Synopsis Refinery Integration of By-Products from Coal-Derived Jet Fuels by :
Download or read book Refinery Integration of By-Products from Coal-Derived Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The final report summarizes the accomplishments toward project goals during length of the project. The goal of this project was to integrate coal into a refinery in order to produce coal-based jet fuel, with the major goal to examine the products other than jet fuel. These products are in the gasoline, diesel and fuel oil range and result from coal-based jet fuel production from an Air Force funded program. The main goal of Task 1 was the production of coal-based jet fuel and other products that would need to be utilized in other fuels or for non-fuel sources, using known refining technology. The gasoline, diesel fuel, and fuel oil were tested in other aspects of the project. Light cycle oil (LCO) and refined chemical oil (RCO) were blended, hydrotreated to removed sulfur, and hydrogenated, then fractionated in the original production of jet fuel. Two main approaches, taken during the project period, varied where the fractionation took place, in order to preserve the life of catalysts used, which includes (1) fractionation of the hydrotreated blend to remove sulfur and nitrogen, followed by a hydrogenation step of the lighter fraction, and (2) fractionation of the LCO and RCO before any hydrotreatment. Task 2 involved assessment of the impact of refinery integration of JP-900 production on gasoline and diesel fuel. Fuel properties, ignition characteristics and engine combustion of model fuels and fuel samples from pilot-scale production runs were characterized. The model fuels used to represent the coal-based fuel streams were blended into full-boiling range fuels to simulate the mixing of fuel streams within the refinery to create potential 'finished' fuels. The representative compounds of the coal-based gasoline were cyclohexane and methyl cyclohexane, and for the coal-base diesel fuel they were fluorine and phenanthrene. Both the octane number (ON) of the coal-based gasoline and the cetane number (CN) of the coal-based diesel were low, relative to commercial fuels ((almost equal to)60 ON for coal-based gasoline and (almost equal to)20 CN for coal-based diesel fuel). Therefore, the allowable range of blending levels was studied where the blend would achieve acceptable performance. However, in both cases of the coal-based fuels, their ignition characteristics may make them ideal fuels for advanced combustion strategies where lower ON and CN are desirable. Task 3 was designed to develop new approaches for producing ultra clean fuels and value-added chemicals from refinery streams involving coal as a part of the feedstock. It consisted of the following three parts: (1) desulfurization and denitrogenation which involves both new adsorption approach for selective removal of nitrogen and sulfur and new catalysts for more effective hydrotreating and the combination of adsorption denitrogenation with hydrodesulfurization; (2) saturation of two-ring aromatics that included new design of sulfur resistant noble-metal catalysts for hydrogenation of naphthalene and tetralin in middle distillate fuels, and (3) value-added chemicals from naphthalene and biphenyl, which aimed at developing value-added organic chemicals from refinery streams such as 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene and 4,4(prime)-dimethylbiphenyl as precursors to advanced polymer materials. Major advances were achieved in this project in designing the catalysts and sorbent materials, and in developing fundamental understanding. The objective of Task 4 was to evaluate the effect of introducing coal into an existing petroleum refinery on the fuel oil product, specifically trace element emissions. Activities performed to accomplish this objective included analyzing two petroleum-based commercial heavy fuel oils (i.e., No. 6 fuel oils) as baseline fuels and three co-processed fuel oils, characterizing the atomization performance of a No. 6 fuel oil, measuring the combustion performance and emissions of the five fuels, specifically major, minor, and trace elements when fired in a watertube boiler designed for natural gas/fuel oil, and determining the boiler performance when firing the five fuels. Two different co-processed fuel oils were tested: one that had been partially hydrotreated, and the other a product of fractionation before hydrotreating. Task 5 focused on examining refining methods that would utilize coal and produce thermally stable jet fuel, included delayed coking and solvent extraction. Delayed coking was done on blends of decant oil and coal, with the goal to produce a premium carbon product and liquid fuels. Coking was done on bench scale and large laboratory scale cokers. Two coals were examined for co-coking, using Pittsburgh seam coal and Marfork coal product. Reactions in the large, laboratory scaled coker were reproducible in yields of products and in quality of products. While the co-coke produced from both coals was of sponge coke quality, minerals left in the coke made it unacceptable for use as anode or graphite grade filler.
Book Synopsis The Use of Fuel Additives to Control Plume Opacity of Turbine Engine Test Cells by : O. M. Loveland
Download or read book The Use of Fuel Additives to Control Plume Opacity of Turbine Engine Test Cells written by O. M. Loveland and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research, a joint Air Force/Navy study, evaluated the use of fuel additives to reduce the opacity of turbine engine test cell emissions. Automated smoke abatement system (ASAS) was used to inject ferrocene and XRG fuel additives into J57-43 turbine engines. Data obtained from this study indicate that ferrocene can be used to control test cell opacity without major impact on engine performance. The XRG fuel additive was not effective in reducing opacity. Major problems encountered with the ASAS were resolved during the project. Recommendations for further improvement of the ASAS were reported. (Author).
