Abundance And Speciation Of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements Of Formaldehyde

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Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde

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Total Pages : 0 pages
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Book Synopsis Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde by :

Download or read book Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) drives the formation of secondary pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol. Thousands of different species of VOCs and their oxidation products are present in the atmosphere, making fully explicit measurements and models of VOC oxidation difficult. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is formed in the oxidation of nearly every VOC, providing a product-based perspective of total VOC oxidation. Furthermore, HCHO is an important source of radicals that sustains the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. This work employs field measurements and photochemical box models of HCHO to investigate the total amount and speciation of VOC emissions in several regions. We first validate the FIber Laser-Induced Fluorescence (FILIF) HCHO measurement technique in a chamber-based intercomparison with a commercial Hantzsch chemical derivatization instrument. FILIF sets a new standard for field-based measurement speed and precision, enabling the measurements acquired on three field campaigns: Using flight-based measurements over the South East United States, we show that the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde is a valuable metric for determining the speciation of local VOC emissions. Using Zeppelin-based measurements over the Po Valley, we show that agricultural emissions of HCHO may significantly increase local ozone production. Finally, from ground-based measurements above the canopy of a forest in Alabama, we show that unmeasured VOC species can contribute significantly to the total loss of the OH radical. Together, these results provide new clarification on the link between air quality and the atmospheric budget of HCHO.

Impacts of Industrial and Biogenic Emissions on Air Quality

Author : Miao Wen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Industrial and Biogenic Emissions on Air Quality by : Miao Wen

Download or read book Impacts of Industrial and Biogenic Emissions on Air Quality written by Miao Wen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatile organic compounds play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, air quality and wellness of human being. This dissertation investigated two air quality problems related to volatile organic compounds and compared two techniques used to measure formaldehyde at ambient levels. The first study addresses formaldehyde sources in a local valley, the Lewiston and Clarkston Valley. Two summer field campaigns in 2016 and 2017 measured formaldehyde and a number of other speciated VOCs at three sites. Average formaldehyde mixing ratios were 2.35 ℗ł 0.95 ppbv in 2016 and 4.20 ℗ł 1.2 ppbv in 2017. Formaldehyde displayed strong correlation with SO2 observed both in morning peak events at around 6:30 am PST, accompanied by peaks in reduced sulfur compounds and in the afternoon with short spikes in SO2 and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde abundance was low in the afternoon when abundances of typical secondary pollutants such as NOz and O3 were high. The influence of traffic emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary photoproduction was not pronounced on the local airshed. Primary emissions from the pulp mill were concluded to be the dominant formaldehyde sources in the valley. The second study characterized monoterpene speciation and emission rates in the air from the marijuana growing and processing facilities in Spokane. Whole air samples collected using SUMMA canisters were analyzed with GC-MS. 1̐Ø-myrcene, d-limonene, 1̐Ł-pinene and 1̐Ø-pinene constitute the main monoterpene species with average relative abundance of 40%, 30%, 12% and 4%. High terpinolene abundance was found in some air samples. Estimated emission rates for one of the facilities sampled were 25g hr-1, equivalent to emissions from about 400 ponderosa pine trees. In addition, two different methods used to measure formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the Lewiston study were compared. The precision of the method dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridge sampling followed by high performance liquid chromatography is reported to be 20 to 30% for formaldehyde and 10% for acetaldehyde in this study. Agreement between proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry and the cartridge sampling method is typically larger than 80%, suggesting viable measurements of formaldehyde can be made with this newer technology.

Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses

Download Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses PDF Online Free

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses by :

