A Comparative Grammar Of The Modern Aryan Languages Of India The Verb

Author : John Beames
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788121503631
Total Pages : 1048 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Download or read book A Comparative Grammar Of The Modern Aryan Languages Of India: With Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya And Bengali, 3 Parts (bound. In 1) written by John Beames and published by . This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Description: Contents Chap I : INTRODUCTION : 1. Sanskrit the Parent of The Seven Languages 2. First Exception, Elements Aryan, But not Sanskritic - the Prakrits 3. Second Exception, Elements Neither Sanskritic nor Aryan 4. Elementary Division of the Seven Languages,-Tatsama, Tadbhava, Desaja 5. Early and late Tadbhavas 6. The Accent 7. Absence of Data During Nine Centuries 8. Proportion of Words of the Three Classes in Each language 9. Digression on the Hindi 10. Proportion of Words Resumed 11. Quantity of Arabic and Persian words in Each Language 12-14. Inflectional Systems of the Seven Languages, - Question of non - Aryan Influence 15. Stages of Development in the Present Day 16. The Character 17. Panjabi 18. Bangali 19. Oriya 20. Pronunciation 21. The Other Vowels 22. Consonants 23. Semivowels 24. Sibilants 25. Nasals 26. Compound Consonants, - Peculiarities of Bangali 27. Peculiarities of Sindhi 28. Literature 29. Dialects 30. General Remarks on Chronological Sequence of the various Languages, and their Probable Future Fate Table of Indian Alphabets Chap II : ON VOWEL CHANGES : 31. i. Characteristics of Sanskrit Vowel System ii. Vocalism of Races Bordering on India 32. Change of to 33. Change of to 34. Retrospective Influence of and 35. Change of to 36. into 37. into 38. into 39. into and 40. Changes of Quantity - Shortening 41. Ditto - Lengthening 42. Guna and Vriddhi 43. and its Changes 44. Other ,Vowel Changes 45. Insertion or Diaeresis 46. Elision 47. Vowels in Hiatus Chap III : CHANGES OF SINGLE CONSONANTS : 48. General Remarks - Positional and Organic Changes 49. Positional Changes - Initial Consonants 50. Ditto - Medial Consonants 51. i. Retention 52. ii. Softening of Tenues to Mediae 53. iii Elision 54. Laws of the Three Processes 55. Final Consonants 56. Organic Changes - Gutturals 57. Relation of palatals to Linguals 58, Marathi substitution of Sibilants for Palatals 59. Connexion Between Cerebrals and Dentals 60. Further Transition of Cerebrals into I and I 61. Modifications and Changes of Semivowels; (1) 62. Id.,(2) 63. Id.,(3) §64. Id., (4) 65. The Nasals 66. The Sibilants 67. H 68, 69. The Aspirates 70. Visarga and Anuswara 71. Inversion of Words Chap IV : CHANGES OF COMPOUND CONSONANTS : 72. Ancient and Modern Articulation 73. The Nexus-its Three, Classes 74. The strong Nexus 75. Saptan and its Derivatives 76. Ud in Composition 77. The Mixed Nexus 78. Nasals in a Mixed Nexus 79. Treatment of 80. The Sibilants in a Mixed Nexus 81. Treatment of 82. Sibilants in Combination with Dental and Cerebral Strong Letters 83. Semivowels in a Mixed Nexus and 84. Id., and 85. and in Combination with Dentals 86. The Weak Nexus 87. Nasal with Nasal 88. Nasal with Semivowel 89. Nasal with Sibilant 90. Semivowel with Semivowel 91. Semivowel with Sibilant 92. in Combination with other Weak Letters 93. Relative Strength of the Weak Letters Book II : THE NOUN AND PRONOUN : Chap. I : FORMATION OF THE STEM : 1. Structure of the Noun 2. Suffixes 3. Stems in A 4. Adjectives Formed from A - Stems 5. Exceptions 6. Stems in - NA and - ANA 7. Stems .in -A Preceded by a Semivowel 8. Stemsin - MA 9. The KA- suffix, and its Ramifications 10. Stems in - TRA 11. Treatment of Feminine stems in -A 12. Group of stems in the Palatal and Labial Short vowels 13. The Long Vowels of those organs 14. Stems in 15. Dissyllabic and Consonantal Suffixes 16. Stems of Rncertain Origin or Partial Application 17. Secondary stems - Formation of. Abstract Nouns 18. 