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Author : Kurt Konolige
Publisher : Pitman Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (44 download)
Download or read book A Deduction Model of Belief written by Kurt Konolige and published by Pitman Publishing. This book was released on 1986 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kurt Konolige
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (675 download)
Download or read book A Deduction Model of Belief and Its Logics written by Kurt Konolige and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kurt Konolige
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (164 download)
Download or read book A Deduction Model of Belief and Its Logic written by Kurt Konolige and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Catarina Dutilh Novaes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110847988X
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)
Download or read book The Dialogical Roots of Deduction written by Catarina Dutilh Novaes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive account of the concept and practices of deduction covering philosophy, history, cognition and mathematical practice.
Author : David Christensen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199263256
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)
Download or read book Putting Logic in Its Place written by David Christensen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-04 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What role, if any, does formal logic play in characterizing epistemically rational belief? Traditionally, belief is seen in a binary way - either one believes a proposition, or one doesn't. Given this picture, it is attractive to impose certain deductive constraints on rational belief: that one's beliefs be logically consistent, and that one believe the logical consequences of one's beliefs. A less popular picture sees belief as a graded phenomenon. This picture (explored more bydecision-theorists and philosophers of science thatn by mainstream epistemologists) invites the use of probabilistic coherence to constrain rational belief. But this latter project has often involved defining graded beliefs in terms of preferences, which may seem to change the subject away fromepistemic rationality.Putting Logic in its Place explores the relations between these two ways of seeing beliefs. It argues that the binary conception, although it fits nicely with much of our commonsense thought and talk about belief, cannot in the end support the traditional deductive constraints on rational belief. Binary beliefs that obeyed these constraints could not answer to anything like our intuitive notion of epistemic rationality, and would end up having to be divorced from central aspects of ourcognitive, practical, and emotional lives.But this does not mean that logic plays no role in rationality. Probabilistic coherence should be viewed as using standard logic to constrain rational graded belief. This probabilistic constraint helps explain the appeal of the traditional deductive constraints, and even underlies the force of rationally persuasive deductive arguments. Graded belief cannot be defined in terms of preferences. But probabilistic coherence may be defended without positing definitional connections between beliefsand preferences. Like the traditional deductive constraints, coherence is a logical ideal that humans cannot fully attain. Nevertheless, it furnishes a compelling way of understanding a key dimension of epistemic rationality.
Author : Hannes Leitgeb
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402028067
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Inference on the Low Level written by Hannes Leitgeb and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to the prevailing tradition in epistemology, the focus in this book is on low-level inferences, i.e., those inferences that we are usually not consciously aware of and that we share with the cat nearby which infers that the bird which she sees picking grains from the dirt, is able to fly. Presumably, such inferences are not generated by explicit logical reasoning, but logical methods can be used to describe and analyze such inferences. Part 1 gives a purely system-theoretic explication of belief and inference. Part 2 adds a reliabilist theory of justification for inference, with a qualitative notion of reliability being employed. Part 3 recalls and extends various systems of deductive and nonmonotonic logic and thereby explains the semantics of absolute and high reliability. In Part 4 it is proven that qualitative neural networks are able to draw justified deductive and nonmonotonic inferences on the basis of distributed representations. This is derived from a soundness/completeness theorem with regard to cognitive semantics of nonmonotonic reasoning. The appendix extends the theory both logically and ontologically, and relates it to A. Goldman's reliability account of justified belief.
