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A Dynamic Model Of Risk Allocation Of Energy Efficiency Retrofits Under Energy Performance Contract For Office Buildings In China
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Book Synopsis A Dynamic Model of Risk Allocation of Energy Efficiency Retrofits Under Energy Performance Contract for Office Buildings in China by : Shiyu Wan
Download or read book A Dynamic Model of Risk Allocation of Energy Efficiency Retrofits Under Energy Performance Contract for Office Buildings in China written by Shiyu Wan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the rapid development of China's economy and fast-paced urbanization, energy consumption gradually increases, leading to China being the largest energy consumers. Since buildings are responsible for around 40% of total energy, especially office buildings, many policies and mechanisms have been developed to make buildings more sustainable. Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit (BEER) is considered as one of the most effective methods to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption of existing office buildings. Meanwhile, the Chinese government proposed the 13th Five-Year (2016-2020) Plan of Building Energy Efficiency Development to promote existing building energy efficiency retrofits which favours Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) as the market mechanism to promote building energy efficiency retrofit. However, there are many inherent risks in existing EPC projects due to the complexity and uncertainty of the EPC mechanism. Proper risk allocation can promote project management performance by means of contract clauses, but existing research mainly focus on static risk allocation. Most scholars have pointed out that the risk allocation could be confirmed after the period of tendering and bidding, considering the contract execution stage as risk management, not attaching importance to the phased and dynamic risk allocation. This paper is aiming to establish a dynamic mechanism of risk allocation under EPC for office buildings based on the theory of Incomplete Contract. Firstly, the paper identifies and analyzes the key risks of the EPC for BEER projects through a literature review and classifies risks based on the EPC project phases as risk initial distribution stage, risk overall allocation stage, risk tracking and redistribution stage. Secondly, the paper presents a theoretical analysis of the EPC contract clauses of risk allocation based on the Incomplete Contract Theory. Finally, the paper develops a dynamic EPC risk allocation model for BEER projects based on the Incomplete Contract Theory. The model will enable EPC project owners and contractors to make reasonable risk allocations in the process of contract negotiation and further risk reallocation in the future, which may make EPCs more attractive in China.
Book Synopsis A Model for Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in Hong Kong by : Pan Lee
Download or read book A Model for Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in Hong Kong written by Pan Lee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The above objectives have been accomplished by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including literature reviews, interviews with EPC stakeholders, and two separate questionnaire surveys targeted at both hosts and ESCOs. A risk assessment approach was developed to evaluate the probability of energy saving shortfalls, taking into account variations in the influential parameters, including weather conditions, occupancy, operating hours, etc., during the post-retrofit period. The approach entails the deployment of methods including the use of a versatile building energy simulation program (e.g. EnergyPlus), correlation analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Three case studies with different retrofitting measures, including chiller replacement, change of heat rejection system and lighting retrofit, were used to demonstrate the application of three similar probabilistic models for risk assessment to suit the different technologies involved. In addition, a comparative analysis of different standard forms of EPC contract in eight jurisdictions was conducted to reflect on the various treatments of common contractual issues in EPC projects. Based on the results of this analysis, an EPC contract template and associated guidance notes were developed for use in simple retrofitting works. Finally, the above results were consolidated into a generic model which was validated by industry experts and practitioners. The potential energy savings through EPC projects were estimated under different assumed take-up rates of EPC. The research has contributed to new knowledge of EPC project implementation in the following aspects: (1) the results of questionnaire surveys and interviews can help various stakeholders to better understand the current market development of EPC in Hong Kong, including the perceived benefits, the market barriers and the possible measures for enhancing the adoption of EPC; (2) the use of the proposed risk assessment approach would enable hosts and ESCOs to quantify the probabilities of energy saving shortfalls with different levels of guaranteed savings as promised by ESCOs; (3) the development of an EPC contract template can help contracting parties to reduce time and cost during the contract negotiation stage. The availability of such a template is pertinent when the hosts have no competent in-house engineering teams and legal representation; and (4) the consolidated generic model enables hosts and ESCOs to identify and address the key issues when implementing EPC projects, starting from the stage of pre-retrofit, through installation to post-retrofit. Being informed by this comprehensive EPC model, it is expected that more building owners in Hong Kong will consider using EPC as a viable alternative to undertake energy retrofitting works, thereby improving overall energy performance of buildings.