19. The Same - Possessives and Attributives 20 22. The Same, Continued 23. Stems with Double Suffixes 24. Formation of Diminutives 25. Compound Nouns 26. Numerals - Cardinals 27. Numerals - Ordinals 28. Other Numerals Chap. II GENDER : 29. Natural and Grammatical Gender 30. Use of Gender in the Seven Languages 31.Typical Terminations of the Adjective 32. Terminations of the Masculine 33. Terminations of the Feminine 34. Terminations of the Neuter 35. Formation of Feminines from, Masculines 36. Gender of Words Ending in Nants 37. Decay of Gender - its Cause in Bengali and Oriya Chap. III : DECLENSION : 38. Inflection 39. Preparation of the Stem in Oriya and Bengali 40. The Same in Hindi and Panjabi 41. The Same in Gujarati, Marathi and Sindhi 42. Table Showing Terminations of the Stem 43. Formation of the Plural in the Uniform Languages 44. Formation of the Plural in the Multiform Languages 45. Origin of the Plural Forms 46. Origin and Analysis of the Singular Oblique Forms 47. Oblique Forms of the Plural 48. Remnants of the Synthetical System in other Cases 49. Absence of Oblique and Plural forms from Certain Languages 50. Internal Modifications of the stem in Marathi 51.52. Quasi - Synthetical forms of some cases 53. Adjectives 54. Numerals 55. Case - Affixes 56. The Objective 57. The Instrumental 58. The Ablative 59. The Genitive 60. The Locative 61. 62. Postpositions Chap. IV : THE PRONOUN : 63. Pronoun of the First Person Singular 64. Plural of the same 65. The second Person Singular and Plural 66. Genitive of the two First Persons 67. Pronoun of the Third Person 68. The Demonstrative 69. The Relative 70. The Correlative 71. The Interrogative 72. The Indefinite 73. The Reciprocal 74. Adjectival Pronouns 75. Pronominal Suffixes in Sindhi 76. General Scheme of the Pronouns and Pronominal 77. Miscellaneous Pronouns 78. Gipsy Pronouns 79. 80. Concluding Remarks Book III : THE VERB : Chap I : STRUCTURE OF VERBAL, STEMS : 1. Structure of the Sanskrit Verb 2. Beginnings of the Analytical System in Sanskrit 3. Conjugations of the Pali Verb 4. Tenses of the Pali Verb 5 6. The Verb in Jaina Prakrit 7. Scenic. Prakrit Verb 8. Apabhranca Verbal Fonts 9. The Modern Verbal Stem 10. Biases of the Verb 11. Single and Double Stems 12. Single Neuter Stems from Sanskrit BHU Roots 13. The same from other Classes of Sanskrit Roots 14. Modern Neuter Stems from Sanskrit Past Participles 15. Single Active Stems 16. Treatment of Sanskrit Roots ending in a Vowel 17. The Stem DEKH 18. Double Verbs 19. Sindhi Double Stems Differing in the Final Consonant 20. Double Stems Differing in Vowel and Final Consonant 21. Double Stems Differing only in the Vowel 22. Examples and Illustrations 23. Laws of - the Formation of Modern Stems 24. The Passive Intransitive 25. The Passive 26. The Causal 27. The Passive Causal 28. The Causal in a Neuter Sense 29. Secondary Stems 30. Reduplicated and Imitative Stems 31. Gipsy Verbal Steins Chap. II : THE SIMPLE TENSES : 32. Classification of Teases 33. The Simple Present or Aorist 34. The Imperative 35. The Future in Old-Hindi and Gujarati 36. Type of the Active Verb in Sindhi and Marathi 37. Synopsis of the Simple Tenses in all Seven Languages 38. Simple Tenses in the Gipsy Verb Chap III : THE PARTICIPIAL TENSES : 39. Definition of the Participial Tenses 40. The Present Participle Active 41. Tenses formed thereby-the Sindhi Future 42. Marathi Indicative and Conditional Present 43. Bangali and Oriya Conditional 44. Hindi, Panjabi, and Gujarati Present 45. The Past Participle Passive 46. Early Tadbhava Participles in Sindhi and Panjabi 47. The Same in Gujarati and Marathi 48. The Same in Old and New Hindi 49. Tenses formed from the Past Participle 50. The Prayogas 51. The Future Participle Passive 52. Tenses Formed from it in Sindhi, Gujarati, and Marathi 53. The Future in Oriya, Bengali, and Eastern Hindi 54. The Hindi and Panjabi Future 55. Marathi Future Compared with that in Certain Hindi Dialects 56. Synopsis of the Participial Tenses in all Seven Languages 57. Participial Tenses in the Gipsy Verb