Author : Kurt Konolige
Publisher : Pitman Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book A Deduction Model of Belief written by Kurt Konolige and published by Pitman Publishing. This book was released on 1986 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Lance J. Rips
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262517213
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)
Download or read book The Psychology of Proof written by Lance J. Rips and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life. In this provocative book, Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life. Rips argues that certain inference principles are so central to our notion of intelligence and rationality that they deserve serious psychological investigation to determine their role in individuals' beliefs and conjectures. Asserting that cognitive scientists should consider deductive reasoning as a basis for thinking, Rips develops a theory of natural reasoning abilities and shows how it predicts mental successes and failures in a range of cognitive tasks. In parts I and II of the book, Rips builds insights from cognitive psychology, logic, and artificial intelligence into a unified theoretical structure. He defends the idea that deduction depends on the ability to construct mental proofs—actual memory units that link given information to conclusions it warrants. From this base Rips develops a computational model of deduction based on two cognitive skills: the ability to make suppositions or assumptions and the ability to posit sub-goals for conclusions. A wide variety of original experiments support this model, including studies of human subjects evaluating logical arguments as well as following and remembering proofs. Unlike previous theories of mental proof, this one handles names and variables in a general way. This capability enables deduction to play a crucial role in other thought processes, such as classifying and problem solving. In part III, Rips compares the theory to earlier approaches in psychology which confined the study of deduction to a small group of tasks, and examines whether the theory is too rational or too irrational in its mode of thought.
Author : Franz Huber
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402091982
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Degrees of Belief written by Franz Huber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-21 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology is the first book to give a balanced overview of the competing theories of degrees of belief. It also explicitly relates these debates to more traditional concerns of the philosophy of language and mind and epistemic logic.
Author : Kurt Konolige
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Belief and Incompleteness written by Kurt Konolige and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both agents are state-of-theart constructions, incorporating the latest Al research in chess playing, natural-language understanding, planning, etc. But because of the overwhelming combinatorics of' chess, neither they nor the fastest foreseeable computers would be able to search the entire game tree to find out whether White has a forced win. Why then do they come to such an odd conclusion about their own knowledge of the game? The chess scenario is an anecdotal example of the way inaccurate cognitive models can lead to behavior that is less than intelligent in artificial agents. In this case, the agents' model of belief is not correct. They make the assumption that an agent actually knows all the consequences of his beliefs. S1 knows that chess is a finite game, and thus reasons that, in principle, knowing the rules of chess is all that is required to figure out whether White has a forced ini%ial win. Mter learning that S2 does indeed know the rules of chess he comes to the erroneous conclusion that S2 also knows this particular consequence of the rules. And S2 himself, reflecting on his own knowledge in the same manner, arrives at the same conclusion, even though in actual fact he could never carry out the computations necessary to demonstrate it.
Author : Claudia Fernández-Fernández
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030696065
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)
Download or read book Awareness in Logic and Epistemology written by Claudia Fernández-Fernández and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-19 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book creates a conceptual schema that acts as a correlation between Epistemology and Epistemic Logic. It connects both fields and offers a proper theoretical foundation for the contemporary developments of Epistemic Logic regarding the dynamics of information. It builds a bridge between the view of Awareness Justification Internalism, and a dynamic approach to Awareness Logic. The book starts with an introduction to the main topics in Epistemic Logic and Epistemology and reviews the disconnection between the two fields. It analyses three core notions representing the basic structure of the conceptual schema: “Epistemic Awareness”, “Knowledge” and “Justification”. Next, it presents the Explicit Aware Knowledge (EAK) Schema, using a diagram of three ellipses to illustrate the schema, and a formal model based on a neighbourhood-model structure, that shows one concrete application of the EAK-Schema into a logical structure. The book ends by presenting conclusions and final remarks about the uses and applications of the EAK-Schema. It shows that the most important feature of the schema is that it serves both as a theoretical correlate to the dynamic extensions of Awareness Logic, providing it with a philosophical background, and as an abstract conceptual structure for a re-interpretation of Epistemology.