Book Synopsis Financing Energy Efficiency by : Robert P. Taylor
Download or read book Financing Energy Efficiency written by Robert P. Taylor and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-02-08 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While energy efficiency projects could partly meet new energy demand more cheaply than new supplies, weak economic institutions in developing and transitional economies impede developing and financing energy efficiency retrofits. This book analyzes these difficulties, suggests a 3-part model for projectizing and financing energy efficiency retrofits, and presents thirteen case studies to illustrate the issues and principles involved.
Book Synopsis Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China by : Global Buildings Performance Network
Download or read book Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China written by Global Buildings Performance Network and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report begins with an introduction of key concepts and an overview of the administrative structures that play a role in China's building energy use, along with a brief history of building energy efficiency policies in China. The body of the report is structured as a review of five aspects of China's building energy efficiency: building energy performance, building energy efficiency policies for new buildings, building energy efficiency policies for existing buildings, application of renewable energy to buildings, and rural building energy use. The report also provides an assessment of the future prospects and directions for building energy efficiency policy development in China.
Book Synopsis Energy Performance Contracting by : Ching-Ha Lo
Download or read book Energy Performance Contracting written by Ching-Ha Lo and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Energy Performance Contracting: an Option of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures by Property Management in Residential Estates" by Ching-ha, Lo, 盧青霞, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Due to the growing concern on global warming, carbon emissions and environmental conservation and sustainability, energy consumption becomes the critical issue over the world. Energy performance contracting (EPC) is one of the options of implementing energy efficiency measures by property management in the residential estates. EPC is a financing technique based on the amount of energy saving through the project undertaken the risk by energy service companies (ESCOs). EPC has been adopted in the western countries, such as Europe and US, for a long time. Nevertheless, the take up rate in Hong Kong remains low. In 2001, Davies and Chan have conducted a study regarding the experience of EPC in Hong Kong. After a decade, are there any changes of the perception for the building managers to implement EPC? With the study of the most important factors, benefits, barriers and keys to the success of implementing EPC, it evaluates and explores the implementation of EPC by property management at the residential sector in Hong Kong. Through the study, it develops practical information for promoting this financial option to housing managers for energy conservation. It can help to promote and facilitate the future uptake in Hong Kong in order to enhance cost and energy efficiency, as well as greenhouse gas emission reductions in the future. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5118543 Subjects: Residential real estate - China - Hong Kong - Management Residential real estate - Energy conservation - China - Hong Kong
Book Synopsis Energy Optimization and Prediction in Office Buildings by : Carlos Rubio-Bellido
Download or read book Energy Optimization and Prediction in Office Buildings written by Carlos Rubio-Bellido and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains how energy demand and energy consumption in new buildings can be predicted and how these aspects and the resulting CO2 emissions can be reduced. It is based upon the authors’ extensive research into the design and energy optimization of office buildings in Chile. The authors first introduce a calculation procedure that can be used for the optimization of energy parameters in office buildings, and to predict how a changing climate may affect energy demand. The prediction of energy demand, consumption and CO2 emissions is demonstrated by solving simple equations using the example of Chilean buildings, and the findings are subsequently applied to buildings around the globe. An optimization process based on Artificial Neural Networks is discussed in detail, which predicts heating and cooling energy demands, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Taken together, these processes will show readers how to reduce energy demand, consumption and CO2 emissions associated with office buildings in the future. Readers will gain an advanced understanding of energy use in buildings and how it can be reduced.