Download or read book Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concentrations of formaldehyde, 52 individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total VOCs (TVOC) were measured in four new manufactured houses on three occasions over a period of approximately nine months following completion of their construction. The houses were furnished, but unoccupied, model homes produced by a single U.S. manufacturer. Several of the houses incorporated interior finish materials with lower VOC emissions than standard materials. One house had a modified ventilation system. Ventilation rates were measured concurrently with the collection of air samples. A steady-state mass-balance model was used to calculate the area-specific emission rates of the target compounds and TVOC. The emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from a specimen of plywood used as the floor sheeting were additionally quantified. The median formaldehyde concentration in the four houses was 37 parts-per-billion (ppb). The formaldehyde concentrations were all less than the most restrictive guideline for this compound of 50 ppb. The concentrations of many of the target VOCs were low. Thirty-one of the VOCs had median concentrations that were at or below 1 ppb. Seven of the compounds were among the most abundant VOCs in all four houses. These compounds were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, ethylene glycol, hexanal, 2-butanone, and acetic acid. The concentrations of the aldehydes, hexanal, octanal and nonanal, in the four houses were either near or exceeded their respective odor thresholds. The concentrations of acetic acid increased with time. In the final sampling period, the odor threshold for acetic acid was exceeded in all of the houses. The range of TVOC concentrations in the four houses was 0.8 to 3 mg m−3, with a median value of 1.6 mg m−3. These concentrations were somewhat lower than TVOC concentrations previously measured in several new site-built houses, and the median concentration was only about twice the typical value for existing residences. The house with the modified ventilation system and several lower emitting materials had consistently low TVOC concentrations that were near 1 mg m−3. There were no large decreases with time in the emission rates of the individual VOCs or TVOC during the course of the study. However, the emission rates were often lowest in the final sampling with the notable exception of the acetic acid emission rate that increased with time. The source of the aldehydes was most likely engineered wood products, such as the plywood floor sheeting and possibly other structural or interior components. The source of the acetic acid was uncertain. The effects of the source substitution treatments were measurable but turned out to be relatively minor due to the predominance of other sources.

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House

Author : Alfred T. Hodgson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House by : Alfred T. Hodgson

Download or read book Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House written by Alfred T. Hodgson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study to measure indoor concentrations and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, was conducted in a new, unoccupied manufactured house installed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) campus. The house was instrumented to continuously monitor indoor temperature and relative humidity, heating and air conditioning system operation, and outdoor weather. It also was equipped with an automated tracer gas injection and detection system to estimate air change rates every 2 h. Another automated system measured indoor concentrations of total VOCs with a flame ionization detector every 30 min. Active samples for the analysis of VOCs and aldehydes were collected indoors and outdoors on 12 occasions from August 2002 through September 2003. Individual VOCs were quantified by thermal desorption to a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Weather conditions changed substantially across the twelve active sampling periods. Outdoor temperatures ranged from 7 C to 36 C. House air change rates ranged from 0.26 h{sup -1} to 0.60 h{sup -1}. Indoor temperature was relatively constant at 20 C to 24 C for all but one sampling event. Indoor relative humidity (RH) ranged from 21% to 70%. The predominant and persistent indoor VOCs included aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, pentanal, hexanal and nonanal) and terpene hydrocarbons (e.g., a-pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene), which are characteristic of wood product emissions. Other compounds of interest included phenol, naphthalene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons. VOC concentrations were generally typical of results reported for other new houses. Measurements of total VOCs were used to evaluate short-term changes in indoor VOC concentrations. Most of the VOCs probably derived from indoor sources. However, the wall cavity was an apparent source of acetaldehyde, toluene and xylenes and the belly space was a source of 2-butanone, lower volatility aldehydes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Indoor minus outdoor VOC concentrations varied with time. Adjusted formaldehyde concentrations exhibited the most temporal variability with concentrations ranging from 25 {micro}g m{sup -3} to 128 {micro}g m{sup -3} and the lowest concentrations occurring in winter months when indoor RH was low. A model describing the emissions of formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde wood products as a function of temperature, RH and concentration reasonably predicted the temporal variation of formaldehyde emissions in the house. Whole-house emissions of other VOCs generally declined over the first three months and then remained relatively constant over a several month period. However, their emissions were generally lowest during the winter months. Also, an apparent association between TVOC emissions and outdoor temperature was observed on a one-week time scale.