Author : Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031514068
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)
Download or read book Perspectives on Deduction: Contemporary Studies in the Philosophy, History and Formal Theories of Deduction written by Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ruth M.J. Byrne
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317716264
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)
Download or read book Human Reasoning written by Ruth M.J. Byrne and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deductive reasoning is widely regarded as an activity central to human intelligence, and as such has attracted an increasing amount of psychological study in recent years. In this first major survey of the field for over a decade, the authors provide a detailed and balanced review of all the main kinds of deductive reasoning task studied by psychologists. Topics covered include conditional and disjunctive reasoning, the Wason selection task, relational inference and reasoning with syllogisms and quantifiers. Throughout the review, a careful distinction is drawn between the main empirical findings in the field and the major theoretical approaches proposed to account for these findings. Discussion of experimental findings is organized around three central questions: What is the extent and limitation of human competence in deductive reasoning? What factors are responsible for systematic errors and biases on reasoning tasks? How is human reasoning influenced by the content in which logical problems are presented? Four major classes of theory are discussed throughout the book. The long established theory that people have a mental logic comprised of formal rules of inference is contrasted particularly with the recently developed mental model theory of deductive reasoning. Explanations of many phenomena, especially biases, are also considered in terms of heuristic processes. Finally, consideration is given to accounts of content and context effects based upon the use of domain sensitive rules or schemas. The book ends with a discussion of research on deductive reasoning in the context of the current debate about human rationality.
Author : Peter Gärdenfors
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521545648
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (456 download)
Download or read book Belief Revision written by Peter Gärdenfors and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-12-04 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Belief revision is a topic of much interest in theoretical computer science and logic, and it forms a central problem in research into artificial intelligence. This book contains a collection of research articles on belief revision that are right up to date and an introductory chapter that presents a survey of current research in the area and the fundamentals of the theory.
Author : Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783031514050
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Perspectives on Deduction: Contemporary Studies in the Philosophy, History and Formal Theories of Deduction written by Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-03-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides philosophers and logicians with a broad spectrum of views on contemporary research on the problem of deduction, its justification and explanation. The variety of distinct approaches exemplified by the single chapters allows for a dialogue between perspectives that, usually, barely communicate with each other. The contributions concern (in a possibly intertwined way) three major perspectives in logic: philosophical, historical, formal. The philosophical perspective has to do with the relationship between deductive validity and truth, and questions the alleged conclusiveness of deduction and its epistemic contribution. It also discusses the role of linguistic acts in deductive practice, and provides a cognitive-didactic contribution on how we may learn through deduction. In the historical perspective, the contributions discuss the ideas of some major historical figures, such as Bolzano, Girard, Gödel, and Peano. Finally, in the formal perspective, the mathematics of deduction is dealt with mainly from an intuitionistic-constructivist or proof-theoretic point of view, with focus on “ecumenic” or internalistic approaches to logical validity, on the nature and identity of proofs, and on dialogical setups. Chapter [14] is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author : Sven Ove Hansson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792353270
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (532 download)
Download or read book Hansson: A textbook of belief dynamics written by Sven Ove Hansson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-03-15 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the middle of the 1980s, logical tools were discovered that make it possible to model changes in belief and knowledge in entirely new ways. These logical tools turned out to be applicable both to human beliefs and to the contents of databases. This is the first textbook in this new area. It contains both discursive chapters with a minimum of formalism and formal chapters in which proofs and proof methods are presented. By using different selections from the formal section (as suggested in detail by the author) the book can be used on all levels of University education.
Author : Joseph Y. Halpern
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 1483214419
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)
Download or read book Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the 1986 Conference focuses on the principles, methodologies, approaches, and concepts involved in reasoning about knowledge. The selection first provides an overview of reasoning about knowledge, varieties of self-reference, and pegs and alecs. Topics covered include data semantics, partial objects and identity, circumstance, self, and causal connection, structure of circumstance, varieties and limits of self-reference, problem of logical omniscience, and knowledge, communication, and action. The book then explores reasoning about knowledge in artificial intelligence; synthesis of digital machines with provable epistemic properties; and a first order theory of planning, knowledge, and action. The publication ponders on the consistency of syntactical treatments of knowledge, foundations of knowledge for distributed systems, knowledge and implicit knowledge in a distributed environment, and the logic of distributed protocols. Topics include formal syntax and semantics, structure of models, message-based knowledge worlds, changing the class of messages, implicit knowledge in message-based knowledge worlds, conservation and implicit knowledge, and distributed protocols. The selection is a dependable source of data for researchers interested in the theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge.