Book Synopsis Life Cycle Cost-based Risk Model for Energy Performance Contracting Retrofits by : George H. Berghorn
Download or read book Life Cycle Cost-based Risk Model for Energy Performance Contracting Retrofits written by George H. Berghorn and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book DEEP written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper presents a method and process to establish a database of energy efficiency performance (DEEP) to enable quick and accurate assessment of energy retrofit of commercial buildings. DEEP was compiled from results of about 35 million EnergyPlus simulations. DEEP provides energy savings for screening and evaluation of retrofit measures targeting the small and medium-sized office and retail buildings in California. The prototype building models are developed for a comprehensive assessment of building energy performance based on DOE commercial reference buildings and the California DEER prototype buildings. The prototype buildings represent seven building types across six vintages of constructions and 16 California climate zones. DEEP uses these prototypes to evaluate energy performance of about 100 energy conservation measures covering envelope, lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, plug-loads, and domestic hot water. DEEP consists the energy simulation results for individual retrofit measures as well as packages of measures to consider interactive effects between multiple measures. The large scale EnergyPlus simulations are being conducted on the super computers at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The pre-simulation database is a part of an on-going project to develop a web-based retrofit toolkit for small and medium-sized commercial buildings in California, which provides real-time energy retrofit feedback by querying DEEP with recommended measures, estimated energy savings and financial payback period based on users' decision criteria of maximizing energy savings, energy cost savings, carbon reduction, or payback of investment. The pre-simulated database and associated comprehensive measure analysis enhances the ability to performance assessments of retrofits to reduce energy use for small and medium buildings and business owners who typically do not have resources to conduct costly building energy audit. DEEP will be migrated into the DEnCity - DOE's Energy City, which integrates large-scale energy data for multi-purpose, open, and dynamic database leveraging diverse source of existing simulation data.
Book Synopsis Measured Energy Performance of a US-China Demonstrationenergy-efficient Office Building by : Joe Huang
Download or read book Measured Energy Performance of a US-China Demonstrationenergy-efficient Office Building written by Joe Huang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In July 1998, the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) and China's Ministry of Science of Technology (MOST) signed a Statement of Work (SOW) to collaborate on the design and construction of an energy-efficient demonstration office building and design center to be located in Beijing. The proposed 13,000 m{sup 2} (140,000 ft{sup 2}) nine-story office building would use U.S. energy-efficient materials, space-conditioning systems, controls, and design principles that were judged to be widely replicable throughout China. The SOW stated that China would contribute the land and provide for the costs of the base building, while the U.S. would be responsible for the additional (or marginal) costs associated with the package of energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements to the building. The project was finished and the building occupied in 2004. Using DOE-2 to analyze the energy performance of the as-built building, the building obtained 44 out of 69 possible points according to the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating, including the full maximum of 10 points in the energy performance section. The building achieved a LEED Gold rating, the first such LEED-rated office building in China, and is 60% more efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-1999. The utility data from the first year's operation match well the analysis results, providing that adjustments are made for unexpected changes in occupancy and operations. Compared with similarly equipped office buildings in Beijing, this demonstration building uses 60% less energy per floor area. However, compared to conventional office buildings with less equipment and window air-conditioners, the building uses slightly more energy per floor area.
Book Synopsis Assessment of Building Energy-Saving Policies and Programs in China During the 11th Five Year Plan by :
Download or read book Assessment of Building Energy-Saving Policies and Programs in China During the 11th Five Year Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) sets an ambitious target to reduce the energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 20% from 2005 to 2010 (NDRC, 2006). In the building sector, the primary energy-saving target allocated during the 11 FYP period is 100 Mtce. Savings are expected to be achieved through the strengthening of enforcement of building energy efficiency codes, existing building retrofits and heat supply system reform, followed by energy management of government office buildings and large scale public buildings, adoption of renewable energy sources. To date, China has reported that it achieved the half of the 20% intensity reduction target by the end of 2008, however, little has been made clear on the status and the impact of the building programs. There has also been lack of description on methodology for calculating the savings and baseline definition, and no total savings that have been officially reported to date. This paper intend to provide both quantitative and qualitative assessment of the key policies and programs in building sector that China has instituted in its quest to fulfill the national goal. Overall, this paper concludes that the largest improvement for building energy efficiency were achieved in new buildings; the program to improve the energy management in government and large scale public buildings are in line with the target; however the progress in the area of existing building retrofit particularly heat supply system reform lags the stated goal by a large amount.