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House by :

Download or read book Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission Rates Measured Over One Year in a New Manufactured House written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study to measure indoor concentrations and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, was conducted in a new, unoccupied manufactured house installed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) campus. The house was instrumented to continuously monitor indoor temperature and relative humidity, heating and air conditioning system operation, and outdoor weather. It also was equipped with an automated tracer gas injection and detection system to estimate air change rates every 2 h. Another automated system measured indoor concentrations of total VOCs with a flame ionization detector every 30 min. Active samples for the analysis of VOCs and aldehydes were collected indoors and outdoors on 12 occasions from August 2002 through September 2003. Individual VOCs were quantified by thermal desorption to a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Weather conditions changed substantially across the twelve active sampling periods. Outdoor temperatures ranged from 7 C to 36 C. House air change rates ranged from 0.26 h[sup -1] to 0.60 h[sup -1]. Indoor temperature was relatively constant at 20 C to 24 C for all but one sampling event. Indoor relative humidity (RH) ranged from 21% to 70%. The predominant and persistent indoor VOCs included aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, pentanal, hexanal and nonanal) and terpene hydrocarbons (e.g., a-pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene), which are characteristic of wood product emissions. Other compounds of interest included phenol, naphthalene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons. VOC concentrations were generally typical of results reported for other new houses. Measurements of total VOCs were used to evaluate short-term changes in indoor VOC concentrations. Most of the VOCs probably derived from indoor sources. However, the wall cavity was an apparent source of acetaldehyde, toluene and xylenes and the belly space was a source of 2-butanone, lower volatility aldehydes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Indoor minus outdoor VOC concentrations varied with time. Adjusted formaldehyde concentrations exhibited the most temporal variability with concentrations ranging from 25 [micro]g m[sup -3] to 128 [micro]g m[sup -3] and the lowest concentrations occurring in winter months when indoor RH was low. A model describing the emissions of formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde wood products as a function of temperature, RH and concentration reasonably predicted the temporal variation of formaldehyde emissions in the house. Whole-house emissions of other VOCs generally declined over the first three months and then remained relatively constant over a several month period. However, their emissions were generally lowest during the winter months. Also, an apparent association between TVOC emissions and outdoor temperature was observed on a one-week time scale.

Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units by :

Download or read book Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sixteen previously occupied temporary housing units (THUs) were studied to assess emissions of volatile organic compounds. The whole trailer emission factors wereevaluated for 36 VOCs including formaldehyde. Indoor sampling was carried out in the THUs located in Purvis staging yard in Mississippi, USA. Indoor temperature andrelative humidity (RH) were also measured in all the trailers during sampling. Indoor temperatures were varied (increased or decreased) in a selection of THUs using theheating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Indoor temperatures during sampling ranged from 14o C to 33o C, and relative humidity (RH) varied between 35percentand 74percent. Ventilation rates were increased in some trailers using bathroom fans and vents during some of the sampling events. Ventilation rates measured during some aselection of sampling events varied from 0.14 to 4.3 h-1. Steady state indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 10 mu g-m-3 to 1000 mu g-m-3. The formaldehyde concentrations in the trailers were of toxicological significance. The effects of temperature, humidity and ventilation rates were also studied. A linearregression model was built using log of percentage relative humidity, inverse of temperature (in K-1), and inverse log ACH as continuous independent variables, trailermanufacturer as a categorical independent variable, and log of the chemical emission factors as the dependent variable. The coefficients of inverse temperature, log relativehumidity, log inverse ACH with log emission factor were found to be statistically significant for all the samples at the 95percent confidence level. The regression model wasfound to explain about 84percent of the variation in the dependent variable. Most VOC concentrations measured indoors in the Purvis THUs were mostly found to be belowvalues reported in earlier studies by Maddalena et al.,1,2 Hodgson et al.,3 and Hippelein4. Emissions of TMPB-DIB (a plasticizer found in vinyl products) were found to be higher than values reported in comparable housing by Hodgson et al.,3. Emissions of phenol were also found to be slightly higher than values reported in earlier studies1,2,3. This study can assist in retrospective formaldehyde exposure assessments of THUs where estimates of the occupants indoor formaldehyde exposures are needed.

Identification of Primary Formaldehyde Emissions in the Greater Houston Region

Author : Bana Hamze
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (466 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of Primary Formaldehyde Emissions in the Greater Houston Region by : Bana Hamze

Download or read book Identification of Primary Formaldehyde Emissions in the Greater Houston Region written by Bana Hamze and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greater Houston Area is currently an EPA designated non-attainment area for the secondary pollutant, ground level ozone. The underestimation of certain volatile organic compound precursors may be behind the discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone formation. Formaldehyde is one precursor pollutant that contributes both as a primary and a secondary pollutant, and is currently under-predicted by atmospheric models. To investigate undercounted sources of primary formaldehyde emissions, researchers at the BIAS, conducted airborne measurement of plumes from industrial sectors in the Houston Area with an instrumented Aztec. Time series measures of formaldehyde, ozone, and trace gases, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, characterised the origins of the plumes. Observed correlation with primary emission trace gas carbon monoxide, suggested several instances of primary formaldehyde emissions from the measured plumes. Additional analyses included, instrument validation, and trajectories of air masses. Appropriate regulation of volatile organic compounds, such as formaldehyde to reduce ozone levels in Houston, are discussed.

Assessing and Controlling Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Retail Environment

Author : Éléna Laure Nirlo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing and Controlling Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Retail Environment by : Éléna Laure Nirlo

Download or read book Assessing and Controlling Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Retail Environment written by Éléna Laure Nirlo and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retail buildings have potential for both short-term (customer) and long-term (occupational) exposure to indoor pollutants. A multitude of sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common to the retail environment. Volatile organic compounds can be odorous, irritating or carcinogenic. Through a field investigation and modeling study, this dissertation investigates exposure to, and control of, VOCs in retail buildings. Fourteen U.S. retail stores were tested one to four times each over a period of a year, for a total of twenty-four test visits. Over a hundred parameters were investigated to characterize each of the buildings, including ventilation system parameters, and airborne pollutants both indoors and outdoors. Concentrations of VOCs were simultaneously measured using five different methods: Summa canisters, sorbent tubes, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) tubes, a photoionization detector (PID), and a colorimetric real-time formaldehyde monitor (FMM). The resulting dataset was analyzed to evaluate underlying trends in the concentrations and speciation of VOCs, identify influencing factors, and determine contaminants of concern. A parametric framework based on a time-averaged mass balance was then developed to compare strategies to reduce formaldehyde concentrations in retail stores. Mitigation of exposure to formaldehyde through air cleaning (filtration), emission control (humidity control), and targeted dilution (local ventilation) were assessed. Results of the field study suggested that formaldehyde was the most important contaminant of concern in the retail stores investigated, as all 14 stores exceeded the most conservative health guideline for formaldehyde (OEHHA TWA REL = 7.3 ppb) during at least one sampling event. Formaldehyde monitors were strongly correlated with DNPH tube results. The FMM showed promising characteristics, supporting further consideration as real-time indicators to control ventilation and/or environmental parameters. The vast majority of the remaining VOCs were present at low concentrations, but episodic activities such as cooking and cleaning led to relatively high indoor concentrations for ethanol, acetaldehyde, and terpenoids. Results of the modeling effort demonstrated that local ventilation caused the most uniform improvements to indoor formaldehyde concentrations across building characteristics, but humidity control appeared to have a very limited impact. Filtration used under specific conditions could lead to larger decreases in formaldehyde concentrations than all other strategies investigated, and was the least energy-intensive.

Utilizing Glyoxal and Formaldehyde as Tracers of Tropospheric Secondary Pollutant Formation

Author : Kate Marie Skog
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Utilizing Glyoxal and Formaldehyde as Tracers of Tropospheric Secondary Pollutant Formation by : Kate Marie Skog