Book Synopsis An Integrated Process Model And Decision Support System For Energy Efficient Retrofits by : Pelin Gultekin
Download or read book An Integrated Process Model And Decision Support System For Energy Efficient Retrofits written by Pelin Gultekin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of the built environment in tackling current energy and sustainability challenges is widely recognized. There is significant value in retrofitting existing buildings. Owners, project managers, designers, and contractors now actively seek opportunities to upgrade the energy performance of standing buildings. These prospects lie in the retrofit process, within which many collaborative decisions take place at critical stages. The procedure is currently inefficient, with decision makers unaware early in the process of the ultimate implications of their actions on the energy-efficiency outcomes of the building they are creating. Thus, there is substantial room for a decision support system (DSS) that can guide facility owners and project managers in undertaking advanced energy retrofits of existing buildings by considering effects of decisions on energy performance. Approaches that support decision-making prediction in energy performance include checklists, databases, and forward and inverse modeling. We know that integrated system upgrades result in more significant energy reduction rates than do standard approaches. Because all team members do not inform these synergies early in the process, however, energy-efficient decisions do not occur. In a typical energy-efficient retrofit design, decisions are entered into simulations without collaboration to document them and predict the design's energy performance. Such late evaluations cannot go beyond the projection of energy performance that is already selected for the design. Thus, there is a need for a decision-support system that stimulates both the collaborative design process and early decision-making on system performance information.The research methodology consisted of a literature review on critical design activities and energy conservation measures (ECM) as the first stage, followed by interview design and testing the need statement with experts. Then we collected decision variables through involvement in case-study meetings and interviews with project participants. For the process delineation, we mapped three "as is" process models to cross-case with recommendations from the literature, and delivered a "to be" process model. The refined "to be" process model we offer is also fed by the ECM measure that is tracked in case studies, project participant interviews, and project documents. To inform the design team lead by PMs, a simplified comparative energy-consumption prediction methodology is developed. Consequently, this research creates a project management DSS to manage the deep-retrofit process during collaboration meetings and design charrettes. It aims to improve the integrated design process by providing a just-in-time relative energy analysis compared to a standard baseline. This energy-efficiency prediction methodology is scalable to other project values such as IEQ or cost. The knowledge we add to the field combines process with critical ECM performance measures. The opportunity to have a comparative energy analysis of decisions early in the design process will also improve system option opportunities and present the ability to change them.
Book Synopsis Evaluating Energy Performance and Improvement Potential of China Office Buildings in the Hot Humid Climate Against U.S. Reference Buildings by :
Download or read book Evaluating Energy Performance and Improvement Potential of China Office Buildings in the Hot Humid Climate Against U.S. Reference Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study compares the building code standards for office buildings in hot humid climates of China and the USA. A benchmark office building model is developed for Guangzhou, China that meets China's minimum national and regional building codes with incorporation of common design and construction practices for the area. The Guangzhou office benchmark model is compared to the ASHRAE standard based US model for Houston, Texas which has similar climate conditions. The research further uses a building energy optimization tool to optimize the Chinese benchmark with existing US products to identify the primary areas for potential energy savings. The most significant energy-saving options are then presented as recommendations for potential improvements to current China building codes.
Book Synopsis Mitigating the Risks in Energy Retrofits of Residential Buildings in China by : Ling Jia
Download or read book Mitigating the Risks in Energy Retrofits of Residential Buildings in China written by Ling Jia and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To speed up residential energy retrofitting in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter(HSCW) zone, the barriers to retrofitting projects need elimination. Energy retrofitting contributes to improving building quality and living comfort, but has not been accepted by the public. It stems from poor project performance in quality, time, costs, etc. The risk is an essential factor hindering such project objectives and project success. Residential energy retrofitting in China is exposed to various risks due to uncertainties regarding finance, organization, coordination, technology, etc. This thesis thus aims to deepen the understanding of risks in the whole process of residential energy retrofitting to smoothen its implementation and develop risk mitigation strategies for the HSCW climate zone of China. The thesis adopts Transaction Costs Theory (TCT) to identify the risks in the whole process of project implementation and assesses the importance of these risks in both objective and subjective aspects. Given the importance of homeowners-related risks and the key role of the government in retrofitting projects, this research develops s series of develop strategies for risk mitigation from the viewpoints of both homeowners and the government. The thesis contributes to the body of knowledge by conducting a systematic exploration of risks in retrofitting projects. In terms of the practical contributions, it does not only enable project managers to recognize the priority of project risks, but also help the government tackle these issues at its source for promotion of residential energy retrofitting.
Book Synopsis A Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings by :
Download or read book A Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Existing buildings will dominate energy use in commercial buildings in the United States for three decades or longer and even in China for the about two decades. Retrofitting these buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use is thus critical to achieving the target of reducing energy use in the buildings sector. However there are few evaluation tools that can quickly identify and evaluate energy savings and cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for retrofits, especially for buildings in China. This paper discusses methods used to develop such a tool and demonstrates an application of the tool for a retrofit analysis. The tool builds on a building performance database with pre-calculated energy consumption of ECMs for selected commercial prototype buildings using the EnergyPlus program. The tool allows users to evaluate individual ECMs or a package of ECMs. It covers building envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC, plug loads, service hot water, and renewable energy. The prototype building can be customized to represent an actual building with some limitations. Energy consumption from utility bills can be entered into the tool to compare and calibrate the energy use of the prototype building. The tool currently can evaluate energy savings and payback of ECMs for shopping malls in China. We have used the tool to assess energy and cost savings for retrofit of the prototype shopping mall in Shanghai. Future work on the tool will simplify its use and expand it to cover other commercial building types and other countries.
Book Synopsis Integrated Change and Knowledge Management for Energy Efficient Retrofit Projects by : Fangxiao Liu
Download or read book Integrated Change and Knowledge Management for Energy Efficient Retrofit Projects written by Fangxiao Liu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance and benefits of knowledge management (KM) and change management (CM) have been increasingly recognized in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. A large proportion of the problems on construction projects emanate from the lack of appropriate mechanisms to effectively manage knowledge, changes and dependencies. Changes can alter service or product variables, and it is challenging to manage the impacts of changes and the associated dependencies. Traditional manual methods of managing changes are inefficient and do not fully engage all team members or adequately capture the rationale for changes. In energy efficient retrofits, inadequate management of changes could have negative impacts on building energy performance. In addition, knowledge is often generated as part of the change management process. Given that knowledge has become a fundamental resource for organizations and can provide organizations with competitive advantages, it is imperative that any new knowledge generated from change management is captured and disseminated.The aim of this research is to investigate the feasibility of an integrated approach to managing change and knowledge in energy efficient retrofit projects. In order to understand theoretical perspective and similar work in change and knowledge management, a detailed review of literature was conducted. The review was based on the most important aspects of knowledge management, change and dependency management, and their applications in construction. Two case studies were undertaken using individual interviews, focus group interviews and questionnaires to investigate challenges and current practices of managing changes, dependencies and knowledge in the AEC Industry.An Integrated Change and Knowledge Management (ICKM) approach was developed to address the challenges of change and knowledge management, and provide an effective mechanism for simultaneously managing changes and knowledge in energy efficient retrofit projects. The integrated approach established a systematic way to facilitate change and dependency management, capture lessons learned during change management processes, and support information exchange between different disciplines in change and knowledge management activities. To demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits, the ICKM approach was implemented in the overall construction workflows and Building Information Modeling (BIM), and two case studies were conducted to investigate current challenges and the need for an integrated approach, and validate the feasibility of the ICKM approach.Based on the ICKM approach, a prototype system - the Integrated Change and Knowledge Management System (ICKMS) was developed to automate the ICKM process. System requirements, use cases, components and techniques were identified in the research. The prototype was developed as a Web-based system for easy access and maintenance, which is composed of two sub-systems: a change management system (CMS) to support CM processes and a knowledge management system (KMS) to support KM processes. Capri.net was adopted as the KMS in the prototype. The use of the integrated system in energy efficient retrofit projects is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of simultaneously managing changes and knowledge.
Author :United States. Congress Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781983505577 Total Pages :132 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (55 download)
Book Synopsis Energy Efficient Building Retrofits by : United States. Congress
Download or read book Energy Efficient Building Retrofits written by United States. Congress and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-01-04 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy efficient building retrofits : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, to review legislative proposals designed to create jobs related to energy efficiency, including a majority staff draft on energy efficient building retrofits, March 11, 2010.
Book Synopsis The Mass Retrofitting of an Energy Efficient-Low Carbon Zone by : Mark Deakin
Download or read book The Mass Retrofitting of an Energy Efficient-Low Carbon Zone written by Mark Deakin and published by . This book was released on 2015-01-31 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