Download or read book Utilizing Glyoxal and Formaldehyde as Tracers of Tropospheric Secondary Pollutant Formation written by Kate Marie Skog and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photochemical oxidative processing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere is coupled to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), important secondary pollutants. However, the chemistry that forms them is complex and not completely understood. In this work, field measurements are applied to a zero-dimensional box model to investigate the validity of current chemical mechanisms and the fate of reactive carbon in aqueous aerosol. First, field measurements of gas-phase species, dominant oxidants, and aerosol composition were used to model the fate of reactive carbon during local aqueous aerosol processing of aldehydes and epoxides. Data from the Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate interaction Study (PEGASOS 2012) showed that glyoxal was the dominant contributor to locally-formed aqueous SOA (aqSOA) and that modeled aqueous aerosol processing converted small gas-phase aldehydes into higher-volatility carboxylic acids. Data from the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS 2013) showed that non-radical-mediated aqueous chemistry dominates the formation of aqueous aerosol. Sensitivity tests reveal that aqSOA composition, aqSOA mass, and product degassing were controlled by reactant through limiting chemistry, by product volatility through degassing, and by liquid water through medium availability. Second, a number of studies have suggested that observations of glyoxal and formaldehyde, and the ratio between the two (RGF) can help define the composition of an airmass on a local or global scale in terms of volatile organic compound (VOC) speciation, and HOx and NOx concentration. Glyoxal and formaldehyde measurements taken as part of SOAS correlated well (R2=0.71), resulting in an RGF value of 1.4% despite larger variation in glyoxal and formaldehyde, consistent with previous campaigns and satellite retrievals. Ambient variation in glyoxal, formaldehyde, and RGF stemmed mainly from diel variability and afternoon variability stemmed almost entirely from RO2 fate, which determines the chemical pathway through which a VOC is processed and therefore the product distribution. However, the model indicated OH concentration and then RO2 fate controlled RGF values, indicating that current chemical mechanisms misrepresent either the formation or loss of glyoxal and formaldehyde with respect to OH. Since NOx concentrations at this site were low, this highlights a need for updated low-NOx isoprene chemistry.

A Field Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors and Stainless Steel Canisters

Author : Gregory C. Pratt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (621 download)

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Book Synopsis A Field Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors and Stainless Steel Canisters by : Gregory C. Pratt

Download or read book A Field Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors and Stainless Steel Canisters written by Gregory C. Pratt and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field measurements of 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at three different locations in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.

Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Carpet Cushions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Carpet Cushions by :

Download or read book Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Carpet Cushions written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has received complaints from consumers regarding the occurrence of adverse health effects following the installation of new carpeting (Schachter, 1990). Carpet systems are suspected of emitting chemicals which may be the cause of these complaints, as well as objectionable odors. Carpets themselves have been shown to emit a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The objective of this study was to screen the representative samples of carpet cushions for emissions of individual VOCS, total VOCs (TVOC), formaldehyde, and, for the two types of polyurethane cushions, isomers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The measurements of VOCS, TVOC and formaldehyde were made over six-hour periods using small-volume (4-L) dynamic chambers. Sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to identify many of the VOCs emitted by the cushion samples and to obtain quantitative estimates of the emission rates of selected compounds. Separate screening measurements were conducted for TDI. The data from the screening measurements were used by the CPSC's Health Sciences Laboratory to help design and conduct week-long measurements of emission rates of selected compounds.

Laboratory and Limited Field Measurements of VOC Emissions from Wood Residuals

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Laboratory and Limited Field Measurements of VOC Emissions from Wood Residuals by :

Download or read book Laboratory and Limited Field Measurements of VOC Emissions from Wood Residuals written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Speciation and Reactivity of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Samples and Emission Inventories

Author : Tom Dann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 25 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Speciation and Reactivity of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Samples and Emission Inventories by : Tom Dann

Download or read book Speciation and Reactivity of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Samples and Emission Inventories written by Tom Dann and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Journal of Geophysical Research

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of Geophysical Research by :

Download or read book Journal of Geophysical Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles

Author : Peter S. Liss
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642256430
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles by : Peter S. Liss

Download or read book Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.

Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM Study).: Summary and analysis

Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM Study).: Summary and analysis by :

Download or read book Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM Study).: Summary and analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309064457
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline by : National Research Council

Download or read book Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-23 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential for Reformulated Gasoline was asked whether the existing body of scientific and technical information is sufficient to permit a robust evaluation and comparison of the emissions from motor vehicles using different reformulated gasolines based on their ozone-forming potentials and to assess the concomitant impact of that approach on air-quality benefits of the use of oxygenates within the RFG program. As part of its charge, the committee was asked to consider (1) the technical soundness of various approaches for evaluating and comparing the relative ozone-forming potentials of RFG blends, (2) technical aspects of various air-quality issues related to RFG assessment, and (3) the sensitivity of evaluations of the relative ozone-forming potentials to factors related to fuel properties and the variability of vehicle technologies and driving patterns.